• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.205-211
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• 2014

Background: General anesthesia is a necessary method for successful dental treatment for children, compromised patients and the disabled who have difficulty in cooperation. The aim of this study was to assess dental treatment under general anesthesia at the department of pediatric dentistry, Ajou university hospital on children and the disabled. Methods: 217 general anesthesia from June 2010 to June 2014 were assessed for this study. Patient's distribution, treatment pattern, reasons for general anesthesia, distribution of combined operation, duration of anesthesia, treatment, frequency of general anesthesia and agents for general anesthesia were examined. Results: The proportion of male, the disabled were higher and above 19 years age group was the highest. Combined operation with otolaryngology was highest. Main reasons for general anesthesia were mental retardation for the disabled and uncooperative behavior for the non-disabled. Percentage of restorative treatment was the highest. Average anesthesia duration was 186 minutes and average treatment time was 143 minutes. Most of the airway was maintained by nasotracheal intubation and induction was done by sevoflurane. Conclusions: General anesthesia for dental treatment has been increasing for children, the disabled who have a difficulty of cooperation. The demand for dental treatment under general anesthesia is expected to continuously increase. Therefore, continuous research and studies should be done to establish efficiency and safety of general anesthesia and provide an enhanced environment for treatment.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.211-224
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• 2023

This study surveyed 2nd graders of B high school and 1st graders of A university in Gyeongnam on factors such as behavior control and interaction in non-face-to-face classes, easy or difficult concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry textbooks. Based on the results of the survey, the effect of changes in the difficulty level of concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry and changes in class types (face-to-face and non-face-to-face) on students' academic achievement by level was compared and analyzed. In the face-to-face class, the average score between the first and second semesters was similar according to the change in the difficulty of the concepts presented in chemistry I and general chemistry. In the non-face-to-face class, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester was quite low, and the average score of general chemistry was rather high. In non-face-to-face classes, the average score of chemistry I in the second semester of low-level students was significantly lowered due to changes in the difficulty of the concept and changes in class types on academic achievement by level. In the case of 10% of students at the lower level, the academic achievement of chemistry I decreased in both the second semester regardless of the changes in the difficulty level of concepts and the changes in class types.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.85-102
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• 2015

Purpose: This study is aimed to develope effective guidelines of R&D institute with regard to general management cost, by analyzing the management characteristics of 14 domestic R&D institutes general management costs. Methods: The bootstrapping method is applied to obtain the average general management cost of 14 R&D institute and the effective R&D institutes are presented by comparing the general management costs of R&D and the rate of inflation. Results: The results show that the average R&D general management cost of 14 R&D institutes is 3.32% and, in general, it turns out that the R&D general management costs do not reflect the inflation rate after a comparative analysis of the variation of the R&D general management costs. In addition, the results of cost-effective analysis show that only 5 R&D institutes are efficient in R&D activities. Conclusion: Applying a uniform standard of R&D general management costs although their management characteristics are different, can cause the impediment to the independence and transparency of R&D institutes. Therefore it is recommended a strict implementation with respect to the monitoring system of each R&D institute and the budget policy methods which are reflected management characteristics.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.263-270
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the temple wastes and suggest the waste management guidelines for temples in natural parks. Study results revealed four important findings. First, it was found that the average quantity of the total temple wastes was 85,786g/day which was composed of general wastes(44,617g/day), food wastes(20,292g/day), recycling wastes(20.825g/day), and buddhist service wastes(60g/day). The average generation per capita of the temple wastes was 1,511g/capita day and the average bulk density was 0.102kg/l. Second, the food scrap was of small quantity(72.5g/day) because the traditional buddhist eating method, "Baru meal(鉢盂供養)" prohibits food abuse. This amount is very little compared to that produced in the general household in Korea. Third, the average quantity of the buddhist service wastes was 300-1,650g/one time. This wastes occupied 0.07% of the total temple wastes. Fourth, the average waste generated by visitors was 182.8g/person, which occupied 87.1% of the total temple wastes and costed 52,100,000 Wons to treat.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.915-927
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• 2003

This paper is the generalization of the modified two-level skip-lot sampling plan(MTSkSP1) to n-level. The general formulas of the operating characteristic(OC) function, average sample number(ASN) and average outgoing quality(AOQ) for the plan are derived using Markov chain properties. The operating characteristic curves, average sample numbers and average outgoing qualities of a reference plan, modified two-level, three-level and five-level skip-lot sampling plans are compared.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.38-41
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• 2005

Purpose: To evaluate the drainage effect of silk suture following aspiration of the bursa as an early treatment of chronic lateral malleolar bursitis. Materials and Methods: Thirteen cases, which have over two weeks of history and over one year of follow-up, were investigated. The average duration of follow-up was 16.4 months. The average symptom duration before introduction into this study was 7.8 weeks. With an aseptic technique, the aspiration of the bursa was done with 18G needle and syringe and then the insertion of silk suture through the aspiration needle was performed. The amount of drainage was identified two or three times in a week and stitch out was done at the cessation of drainage. Over one year follow-up, recurrence, infection, pain, and limitation of range of motion were investigated by telephone interview. Results: Redness around the insertion site of silk suture was found in all cases, but there was no development of active infection or recurrence. The average duration of treatment is 10.4 days. Conclusion: The drainage with silk suture following aspiration of the bursa is less invasive and very effective method in the early treatment of chronic lateral malleolar bursitis.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the drainage effect of silk suture following aspiration of the bursa as an early treatment of chronic olecranon bursitis. Eleven cases, which have over two weeks of history and over one year of follow-up, were investigated. The average duration of follow-up was 17.5 months. The average symptom duration was 1.8 months. With an aseptic technique, the aspiration of the bursa was done with 18gauge needle and syringe and then the insertion of silk suture through the aspiration needle was performed. The amount of drainage was regularly checked $2{\sim}3$ days interval and stitch out was done at the cessation of drainage. At the follow-up, recurrence, infection, pain, and limitation of range of motion were investigated by telephone interview. Redness around the insertion site of silk suture was found in all cases, but there was no active infection or recurrence. The results were satisfactory in all cases and the average time for recovery was 10.5 days. The drainage with silk suture following aspiration of the bursa is less invasive and very effective method in the early treatment of chronic olecranon bursitis.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 1986

To study the nutritional value of general hospital diet, the author surveyed in 5 hospitals which are located in Pusan. Thd information on appetite and dietary habits was taken from the questionnaire results of 166 patients and 185 non patients. The survey of nutritional value was conducted on 104 males and 61 females hospitalized patients, taking three consecutive days in each hospital. RESULTS : 1. The average nutritive value of general diet per patient per patient per day served in hospitals was 2446.601$\pm$57.31 kcal, 100.23$\pm$8.18g protein, 42.35$\pm$6.46g fat, 413.35$\pm$31.46g carbohydrate. 2. The average percentage of diet consumed by patients per day was 69.7$\pm$4.5%. 3. The average nutrient intake by patients per day was 2025.94$\pm$194.46kcal, 77.04$\pm$6.38g protein, 31.71$\pm$6.80g fat, 356.20$\pm$26.40g carbohydrate. 4. The meals were taken more regularly by patient group than by non patient group. 5. The psychological appetite was lower in patient group. 6. The patients thought hospital diet as reliable and were willing to take diets well in order to get well as soon as possible.

• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The United Kingdom (UK) national standard for the closure rate for myringoplasty is 89.5% (90.6% and 84.2% for primary and revision surgeries, respectively). The average hearing gains for primary and revision myringoplasty are 9.14 dB and 7.86 dB, respectively. This study compared the myringoplasty outcomes for a single surgeon over 5 years. Subjects and Methods: Data for 68 cases were analyzed retrospectively. The outcome measures were achievement of the tympanic membrane closure and the average hearing gain or loss. Results: The overall and primary closure rates were 97% and 98%, respectively and significantly higher than the UK national standard (p=0.0210 and p=0.0287, respectively). The revision closure rate was 93%; however, it was not significantly higher than the national standard (p=0.1872). The average hearing gain was 5.18 dB. The gains for primary and revision surgeries were 5.15 dB and 5.25 dB, respectively. Conclusions: We propose that these outcomes are a result of our surgical technique, including the simultaneous use of cortical mastoidectomy in ears with discharge.

• Korean Journal of Audiology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2021

Background and Objectives: The United Kingdom (UK) national standard for the closure rate for myringoplasty is 89.5% (90.6% and 84.2% for primary and revision surgeries, respectively). The average hearing gains for primary and revision myringoplasty are 9.14 dB and 7.86 dB, respectively. This study compared the myringoplasty outcomes for a single surgeon over 5 years. Subjects and Methods: Data for 68 cases were analyzed retrospectively. The outcome measures were achievement of the tympanic membrane closure and the average hearing gain or loss. Results: The overall and primary closure rates were 97% and 98%, respectively and significantly higher than the UK national standard (p=0.0210 and p=0.0287, respectively). The revision closure rate was 93%; however, it was not significantly higher than the national standard (p=0.1872). The average hearing gain was 5.18 dB. The gains for primary and revision surgeries were 5.15 dB and 5.25 dB, respectively. Conclusions: We propose that these outcomes are a result of our surgical technique, including the simultaneous use of cortical mastoidectomy in ears with discharge.