• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.362-370
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• 2020

Objectives: Despite greater access to training positions and the presence of more women in emergency medicine, it has remained a men-dominated field. This study aims to identify the key issues causing the gender gap in Korea and establish measures to overcome them. Methods: Using the annual statistical reports of the National Emergency Medical Center and data published on the Korean Society of Emergency Medicine website, cases that listed the current status and positions of members in its organization and its committees were analyzed. Secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2015 Korean Society of Emergency Survey that included physicians' demographics, academic ranking, years of experience, clinical work hours, training and board certification, core faculty status, position, and salaries. Results: As of September 2019, women account for only 12.7% of the total number of emergency physicians (EP) in Korea; of 119 chair/vice-chair academic positions, women represented only 9.2%. Women EP were more often assistant professors and fellowship-trained, with fewer in core faculty. However, they worked the same numbers of clinical hours as their men counterparts. The median annual salary of women EP was less than that of men EP after adjusting for academic hospital rank, clinical hours, and core faculty status. Conclusions: A gender gap still exists among Korean EP, and women earn less than men regardless of their rank, clinical hours, or training. Future studies should evaluate more data and develop system-wide practices to eliminate gender disparities.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.166-176
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the effect of household types on the occurrence of chronic diseases depending on gender and to identify the factors associated with chronic disease occurrence in one-person households. Methods: Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted using the data of 15,949 adults with the age of 19 years or older from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2015). Results: For male, the risk of chronic disease occurrence was higher in one-person households than in multi-person households, and the same held true after adjusting for the confounding factors. For female, no significant relationship was found between household types and chronic disease occurrence. Factors associated with chronic disease occurrence were age, employment state, marital state, smoking, perceived stress, and depression in male, and age, employment state, physical activity, and obesity in female. Conclusion: It is necessary to monitor the disparity in health depending on household types in male. Additionally, providing a gender specific chronic disease prevention and health enhancement program is required.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2022

Even after three decades of economic reforms, India's labor market is characterized by stark inter-gender differences in terms of both participation rate and working time. Identification of the causes is necessary to remove the disparity and unequal sharing of economic opportunities to make way for women's empowerment. This research attempts in that direction, examining the prevalence of these inequities in rural areas of North-East Indian states using unit-level data from the 2017-18 Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS). The methodology for the estimation here is based on Blinder- Oaxaca decomposition method after correcting for sample bias forwarded by Heckman. The analysis shows that in both labor force participation and the wage gap, the females in the region lag behind their male counterparts by a huge margin. Further, the analysis shows that one of the main factors leading to the difference is the disparities in human capital assets. On top of female educational enrollment being low, there is also a huge lack of higher educational attainment, while males have accomplished much better in both the parameters. Moreover, the presence of social stigma against women working and discrimination put the female labor outcomes in a gloomy state.

• 복식
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• 제58권8호
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• pp.106-119
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• 2008

This study explores grotesque characteristics that were raised as the Aesthetics of the Ugly and how it was featured in Alexander McQueen's arts. In a methodological approach, the study attempted the analysis of historical literature that was published both nationally and internationally, along with justifiable investigation using fashion/collection magazines such as Vogue, Gap and Internet search. The scope of this study ranges from 1996's Haute Couture and Pret-a-porter collection pieces modern, to date The results of this study are summarized as follows: The first grotesque characteristic present throughout Alexander Mcqueen's arts is that it featured horrifying images or evil motives with pointy heads or horns, dark colored dresses, silver accessories, Dracula, witches, skulls, soldiers of evil, death and sickness. Second, aversion was realistically portrayed by frightening objects, extreme intimacy and motives that signify death and closely relative to cruelty to human bodies. It also became visible with physical destruction of the bodies and dissecting of internal organs, etc. Thirdly, its expression of humor is out of common sense with distorted human bodies by intentionally overemphasizing certain portion of the clothes or body parts. It also featured strangely deformed bodies by ignoring the typical shapes of clothes, vague definition of gender and using of unusual objects. Forth, half-man and half-beast images are portrayed using various types of bird species or animals to Identify disparity. It further defined this image in the form of non-human cyborg by incorporating technology.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

우리나라의 사회보험제도는 외형상 성중립성 및 보편주의를 지향하는 제도로 확대되어 왔다. 그러나 남성부양자모델에 기초하여 가정 내의 성별분업 및 노동시장의 성차별적 지위를 그대로 반영함으로써 여성들의 종속적 지위를 유지 및 강화하는데 기여하고 있다. 본 연구는 지면의 한계상 우리나라 사회보험의 대표 격인 국민연금을 성인지적으로 분석한다. 우리나라 국민연금의 규정을 보면 남성정규직 임금노동자 중심이어서 정규직 임금노동자로의 진입에 제한받는 여성들을 국민연금에서 배제하거나 주변화 되게 한다. 그리고 여성들의 가사 및 보살핌 노동은 권리자격으로 인정받지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 성인지적 분석 결과를 기초로 국민연금의 성차별적 속성을 파악하고 이 제도가 보다 성인지적이고 성평등적인 방향으로 변화될 수 있는 대안을 제시한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.623-627
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• 2014

Background: Esophagus cancer (EC) is among the five most common cancers in both sexes in Iran, with an incidence rate well above world average. Social rank (SR) of individuals and regions are well-known independent predictors of EC incidence. The aim of current study was to assess gender and social disparities in EC incidence across Iran's provinces through 2003-2009. Materials and Methods: Data on distribution of population at province level were obtained from the Statistical Centre of Iran. Age-standardized incidence rates of EC were gathered from the National Cancer Registry. The Human Development Index (HDI) was used to assess the province social rank. Rate ratios and Kunst and Mackenbach relative indices of inequality ($RII_{KM}$) were used to assess gender and social inequalities, respectively. Annual percentage change (APC) was calculated using joinpoint regression. Results: EC incidence rate increased 4.6% and 6.5% per year among females and males, respectively. There were no gender disparities in EC incidence over the study period. There were substantial social disparities in favor of better-off provinces in Iran. These social disparities were generally the same between males and females and were stable over the study period. Conclusions: The results showed an inverse association between the provinces' social rank and EC incidence rate in Iran. In addition, I found that, in contrast with international trends, women are at the same risk of EC as men in Iran. Further investigations are needed to explain these disparities in EC incidence across the provinces.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.5601-5613
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 사회경제적 특성에 따라 인터넷 접근, 인터넷 이용 정도 및 인터넷 서비스 이용 상의 디지털 격차가 어떻게 달라지는가를 체계적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 한국인터넷진흥원의 인터넷이용자실태조사 데이터를 이용하여 사회경제적 특성에 따른 인터넷 접근과 인터넷 이용(양적 이용 정도, 인터넷 서비스 이용)의 디지털 격차를 로지스틱 회귀분석방법으로 검증하였다. 분석결과, 인터넷 접속(가정에서의 인터넷 접속, 초고속 인터넷 접속)과 인터넷 이용정도(적극적 이용, 정기적 이용, 비정기적 이용)는 연령, 성별, 교육수준, 고용상태, 소득수준, 인터넷 접속 유형 등에 따라 디지털 격차가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 인터넷 서비스 이용(정보 활용, 커뮤니케이션 및 커뮤니티, 전자상거래, 인터넷 뱅킹)의 경우 고학력자 및 고소득층이며, 학생이고 젊은 연령층일수록 인터넷 서비스를 많이 활용하는 것으로 나타나 사회경제적 특성에 따른 인터넷 서비스 활용 격차가 존재하는 것으로 검증되었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2017

The Northern States of Malaysia comprises of four states (Penang, Kedah, Perlis and Perak) still record high poverty incidence eventhough Malaysia has experienced a remarkable reduction of poverty over the past century. Economic activities in Perlis and Kedah that are predominantly agriculture in the rural area contribute to this disparity. To add, rural households are also subject to risks and uncertainties that make them more vulnerable to poverty. This study examines the impact of risks and assets on households' vulnerability to poverty. A survey of 400 respondents was conducted in December 2015 in the northern region of Malaysia. From these 400 questionnaires, only 298 were considered valid and used in the analysis. Using a logistic probability function, the results indicated that risks are not a significant threat to households. Gender and strata are crucial elements that significantly determine households' vulnerability. While human capital and financial capital significantly reduce households' vulnerability to poverty, physical and natural capitals were not statistically significant. The study suggests that the government and practitioners design strategies and policies with an assets-based approach. The asset-based approach is more appropriate for linking the causes of poverty to vulnerability.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.5153-5155
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• 2013

Background: Because of the gender disparity in the incidence of thyroid cancer, this study aimed to determine the association between reproductive factors and thyroid cancer. Methods: A total of 10,767 eligible women from the Khon Kaen Cohort, recruited and interviewed between 1990 and 2001, were followed up until 2011. The data were linked to the Khon Kaen Population-Based Cancer Registry to detect thyroid cancer cases. Results: There was 17 thyroid cancer cases detected, an incidence of 11.2 per 100,000 person-years, of which 70.6 % were papillary tumors. The incidence was apparently greater among those with an early age of menarche, nulligravida women, and oral contraceptive users. Conlusions: There was a trend for thyroid cancer to develop in relation to longer estrogen exposure. This evidence is inconclusive but warrants further investigation.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.281-300
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• 2023

Recently, the call for better accountability and social responsibility from corporations has been regularly voiced, both in the academic literature and in public discussions. This poses a challenge to the existing literature in understanding consumption behaviors to direct them toward sustainable development. This study investigates the purchase intention of Gen Z consumers in Vietnam with green packaging products. Data were collected from 914 respondents by online questionnaire and then analyzed using OLS. The results suggest the significant influence of customers' income and packaging in driving customers' intention to use environmentally-friendly products. Specifically, consumers in a higher income class participate more actively in green purchases. However, problems associated with inadequate packaging are also illustrated, resulting in the poor perception of green messages and poor practice of ecological actions. Besides, subjective norms and green trust are found to be adversely related to green consumer intention. In addition, gender disparity in green behavior is reported, where female consumers show a higher tendency to ecological consumption than their male counterparts. Other demographic factors are also included in the model as control variables, which are age, education, price, environmental literacy, environmental concern, and psychological awareness, but they do not have a significant impact on green purchase intention.