• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2019

This study aims is to analyze of existing concepts of gender stereotypes and gender differences in wages, defining of gender pay gap determinants, and to evaluate the level of discrimination against women in Kazakhstan. This paper begins by reviewing trends in gender stereotypes and gender segregation during the past several decades. In this research, authors propose the methodological tools for presenting a standard form of evaluation of gender pay gap. The developed methodological tools will allow providing authentic and formal analysis on gender pay gap and identifying the main determinants of gender pay differences. Further, the obtained results showed the distribution of wage gap in Kazakhstan's regions and the Duncan's dissimilation index allows us to trace the dynamics of changes in the professional structure between men and women. According to the results, gender pay gap is narrowing with the reduction of the job level and discrimination is related to differences in human capital and education. Wages in the industrial sector are higher for men than for women, because men's professions are characterized by severe and unhealthy working conditions. In addition, employers prefer male managers, but if they take woman managers, they give them salary 3 times less.

• 지역연구
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.45-59
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• 2016

본 연구는 서울 지역노동시장권에서 여성장애인 임금근로자가 이중차별적 임금차별을 경험하고 있는지, 그리고 그 정도가 어떠한지를 실증적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 선행연구 고찰을 바탕으로 지역노동시장에서 여성장애인이 겪는 이중차별 메커니즘을 파악하고, Oaxaca-Blinder 모형과 Juhn-Murphy-Pierce 모형을 이용하여 여성장애인이 겪는 임금격차를 보다 엄밀하게 분석하고자 하였다. 분석자료로는 1차(2008년)와 5차(2012년)의 장애인고용패널조사 자료와 11차(2008년)와 15차(2012년)의 한국노동패널조사 자료를 사용하였다. 임금격차 분해 결과에 따르면, 서울 지역노동시장권 내 여성장애인들은 장애와 여성이라는 조건으로 인해 이중적으로 임금차별을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 여성장애인이 가진 특성과 관측되지 않은 임금결정요소들의 시간에 따른 변화는 장애와 성별에 기인한 임금격차 수준을 전반적으로 감소시켰다. 여성장애인이 가진 특성변화에 따른 임금보상수준 및 관측되지 않은 노동시장 내의 임금불평등도 변화로 인해 성별임금격차는 감소했지만 장애임금격차는 오히려 증가한 것으로 나타났다.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.265-276
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• 1999

Female nurses in Korea have historically experienced discrimination on the basis of their gender as part of the traditional society views on woman and as a result of the male dominated hospital environments. This discrimination may interfere with the ability of female nurses to promote the health of their patients. To better understand this bias, we collected and analyzed 16 cases of alleged sexual discrimination reported by female nurses with more than 5 years work experience. The cases were classified into 10 subjects and further into 4 categories: personnel administration, daily working environment, female gender bias, and health care delivery. There were 7 cases (11.3%) of unjust personnel changes consisting of demotion(1), termination(4), and reallocation of position(3). Twenty three (37.1%) of cases related to problems in the daily workplace including biases in communication between female nurses and male physicians(12), daily work(8), and responsibility for adverse outcomes(3). We noted 17 cases (27.4%) of female gender bias as reported by female nurses(7), female physicians(7), and female patients(3). Lastly, there were 15 (24.3%) cases of problems with health care delivery due to sexual discrimination, including enrollment in the health care system(4),and decisions regarding medical care(4). These results suggest that sexual discrimination towards women is pervasive in the Korea hospitals, not only towards female nurses but also towards female physicians and patients. More discriminatory practices in a timely fashion such that better nursing care can be provided to patients and their families.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.278-287
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• 1999

Women's health is directly related to economic and developmental level of their nations, and it is very much effected by socio-cultural factors which are related to gender discrimination. women's health needs have been oppressed and neglected in male-dominated society. For maintenance and promotion in women's health and improve of quality of life, the common idea of gender discrimination in our society and preference of having son rather than daughter from its certain from must be banished. Though the common idea of gender discrimination was a basic ideology in liberation of women, recently the aspect of difference rather than discrimination is an important matter and unique characteristics of women are strongly pointed and additionally harmonic living with men is getting to be a man idea in women's health. The social idea in gender discrimination was from christian culture in the western society and confucianism related the social norms of "Namzonyobe" (means men are honorable and women are low), "Samzongzido" (means women ought to obey certain three rules for the family), "Chilgeziak" (means seven wickedness of housewife) in this country, korea. Those ideas deprived women's ability in health management and in the decision making process for their health. Because of those cultural influences, still many pregnant women are experiencing artificial abortion when they know the fetus is a girl through ultrasound and amniocentesis. Nowadays there are many health problems of women in korea. The reasons are that Korea culture has complicatedly mixing with confucianism and western culture. Under the these cultural influences, change in value of beauty and trend of liberation in sexuality have brought out health problems, alcohol, smoking, and drug abuse in young women. In order to solve the women's health problem, first of all women have to come out of the passive manner of dependency on man. Also they should have the insight and the management and/or intervention ability of caring their health. It can be obtained through the family-society-nation wide approach as well as the approach for women themselves.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.189-197
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• 2018

본 연구는 유년 시절 경험한 성차별이 한 개인의 성장과 일생에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤으며, 또 그가 성인이 된 후 달라지는 남녀차별인식에 어떻게 대응, 적응하는지를 알아보고자 했다. 이를 위해 본 연구자를 연구대상으로 삼아 자문화기술지를 연구방법으로 채택하였고, 자아 정립 과정을 알아보기 위해 에릭슨의 심리사회발달단계를 기초로 하여 분석하였다. 연구 자료로는 에세이, 자기 회상 자료, 자기 성찰 자료, 가족과의 인터뷰 등을 수집, 선발하여 종단 코딩으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 영.유아시절 경험한 성차별은 기억의 유무와 관계없이 개인에게 오랜 시간 트라우마로 남게 되고, 성인이 된 후, 변화하는 사회와 새로운 가족구성원을 통해 이루어지는 경험과 학습으로 일정 이상의 트라우마 극복은 가능했지만 완전한 치유 및 적응은 힘들다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 사회의 문제점을 통해 한 개인의 발달을 알아보는 데에 의의가 있으며 다른 문제들을 접목해 고민해볼 수 있는 추후 연구의 방향성을 제시하였다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.248-258
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• 2019

산업구조의 변화에 따라 창조계층의 중요성이 강조되고 있음에도 불구하고 창조계층 내 성별임금격차에 대한 연구는 미미한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 창조계층 내 성별 임금격차에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인들을 노동패널 자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 남성 창조계층의 임금이 여성창조계층의 임금보다 높다는 것을 실증적으로 확인하였다. 둘째, 창조계층의 성별에 따라 임금에 영향을 주는 요인이 다르게 나타났다. 셋째, 창조계층 내 여성근로자는 차이에 의한 임금차별을 겪고 있지만, 이보다는 더 큰 부분은 성차별에 의한 것이라는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 비창조 계층과 비교하여 창조계층의 성별임금격차는 작았으며, 차별에 의한 성별 임금격차는 젊은 세대가 가장 높았다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.196-199
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• 2023

Climate-related events unevenly affect society, worsening mental health disparities among vulnerable populations. This paper highlights that lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender, queers, and other individuals identifying as sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQ+) (LGBTQ+) could be considered a climate-vulnerable population in the Philippines, one of the most climate-vulnerable countries. As such, this paper elucidated that LGBTQ+ Filipinos can be marginalized in climate response efforts due to their sexual orientation and gender minority identities. According to the minority stress theory, discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals may predispose them to mental health problems. Thus, there is a need to institute an LGBTQ+ inclusive mental health response for climate-related events to address discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals and uphold their mental health.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.61-93
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• 2018

본 연구는 박사학위 소지자들을 대상으로 성별 임금격차와 그 원인에 대해 분석하였다. 국내 박사인력을 대상으로 하는 표본조사인 박사인력활동조사를 이용하여 박사학위 소지자들의 성별 임금격차 수준을 우선 식별하고, 임금격차에 대한 정확한 실태 파악을 위해 Oaxaca류의 임금격차 분해 모형을 이용하여 성별 임금격차를 두 집단의 인적특성 차이에 기인하는 임금차이와 임금방정식의 추정계수 차이로 인해 발생하는 임금차별로 분해하였다. 분석 결과 임금격차 중 임금분해 모형으로 설명이 불가능한 임금방정식의 구조적 차이로 인한 임금차별의 비중이 약 38~43% 수준으로 나타났으며, 이는 박사학위 소지자들의 성별 임금격차에도 노동시장에서의 차별에 관한 문제의 중요성이 크다는 것을 암시한다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to investigate two-point discrimination(TPD) and related factors in rural community residents. Methods: The sample consisted of 68 people who have been living in rural community in June 2005 studied. TPD was measured from the tips of the thumb, index, middle, ring, and little finger of each hand with the TPD esthesiometer. The research was designed to be a cross-sectional measured study. SAS statistical software was used for the analysis. The characteristics of the study sample were described by mean and standard deviation(SD) for continuous variables and by frequency and percentage for categorical variables. The Student's t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare TPD in gender and diabetes mellitus. A Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted for relationship among values of 5 fingers. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with TPD. Results: A total of 68 residents were measured, their average $age{\pm}SD$ was $54.2{\pm}23.2$ years(range: $12{\sim}88\;yr$). The mean TPD for 5 fingers tips in dominated side was 4.76mm(thumb 3.98mm, index 4.22mm, middle 4.79mm, ring 5.17mm, and little finger 5.65mm, respectively). 4.91mm for thumb finger of women was significantly higher than 3.54mm that of men's in difference between gender(p=.01l4), also women(4.39mm) was higher than men(3.71mm) in median nerver area(p=.0318). There was a statistically significant difference in age(p=.0022), which were under age of 20(3.36mm), 30 years(3.61mm), 40 years(5.38mm), 50 years(4.84mm), 60 years(5.28mm), 70 years(5.18mm), and over age of 80(5.29mm). Factors related to TPD of fiver fingers by multiple regressions were gender(${\beta}=.03$, p=.0001). Conclusions: Taken together, gender and age were significantly associated with TPD. We recommend that further research should measure TPD by using larger sample sizes and more sensitive measurement instruments.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.115-158
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• 2017

본 연구는 한국에서의 직종 내 잔차 성별 임금격차와 노동시간 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 한국의 장시간 노동 문화는 평소 가사 및 돌봄 노동을 많이 하지 않는 한국 남성 기준에 맞추어진 것으로, 따라서 노동시간이 긴 직종일수록 이는 여성에게 불리하게 작용하여 직종 내 차별에 의한 성별 임금격차가 커질 수 있다. 본 연구는 이를 실증분석 하고자 하였으며, 분석 결과, 한국에서는 대부분의 직종에서 긴 노동시간에 대한 임금 프리미엄이 높지 않으며, 노동시간은 남성 집중직종에서는 잔차 성별 임금격차에 유의미한 양의 영향을 미치지만, 여성 집중직종에서는 그렇지 않은 것으로 나타났다.