• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.206-212
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• 2004

Prickly pear extract (PPE) was fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus LS at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 days. To improve the physicochemical properties of fermented PPE, it was fortified with food polysaccharides (0.2 %) or seaweed calcium before lactic acid fermentation. The viable cell counts, flow behavior, titratable acidity and color stability of fermented PPE were evaluated during 4 weeks of cold storage. Addition of xanthan gum or glucomannan increased the apparent viscosity and acid production, viable cell counts and red color of PPE were also well maintained during the cold storage. However, fermenting PPE with gellan gum resulted in a decrease in relative absorbance, indicating lower color stability. In particular, PPE fortified with carrageenan or alginic acid showed reduced acid production and lower viable cell counts. Addition of seaweed calcium at a 0.1 % level had positive effects on color stability, and helped maintain viable cell counts of 4.1 ${\times}$ 10$^{9}$ CFU/mL. This study demonstrated that xanthan gum could be used as a good thickening agent and stabilizer for retaining viable cell counts and red color during the cold storage in PPE fermented by lactic acid bacteria.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제88권2호
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• pp.179-188
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• 2023

The mechanical behaviours of biopolymer-treated soil depend on the formation of soil-biopolymer matrices. In this study, various biopolymers(e.g., xanthan gum (XG), locust bean gum (LBG), sodium alginate (SA), agar gum (AG), gellan gum (GE) and carrageenan kappa gum (KG) are selected to treat three types of natural soil at different concentrations (e.g., 1%, 2% and 3%) and curing time (e.g., 4-365 days), and reveal the reinforcement effect on natural soil by using unconfined compression tests. The results show that biopolymer-treated soil obtains the maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at curing 14-28 days. Although the UCS of biopolymer-treated soil has a 20-30% reduction after curing 1-year compared to the maximum value, it is still significantly larger than untreated soil. In addition, the UCS increment ratio of biopolymer-treated soil decreases with the increase of biopolymer concentration, and there exists the optimum concentration of 1%, 2-3%, 2%, 1% and 2% for XG, SA, LBG, KG and AG, respectively. Meanwhile, the optimum initial moisture content can form uniformly biopolymer-soil matrices to obtain better reinforcement efficiency. Furthermore, the best performance in increasing soil strength is XG following SAand LBG, which are significantly better than AG, KG and GE.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.405-413
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• 2004

The rheological properties of an exopolysaccharide, EPS-R, produced by the marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis strain 96CJ 10356 were investigated. The $E_{24}$ of $0.5\%$ EPS-R was $89.2\%$, which was higher than that observed in commercial polysaccharides such as xanthan gum ($67.8\%$), gellan gum ($2.01\%$) or sodium alginate ($1.02\%$). Glucose and galactose are the main Sugars in EPS-R, with a molar ratio of ${\~}1:6.8$, xylose and ribose are minor sugar components. The average molecular mass, as determined by gel filtration chromatography, was $2.2{\times}10^3$ KDa, The intrinsic viscosities of EPS-R were calculated to be 16.5 and 15.9 dL/g using the Huggins and Kraemer equations, respectively, with a 2.3 dL/g overlap. In terms of rigidity, the conformation of EPS-R was similar to that of caboxymethyl cellulose ($5.0{\times}10^{-2}$). The rheological behavior of EPS-R dispersion indicated that the formation of a structure intermediate between that of a random-coil polysaccharide and a weak gel. The aqueous dispersion of EPS-R at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to $1.0\%$ (w/w) showed a marked shear-thinning property in accordance with Power-law behavior. In aqueous dispersions of $1.0\%$ EPS-R, the consistency index (K) and flow behavior index (n) were 1,410 and 0.73, respectively. EPS-R was Stable to pH and salts.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1230-1236
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• 2009

Optimum conditions for the freeze-thaw stability (FTS) of mung bean starch (MBS) paste as a main ingredient in omija-eui were investigated. For the optimization of the paste preparation condition, the FTS of MBS prepared by boiling in a shaking water bath (BMSW) or by pressure-cooking in an autoclave (PCMA) were analyzed using a response surface methodology (RSM). In addition, the effects of various additives such as gums, sugars, and emulsifier were evaluated on the FTS of MBS paste prepared under optimal conditions. The predicted maximal FTS of MBS paste prepared by the PCMA method (73%) was higher than that of the paste prepared by the BMSW method (36%). In case of additives, gellan gum and sodium alginate effectively prevented the syneresis of MBS paste in the BMSW method and in the PCMA method, respectively. The use of a fructose fatty acid ester as an emulsifier decreased syneresis in a dose-dependent, while the addition of sugars accelerated syneresis. Consequently, MBS paste for omija-eui preparation may be efficiently prepared by adding sodium alginate and fructose fatty acid ester under the optimal conditions of 4.3% MBS content, $121^{\circ}C$ heating temperature, and $89^{\circ}C$ cooling temperature by pressure-cooking in an autoclave.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2023

The liquefaction of soil occurs when a soil loses strength and stiffness because of applied stress, such as an earthquake or other changes in stress conditions that result in a loss of cohesion. Hence, a method for improving the strength of liquefiable soil needs to be developed. Many techniques have been presented for their possible applications to mitigate liquefiable soil. Recently, alternative methods using biopolymers (such as xanthan gum, guar gum, and gellan gum), nontraditional additives, have been introduced to stabilize fine-grained soils. However, no studies have been done on the use of carrageenan as a biopolymer for soil improvement. Due to of its rheological and chemical structure, carrageenan may have the potential for use as a biopolymer for soil improvement. This research aims to investigate the effect of adding carrageenan on the soil strength of treated liquefiable soil. The biopolymers used for comparison are carrageenan (as a novel biopolymer), xanthan gum, and guar gum. Then, sand samples were made in cylindrical molds (5 cm × 10 cm) by the dry mixing method. The amount of each biopolymer was 1%, 3%, and 5% of the total sample volume with a moisture content of 20%, and the samples were cured for seven days. In terms of observing the effect of temperature on the carrageenan-treated soil, several samples were prepared with dry sand that was heated in an oven at various temperatures (i.e., 20℃ to 75℃) before mixing. The samples were tested with the direct shear test, UCS test, and SEM test. It can increase the cohesion value of liquefiable soil by 22% to 60% compared to untreated soil. It also made the characteristics of the liquefiable increase by 60% to 92% from very loose sandy soil (i.e., ϕ=29°) to very dense sandy soil. Carrageenan was also shown to have a significant effect on the compressive strength and to exceed the liquefaction limit. Based on the results, carrageenan was found to have the potential for use as an alternative biopolymer.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.287-293
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 농업용 미생물제 수요의 증가에 따른 보다 안정한 미생물제 공급과 규격화된 품질 보증 및 미생물제 생산성 확대를 위하여 식품 산업에서 활용되고 있는 미생물제의 미세캡슐화 기술을 응용하여, 농업용 미생물제 캡슐화 소재선발 및 캡슐화 최적조건을 조사하고 생산된 미생물 캡슐제의 생균력과 안정성에 관하여 검토하였다. 본 실험의 캡슐화 장치는 extrusion 기법에서 주로 사용되고 있는 air atomizing device 대신 저속의 연동펌프를 이용한 micro-nozzle 방식을 설계하여 수행하였다. 농용 미생물의 캡슐화 소재선발을 위해 bead 형성이 용이하며 생균력을 안정적으로 유지할 수 있고 저렴한 비용으로 구입이 가능한 캡슐제를 조사한 결과 Na-alginate와 K-carragenan은 bead 형성이 우수하게 나타났으며 캡슐내 생균수는 $5.3-7.4{\times}10^7cfu\;g^{-1}$로 gellan gum과 locust bean gum 등에 비하여 6배 이상 높은 생균수를 나타냈다. Na-alginate의 경우 캡슐이 매우 단단하고 매끄러웠으며, K-carragenan보다 7배 이상 저렴한 것으로 조사되었다. 이상 농업용 미생물제의 캡슐화 소재로서 Na-alginate를 사용하는 것이 가장 효율적이고 경제적이라 판단되었다. 농업용 미생물제의 캡슐화를 위한 최적의 캡슐화 소재로 1.5% 농도의 Na-alginate에 1.0% starch와 같은 안정제를 혼합하여 사용할 경우 생균력을 유지하는 데 보다 안정적이었다. 최적조건에서 형성된 캡슐의 형태를 관찰한 결과 캡슐의 표면구조는 매끈하고 규칙 바른 구형을 나타내었으며, 내부 구조는 비교적 균일한 polymatrix를 형성하였 으며 부분적으로 큰 공극을 형성하였다. 미세 캡슐 내 미생물 생존력을 유지하기 위한 캡슐막의 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 안정제로 저렴한 가격으로 구입이 용이한 starch와 zeolite를 이용하여 생균력 증진효과를 검토하였다. 세균을 이용한 미생물 캡슐체의 경우 starch와 zeolite 모두 약 70-80% 생균력을 나타내었으며, 효모의 경우 starch를 안정제로 이용한 경우 67%의 생균력을 나타내었으나 zeolite를 안정제로 첨가한 경우 80% 이상의 높은 생균력 증진을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로부터 미생물을 캡슐화 할 경우 무기재료인 zeolite를 첨가할 경우 장기간 생균력 안정성이 유지되는 것으로 나타났다.