• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1999

This study was conducted to measure the residual PCBs in sediments of 4 great rivers in Korea by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. From the results, PCBs were positively detected in all samples. The residue levels of total PCBs in sediments in near of SS and OS were $290.87{\mu}g/kg$ and $221.11{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The PCBs contamination may be in association with total organic compound (TOC) in sediments. Congener 66, 74, 90, 101, 105, 110, 118, 138, 149, 153, 180, 187 as IUPAC No were predominant species found in sediments and the polyCBs detected most aboundantly in sediments were tetraCBs and pentaCBs. From the study, it appears that the PCBs contamination in sediments of 4 great rivers is not serious and the analysis from enough many sites is needed for the next survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 1997

The paper describes the activation mode and the glycosic linkage of anti-complementary polysaccharide isolated from Cinnamomum cassia. The polysaccharide fractions, CC-IIIa, CC-IIIb, and CC-IIIc, activated C3 component existed in normal human serum and produced C3 cleavage segments, C3a and C3b. The polysaccharide, CC-2-IIIa-3 activated the complement system both in the presence and absence of $Ca^{++}$, suggesting that it involved in both classical and alternative complement pathways. Methylation of CC-2-IIIa-3 was performed with methylsulphinyl carbanion and methyl iodide in DMSO. The methylated products was hydrolyzed, then converted into the partially methylated alditol acetates. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) revealed derivatives of terminal $Glc{\rho}$ and $Gal{\rho}$, 1,2-linked $Rha{\rho}$, 1,6-linked $Man{\rho}$, 1,3-linked $Glc{\rho}$, 1,6-linked $Gal{\rho}$ etc.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.757-772
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• 2013

In this study, a combination of sorbent tube (ST)-thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) was used for quantitative analysis of liquid phase standards of 10 BVOC ((1) (+)-${\alpha}$-pinene, (2) (+)-${\beta}$-pinene, (3) ${\alpha}$-phellandrene, (4) (+)-3-carene, (5) ${\alpha}$-terpinene, (6) p-cymene, (7) (R)-(+)-limonene, (8) ${\gamma}$- terpinene, (9) myrcene, and (10) camphene). The results of BVOC calibration yielded comparatively stable pattern with response factor (RF) of 23,560~50,363 and coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.9911~0.9973. The method detection limit (MDL) of BVOC was estimated at 0.03~0.06 ng with the reproducibility of 1.30~5.13% (in terms of relative standard error (RSE)). Emissions of BVOC were measured from four types of fruit samples ((1) tangerine (TO), (2) tangerine peel (TX), (3) strawberry (SO), and (4) sepals of strawberry (SX)). The sum of BVOC flux (${\sum}flux$ (BVOC) in ng/hr/g) for each sample was seen on the descending order of (1) TX=291,614, (2) TO=2,190, (3) SO=1,414, and (4) SX=2,093. If the results are compared between the individual components, the highest flux was seen from (R)-(+)-limonene (265,395 ng/hr/g) from TX sample.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.357-367
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• 2000

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content in sewage sludge and in farm soils were determined by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with use 2-ethylantracene as internal standards. Twelve PAH were identified in both sludges with naphthalene ($0.78{\mu}g/g$) being the most predominant in industrial sludge and pyrene ($0.26{\mu}g/g$) in municipal sludge. The total PAR content in industrial sludge and in municipal sludge were $1.74{\mu}g/g$ and $1.19{\mu}g/g$ respectively. PAH were contained in paddy soils and the concentration were very low in the range of $0.01-0.04{\mu}g/g$. The total PAH content in industrial and in municipal sludge were about 9.2 times and 6.3 times greater than in paddy soils ($0.19{\mu}g/g$).

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.682-688
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• 2017

Fresh japanese anise (Illicium anisatum L.) tree leaves were collected and ground after drying. The essential oils of the leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using headspace (HS) and solid phase-microextra (SPME) methods. Volatile components of the leaves were identified 21 and 65 components in HS and SPME, respectively. The main components of the essential oils obtained by HS method were eucalyptol (36.7%), (+)-sabinene (15.61%), ${\delta}$-3-carene (6.87%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (6.07%), ${\gamma}$-terpinen (5.72%), ${\alpha}$-limonene (5.26%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (4.13%), ${\alpha}$-terpinene (4.04%) and ${\beta}$-pinene (3.73%). The other components were less than 3.5%. SPME method also showed that eucalyptol (17.88%) was main. The other were 5-allyl-1-methoxy-2 (13.29%), caryophyllene (6.09%), (+)-sabinene (5.60%), ${\alpha}$-ocimene (4.89%) and ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.73%), and the rest were less amounts than 3.5%. This work indicated that many more volatile components were isolated, comparing to the previous literature data and that SPME method was much more effective than HS method in the analysis of the volatile components.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2020

Gambir is a non-wood forest product with a potential of being used as wood adhesive, due to about 33% catechin in it. Meanwhile, catechins and sucrose have not been studied as adhesives. Therefore, basic characteristics of gambir-sucrose adhesives were investigated. In this research, adhesives were prepared by dissolving gambir and sucrose in distilled water, at different blending ratios of the gambir/sucrose such as 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 wt%. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to determine the gambir chemical compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out to identify chemical bonds. Particleboards with a target density of 0.8 g/㎤ were then manufactured by hot-pressing for 10 min at 200℃. The internal bond (IB) strength of particleboard was subsequently measured. Based on the GC-MS analysis, 31.11% of catechin was identified. In addition, the viscosity, density, solid content, and gelation time of the adhesives, and insoluble matter content (IMC) in boiling water were 7.30~33.24 mPa.s, 1.2~1.3 g/㎤, 25.56~28.44%, 73~420 min, and 29.75~62.10%, respectively. Adding sucrose to the adhesive was observed to raise the IMC from 49.05 to 62.10%, at 180℃ and 200℃. FT-IR analysis showed that the gambir absorption peaks occurred at approximately 1620 cm^-1, assigned to the C=O stretching of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which tended to increase with the addition of sucrose. The reaction between gambir and sucrose was observed in the form of the dimethylene ether bridge. The 25/75 wt% gambir-sucrose adhesives and 200℃ hot-pressed temperature resulted in the highest IB strength (0.89 MPa), and met the requirement of JIS A5908-2003 type 18. Consequently, the gambir-sucrose adhesive could be used as a particleboard adhesive.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out to examine whether the apparent photolysis with or without sensitizers [NaOH and humic acid (HA)] was prompted photodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) in aqueous solution. Methods: PCBs photodegradation occurred using fluorescence black lamps at ${\lambda}_{max}=300nm$. PCB congeners were exposed in 10 ppm HA or 0.05N NaOH solutions, to investigate the decreasing profile of PCB concentration with time. The PCBs were then analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Reductive degradation profile of PCB congeners in the presence of both sensitizers under oxygen-saturated protic conditions was described using the wind-rose diagrams. Results: Use of HA or NaOH decreased PCB concentration with time in the dark and on irradiation, indicating that photolysis underwent through reductive dechlorination through energy transfer and possibly with reactive oxygens. The dechlorination was marked by a chromatographic shift, observed in the GC-MS plots. Therefore it is logical to assume that increasing the dose of sensitizers would increase the photodegradation rates of PCBs. The half-lives of pentachloro-PCB (penta-3) in 0.05N NaOH and 10 ppm HA were estimated at about 47 hours and 39 hours, respectively, under the same experimental conditions of photolysis. It was found that the rate of photolysis of pentachloro-PCB in aqueous solution followed apparent first-order kinetics compared to other congeners. Conclusion: Photochemical degradation (using 328 nm UV light) of penta- and hexa-PCBs in HA or alkaline solution is a viable method for pretreatment method. The results are helpful for the further comprehension of the reaction mechanism for photolytic dechlorination of PCBs in aquatic system.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2016

In this study, a method for CO reduction using char-coal combustions was developed with lignin and glycerin as combustion improvers. The relationship between CO emission and the combustion improvers was confirmed by measuring the CO concentration. The experiment to determine the combustion characteristics was conducted using glycerin, which shows high combustibility at low temperatures, impregnated with lignin, which has a specific surface area. The combustibility, volatility, and CO concentration were measured using thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). This study presents the optimal CO reduction ratio, which occurred when the combustible material contained a 20% blend of combustion improvers. This resulted in a 20-30% CO reduction rate compared to that achieved with normal char-coal.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2007

Volatile components of the essential oils of Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu), Dangyuza (C. grandis), Yuza (C. junos), Byungkyul (C. playtymamma), Jinkyul (C. sunki), and Hakyul (C. natsudaidai) grown in Jeju Island were isolated from the fruit peels by hydro distillation and determined by GC-MS. GC-MS analysis identified 58 compounds, with main components being d-limonene $(64.01{\sim}79.34%),\;{\beta}-myrcene\;(3.01{\sim}26.53%),\;{\gamma}-terpinene\;(0.11{\sim}12.88%),\;{\beta}-pinene\;(0.78{\sim}4.74%),\;and\;{\alpha}-pinene\;(1.01{\sim}2.55%)$. Differences in compositions and contents of the essential oils were observed among citrus varieties. Effects of citrus oils on growth inhibitions of Escherchia coli, Staphyllococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans were investigated using disc diffusion assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The essential oils inhibited growths of the test organisms, exhibiting higher levels of activity against Gram-positive S. epidermidis (MIC values $0.04{\sim}0.17mg/mL$), whereas Gram-negative E. coli was moderately resistant (MIC values $1.66{\sim}20.30mg/mL$). MIC of citrus essential oils ranged from $0.82{\sim}23.69mg/mL$ against C. albicans. The essential oils obtained from C. sunki, C. grandis, and C. playtymamma showed the highest antimicrobial activities against S. epidermidis and C. albicans, indicating their potential as natural antimicrobial agents.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 1990

The occurrence of falcarinol(n-heptadeca-1, 9-dien-4,6-diyn-3-ol)in the umbelliferous plants such as Ladebouriella seseloides WOLFF., Cnidium officinale MAKINO, Foeniculum vulgare GAERTNER, Torilis japonica(HOUTT.) DC. Bupleurum falcatum L.,Angelica gigas NAKAI, Oenanthe javanica (BL.) DC. and Daucus carota var. sativa DC. was investigated using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Falcarinol was found in the root of Ledebouriella seseloides, the stem and the root of Oenanthe javanica, and the root of Daucus carota var. sativa in which its contents were $1,055\;{\mu}g/g$, $289\;{\mu}g/g$, $179\;{\mu}g/g$, and $212\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively, while it was not found in the other plants.