• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.331-343
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• 2017

In this study to improve stability, workability and economics of the H-Pile+Earth plate or H-Pile+Earth plate+Cutoff grouting currently in use, we had developed HCS method belonging to the retaining wall which is consisting of a combination H-Pile, Plastic Sheet Pile and Steel Square Pipe for gap maintenance and reinforcement of flexible plastic Sheet Pile, and the behavior of each member composing HCS method is investigated by three-dimensional finite element analysis. To numerically analyze the behavior of the HCS method, we have performed extensive three-dimentional finite element analysis for three kinds of plastic Sheet Pile size, two kinds of H-Pile size and three kinds of H-Pile installation interval, one kinds of Steel Square Pipe and three kinds of Steel Square Pipe installation interval. After analyzing the numerical results, we found that the combinations of $P.S.P-460{\times}131.5{\times}7t$ (PS7) and H-Pile $250{\times}250{\times}9{\times}14$ (H250), $P.S.P473{\times}133.5{\times}9t$ (PS9) and H-Pile $300{\times}200{\times}9{\times}14$ (H300) is the most economical because these combinations are considered to have a stress ratio (=applied stress/allowable stress) close to that as the stiffness of H-Pile, plastic Sheet Pile and Steel Square Pipe composite increased, the horizontal displacement of the retaining wall and the vertical displacement of the upper ground decreased. Especially, due to the arching effects caused by the difference in stiffness between H-Pile and plastic Sheet Pile, a large part of the earth pressure acting on plastic Sheet Pile caused a stress transfer to H-Pile, and the stress and displacement of plastic Sheet Pile were small. Through this study, we can confirm the behavior of each member constituting the HCS method, and based on the confirmed results of this study, it can be used to apply HCS method in reasonable, stable and economical way in the future.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.405-428
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• 1990

Language has a social function to communicate information. Linguists have gradually paid their attention to the function of language since the nineteen sixties, especially to the relationship of form, meaning and the function. The relationship could be more clearly grasped through disciyrse-based analysis than through sentence-based analysis. Many researches were centered on the discourse functional notion of topic. In the early 1970's the subject was defined as the grammatiocalized topic the topic as a discrete single constituent of the clause. In the late 1970's several lingusts including Givon suggerted that the topic was not an atomic, disctete entity, and that the clause could have more than one topic. The purpose of the present study is, following Givon, to study grammatical coding devices of topic and to measure the relative topic continuity/discontinuity of participant argu, ents in Korean narratives. By so doing, I would like to shed some light on effective ways of communicating information. The grammatical coding devices analyzed are the following eight structures: zero-anaphora, personal pronous, demonstrative pronouns, names, noun phrases following demonstratives, noun phrases following possessives, definite noun phrases and indefinite referentials. The narrative studied for the count was taken from the KoreanCIA chief's Testiomny:Revolution and Idol by Hyung Wook Kim. It was chosen because it was assumed that Kim's purpose in the novel was to tell a true story, which would not distort the natural use of language for literary effect. The measures taken in the analysis wre those of 'lookback', 'persistence', ambiguity'. The first of these, 'lookback', is a measure of the size of gap between the previous occurrence of a referent and its current occurence in the clause. The meausure of persistence, which is a measure of the speaker's topocal intent, reflects the topic's importance in the discourse. The third measure is a measure of ambiguity. This is necessary for assessing the disruptive effects that other topics within five previous clauses may have on topic identification. The more other topics are present within five previous clauses, the more difficult is the task of correct identification of a topic. The results of the present study show that the humanness of entities is the most powerful factior in topic continutiy in narrative discourse. The semantic roles of human arguments in narrative discourse tend to be agents or experiences. Since agents and experiences have high topicality in discourse, human entities clearly become clausal or discoursal topics. The results also show that the grammatical devices signal varying degrees of topic continuity discontinuity in continuous discourse. The more continuous a topic argument is, the less it is coded. For example, personal pronouns have the most continutiy and indefinite referentials have the least continutiy. The study strongly shows that topic continuity discontinutiy is controlled not only by grammatical devices available in the language but by socio-cultural factors and writer's intentions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.363-368
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary garlic and may flower powder on $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ emission by Hanwoo cows fed TMR (Total Mixed Ration) based diet. Animals were housed in a hood-type respiration chamber and the environmental temperature was maintained at $20^{\circ}C$. Gases were measured for 24 hours using the multi-detector instrument gas monitoring system (Mamos-300, Australia). The treatments composed of groups with no intake of garlic and may flower powder (Control), with intake of garlic at 0.5% of DM (T1), with intake of garlic at 1% of DM (T2), with intake of may flower at 0.5% of DM (T3), with intake of may flower at 1% of DM (T4), with intake of garlic and may flower at 0.5% of DM (T5) and with intake of garlic and may flower at 1% of DM (T6). The results indicated that $CO_2$ emission in T3 was 53% lower than that of control (p<0.05), and $CH_4$ emissions was 57% lower than control (p<0.05). Also, the hourly pattern of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ emissions in T3 showed the least difference with all treatments. Gas emissions pattern peaked after 1 hour of feeding and this gap was wider in the afternoon than in the morning hours.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.561-567
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• 2017

This study focused on estimating the low concentration of $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal by using simultaneous reaction of the adsorption and microbial nitrification with microbe-attached zeolite media. To evaluate the adsorption effect of the zeolite media, the expanded polypropylene (EPP) media which are not able to adsorb $NH_4{^+}-N$ were used as a control media in order to compare the adsorption ability. Each media was used to experiment after aerated 8 hr for attachment of the microbes. The batch experiment shows that nitrification occurred in zeolite media better than EPP media because nitrifiers could consume the relatively enough amount of $NH_4{^+}-N$ adsorbed onto the zeolite media. Compared to the reactor with EPP media, nitrification occurred only in the reactor with zeolite media under continuous operation at the empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 25 min and 3 mg/L of $NH_4{^+}-N$ concentration. As the EBCT of the reactor with zeolite media increased from 10 to 60 min, the nitrification efficiencies increased too. $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal efficiency showed up more than 90% at EBCT 60 min. And the difference in concentration of the total nitrogen between the influent and the effluent was 0.25 mg/L at EBCT 10 min, 0.78 mg/L at EBCT 25 min, 0.59 mg/L at EBCT 40 min and 0.37 mg/L at EBCT 60 min, respectively. This difference was due to between adsorption rate and nitrification rate of $NH_4{^+}-N$, and it was considered that $NH_4{^+}-N$ was adsorbed on the zeolite media by the gap of the concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.397-406
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• 2015

ZnO, II-VI group inorganic compound semi-conductor, has been receiving much attention due to its wide applications in various fields. Since the ZnO has 3.37 eV of a wide band gap and 60 meV of big excitation binding energy, it is well-known material for various uses such the optical property, a semi-conductor, magnetism, antibiosis, photocatalyst, etc. When applied in the field of photocatalyst, many research studies have been actively conducted regarding magnetic materials and the core-shell structure to take on the need of recycling used materials. In this paper, magnetic core-shell ZnFe₂O₄@SiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized through three steps. In order to analyze the structural characteristics of the synthesized substances, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used. The spinel structure of ZnFe₂O₄ and the wurtzite structure of ZnO were confirmed by XRD, and ZnO production rate was confirmed through the analysis of different concentrations of the precursors. The surface change of the synthesized materials was confirmed by SEM. The formation of SiO₂ layer and the synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄@ZnO@SiO₂ NPs were finally verified through the bond of Fe-O, Zn-O and Si-O-Si by FT-IR. The magnetic property of the synthesized materials was analyzed through the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The increase and decrease in the magnetism were respectively confirmed by the results of the formed ZnO and SiO₂ layer. The photocatalysis effect of the synthesized ZnFe₂O₄ @ZnO@SiO₂ NPs was experimented in a black box (dark room) using methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to investigate the fluoride release and some mechanical properties including 3-point bending strength, amount of abrasion, surface hardness, water sorption/solubility and cytotoxicity of the newly developed composite resins containing 8, 16, 24 wt% $SrF_2$ glass filler (VF8, VF16, VF24) and four commercially available composite resins, Heliomolar(HE), Verdonfil(VE), Z100(ZH) and Aelitefil(AE). To investigate cytotoxic effect, agar overlay assay was done. Amount of fluoride released into distilled water was measured over a 62-days period from VF8, VF16, VF24 and HE. Results were as follows: 1. Experimental composite resins showed similar mechanical properties to commercial composite resins, but 3-point bending strength and surface hardness of experimental composite resins were inferior to ZH. 2. Over a 62-day Period, the amount of fluoride released was ordered: VF24>VF16>VF8>HE. In experimental composite resins, the amount of fluoride released was 9-23 times greater than HE and seemed to be proportional to the content of $SrF_2$ glass filler. 3. Experimental composite resins and all control composite resins showed mild cytotoxicity. This study showed significantly greater fluoride release from newly developed composite resins than control(HE) and addition of $SrF_2$ glass filler did not decrease mechanical properties or increase cytotoxicity of composite resin. The results from this study imply that newly developed composite resin have adequate mechanical properites, mild cytotoxicity and some potential for secondary caries prevention.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-32
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence factors of the university level centering on the entrepreneurial performance of the university students and full-time faculties in the situation of increasing interest in entrepreneurial university. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a panel data was established from 2015 to 2018 on the basis of the university notification data. The panel data included universities with data on the number of university students and full-time faculty founders for at least two years. Through this, four year data from 154 universities were used for analysis. As an analysis method, frequency analysis and descriptive statistics were conducted to understand the characteristics of the university. Since then, panel negative binomial regression analysis has been conducted in consideration of the longitudinal features and distribution of the data. Also, based on the Hausman test results, the results were interpreted based on random effect model. The results of this study are as follows. First, as a result of the analysis of the entrepreneurial performance and the change trend of the domestic university from 2015 to 2018, the entrepreneurial performance of the university has been steadily increasing in the last four years, and the increase in the number of university student entrepreneurs was relatively higher than the full-time faculties. Second, economic and educational approaches need to be combined to promote university students' start-ups. The university factors that promote the start-up of university students were found to be scholarships, start-up grants, startup lectures, and startup clubs. Third, the openness and regional characteristics of the univeristy can promote the establishment of university students. Fourth, the establishment of a research environment and support for start-ups for full-time faculty members can enhance their start-up performance. The university factors that promote the start-up of full-time faculty were research funds and staffes who support start-up. The conclusions drawn from these findings are as follows. First, overall efforts are needed to develop into an entrepreneurial university. Second, in order to change into an entrepreneurial university, direct support for entrepreneurship is needed. Third, as an entrepreneurial university, it is necessary to find a way to bridge the gap by university according to region and size. Fourth, it is necessary to reinforce the support for linking the research results of universities to start-ups. Fifth, it is necessary to improve the atmosphere for full-time faculty members to be entrepreneur.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2011

Purpose: Microfracture has been used as a first-line treatment to repair articular cartilage defects. In this study, a new technique using an extracelluar matrix biomembrane to cover the cartilage lesions after microfracture was evaluated in terms of cartilage repairability and clinical outcome compared with conventional microfracture technique in a prospective randomized trial. Materials and Methods: A total of 53 patients (59 cases) without osteoarthritis who had focal full thickness articular cartilage lesions were randomly assigned in two group. Seventeen patients (17 cases) underwent conventional microfracture procedure (control group) and thirty-six patients (42 cases) received microfracture and placing biomembrane cover (ArtiFilm$^{TM}$) concomitantly (experimental group). Clinical assessment was done through 6 months postoperatively using the subjective International Knee Documentation Committee IKDC questionnaire, and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and satisfaction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 6 months after the operation in all patients. Results: In clinical outcomes, the significant difference was observed between both groups in IKDC, but not in VAS for pain and for satisfaction (final outcomes of IKDC, p=0.001; VAS for pain, p=0.074; VAS for satisfaction, p=0.194). The MRI showed good to complete defect fill (67 to 100%) in 33 patients (78.6%) of experimental group and 4 patients (23.5%) of control group, respectively. In control group, 9 of 17 patients (52.9%) showed poor defect fill (less than 33%), whereas 5 (11.9%) in experimental group (p=0.001). Assessment of peripheral integration revealed no gap formation in 35 patients (83.3%) in experimental group and 6 patients (35.3%) in control group (p=0.001). No serious complications or adverse effects related to the biomembrane were found. Conclusion: Good short-term follow-up clinical results were obtained in the group whose cartilage defects in the knee joint were covered with biomembrane after the microfracture, with the MRI findings confirming the excellent regeneration of the defective cartilage area. This suggests that the surgery to cover the defective area with biomembrane (ArtiFilm$^{TM}$) after the microfracture procedure is a safe, more effective treatment to induce cartilage regeneration.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4 s.114
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• pp.482-493
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• 2005

The objective of this research was to evaluate an sampling effect of fish species and individual number on sampling techniques of electrofishing and conventional capture methods of cast net and kick net in 38 stream sites sampled during June - September, 2005. For the study, sampling gears were categorized as three types of electrofishing method (EM), conventional sampling technique (CM), and the combined technique (CT) of the electrofishing and the conventional method to compare statistical differences. Major differences of species composition between the CM and EM method were found in some benthic species of Misgurnus mizolepis and Iksookimia koreensis along with lithophilic species of Pungtungia herzi. These species were predominated in the EM rather than the CM, indicating that conventional sampling can underestimate the abundance of benthic or lithophilic species. In contrast ,individual number of typical water column species such as Zacco platypus and Zacco temmincki were more sampled by the CM, so that these fish populations were community overestimated. Also, t-tests on the types of sampling gear from various watersheds of Chogang Stream, Yugu Stream, Daejeon Stream, and Gap Stream showed that total individual numbers and species number in each stream were significantly (t values = 2.806-6.896, p values<0.05, n = 5-14) greater in the CT than the CM. Similar statistical significance (p<1.001, n = (10-24) on sampling seasons were observed during the monsoon and postmonsoon. These results indicate that if the electrofishing is not added to the conventional gears, the abundance of fish population and community can be underestimated and some benthic or lithophilic species may be excluded from the analysis, resulting in overall errors including sampling, fish fauna, and final judgement of community abundance. Overall our results strongly suggest that new application of electrofishing method along with the conventional sampling gears reduce sampling bias on underestimation of the real fish populations and communities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2006

The effect of storage temperature on the quality and antioxidative activity Whangseoke sauce was studied over a period of 240 days. Fermented Whangseoke with $25\%$ salt were stored at $25^{\circ}C$. The quality change and antioxidant activity of Whangseoke in linoleic acid emulsion was evaluated with various parameters including acids values, peroxide values, TBA values, reducing sugar, brown color intensity, electron donating ability and reducing power at various time intervals for 240 days of storage. In general, it was observed, in all sample, that peroxide values, brown color intensity, electron donating ability and reducing power gradually increased, while reducing sugar decreased during storage at $25^{\circ}C$. The antioxidative activities of fermented Whangseoke were determined on tile linoleic acid emulsion system. The results showed that Whangseoke had antioxidant activity. These results suggest that antioxidant activity of Whangseoke seemed to influence by Maillard reaction products during the storage periods.