• Rapid Communication in Photoscience
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.48-49
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• 2014

For in vitro myelination system, Schwann cells and neuronal cells of rat were cocultured. Schwann cells and neuronal cells, respectively, were obtained from dorsal root ganglion of rat embryos (E15). This method includes four steps: first step of suspension of the embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells, second step of addition of anti-mitotic cocktail, third step of purification of dorsal root cells, and fourth step of addition of Schwann cells to dorsal root ganglion cells. We made a highly purified population of myelination in a short period through this procedure and identified myelination basic protein using antibody of myelination basic protein.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1981

The study on the nerve cells in the subesophageal ganglion of 5-day-old cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L., was performed to observe their ultrastructures and classify them on the basis of the differences in size, shape and relative distribution of cell organelles. 1. Type I neurons: These cells are neurosecretory granules ranging 100 to 300 nm in size. 2. Type II neurons: As giant neurons averaging 25 to $30{\mu}m$ in size, such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. 3. Type III neurons: These spindle-shaped cells range 9 to $15{\mu}m$ in width. 4. Type IV neurons: These cells have a range of diameter from 12 to $16 {\mu}m$. The cells are abundantly observed in the subesophageal ganglion. 5. Type V neurons: These cells are very small nerve cells with 4.5 to $8.0{\mu}m$ in size and have a prominent nucleus.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 1999

Diagnosing Hirschprung's disease is one of the clinical challenges of this disorder. In the stomach and the intestines, Cathepsin D was readily detected in cytoplasm of the rat gastric and in intestinal ganglion cells of the autonomic nervous system. The objectives of the present study were to examine cathepsin D expression in ganglion cells of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the intestine of children and to determine the utility of immunohistochemical staining of cathepsin D for detection of immature ganglion cells. Paraffin blocks of 35 intestinal segments were reviewed for immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal antibody to cathepsin D and hematoxylineosin stainings from the compatible specimens. There were 9 aganglionic segments and 9 ganglionic segments of neonates with Hirschsprung's disease, 8 intestinal segments with non-Hirschsprung's disease in neonates and 9 intestinal segments with non-Hirschsprung's disease infants over the age of 10 months. All ganglion cells showed intense granular cytoplasmic reactivity for cathepsin D regardless of maturity and all aganglionic segments had no expression for cathepsin D in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the intestine. However, histiocytes within the laminar propria and submucosa stained positively for cathepsin D. In conclusion, intestinal ganglion cells in children have reactivity for cathepsin D, threrfore immunohistochemical staining for cathepsin D can be used for identification of ganglion cells in neonates.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2013

Immature ganglion cell (IGC) is known for its relationship with intestinal motility and its impact on postoperative functional outcomes of Hirschsprung's disease (HD). There are few studies on the relationship between intestinal dysmotility and IGC in HD patients. 67 patients pathologically diagnosed with HD and who received definitive operation in Seoul National University Children's Hospital from 2010 to 2011 were included. 10 patients were excluded due to inadequate immunohistochemical staining results. The proximal end of resected ganglionic segment was evaluated with immunohistochemistry examination with MAP-2, a marker of ganglionic cells and bcl-2, a marker of IGCs The median age at operation was 155 (15-4678) day-old. 55 (96.5%) patients positive for bcl-2, were regarded as having IGC, and 2 (3.5%) patients positive for MAP-2 but negative for bcl-2, were regarded as having only mature ganglion cells. In the bcl-2 positive group, there were 7 patients (12.7%) with constipation, 15 patients (27.3%) with soiling, 3 patients (5.5%) with perianal excoriation and 6 patients (10.9%) with medication use. In bcl-2 negative group, intestinal dysmotility was not seen. There was no statistical significance in the two groups. Considering that HD is diagnosed at a young age, the rate of IGC present is very high and it might be inappropriate to relate IGC to functional outcome at young ages.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2019

It is well known that trigeminal nerve injury causes hyperexcitability in trigeminal ganglion neurons, which become sensitized. Long after trigeminal nerve damage, trigeminal spinal subnucleus caudalis and upper cervical spinal cord (C1/C2) nociceptive neurons become hyperactive and are sensitized, resulting in persistent orofacial pain. Communication between neurons and non-neuronal cells is believed to be involved in these mechanisms. In this article, the authors highlight several lines of evidence that neuron-glial cell and neuron macrophage communication have essential roles in persistent orofacial pain mechanisms associated with trigeminal nerve injury and/or orofacial inflammation.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.127-134
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• 2015

The influence of triploidization on cell and nucleus size characteristics of the same tissues of erythrocyte, retina, kidney, hepatocyte and midgut epithelium in marine medaka, Oryzias dancena has been determined histologically. Induced triploid fish are produced by cold shock treatments. Likewise, the size of horizontal cell nucleus in inner nuclear layer of retina, ganglion cell nucleus in ganglion cell layer of retina, proximal tubule cell of kidney, hepatocytes and nuclear height of midgut epithelium all appear to be significantly larger than diploid (P<0.05). On the other hand, retina thickness is larger in diploid than induced triploid (P<0.05). Induced triploid shows low density of cell number. Results of this study suggest that same characteristics in the induced triploid exhibiting larger cells and nucleus sizes with fewer number of cells than the diploid can be useful criteria for the distinction between diploid and induced triploid, and also the ploidy level in marine medaka.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2009

For successful restoration of visual function by a visual neural prosthesis such as retinal implant, electrical stimulation should evoke neural responses so that the informat.ion on visual input is properly represented. A stimulation strategy, which means a method for generating stimulation waveforms based on visual input, should be developed for this purpose. We proposed to use the decoding of visual input from retinal ganglion cell (RGC) responses for the evaluation of stimulus encoding strategy. This is based on the assumption that reliable encoding of visual information in RGC responses is required to enable successful visual perception. The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of inter-dependence among stimulated RGCs activities on decoding accuracy. Light intensity variations were decoded from multiunit RGC spike trains using an optimal linear filter. More accurate decoding was possible when different types of RGCs were used together as input. Decoding accuracy was enhanced with independently firing RGCs compared to synchronously firing RGCs. This implies that stimulation of independently-firing RGCs and RGCs of different types may be beneficial for visual function restoration by retinal prosthesis.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.307-314
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• 2008

Retinal prostheses are being developed to restore vision for the blind with retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Among the many issues for prosthesis development, stimulation encoding strategy is one of the most essential electrophysiological issues. The more we understand the retinal circuitry how it encodes and processes visual information, the greater it could help decide stimulation encoding strategy for retinal prosthesis. Therefore, we examined how retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in in-vitro retinal preparation act together to encode a visual scene with multielectrode array (MEA). Simultaneous recording of many RGCs with MEA showed that nearby neurons often fired synchronously, with spike delays mostly within 1 ms range. This synchronized firing - narrow correlation - was blocked by gap junction blocker, heptanol, but not by glutamatergic synapse blocker, kynurenic acid. By tracking down all the RGC pairs which showed narrow correlation, we could harvest 40 functional connectivity maps of RGCs which showed the cell cluster firing together. We suggest that finding functional connectivity map would be useful in stimulation encoding strategy for the retinal prosthesis since stimulating the cluster of RGCs would be more efficient than separately stimulating each individual RGC.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 1997

In order to elucidate the cytotoxic effect of oxygen radicals on cultured spinal dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons derived from mouse. the neurotoxic effect of oxygen radicals w as examined after cultured DRG neurons were exposed to xanthine oxidase(XO) and hypoxanthine(HX)-oxygen radical generating system. In addition. neuroprotective effect of epidermal growth factor(EGF) against oxidant-induced neurotoxicity was also evaluated in these cultures. The results were, as follows: 1. Lethal concentration 50(LC$_{50}$) was 35mU/ml XO and 0.1mM HX in cultured DRG neurons. 2. Oxygen radicals induced the morphological changes such as the decrease of cell number and loss of neurites in these cultures. 3. EGF increased the cell viability and neurofilament in neurons damaged by oxygen radicals. From above the results, it is suggested that oxygen radicals have a cytotoxic effect on cultured DRG neurons of neonatal mouse and selective neurotrophic factors such as EGF are, effective, in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by oxygen radicals in cultured spinal DRG neurons.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.822-825
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• 2014

For in vitro myelination system, Schwann cells and neuronal cells of rat were cocultured. Schwann cells and neuronal cells, respectively, were obtained from dorsal root ganglion of rat embryos (E15). This method includes four steps: first step of suspension of the embryonic dorsal root ganglion cells, second step of addition of anti-mitotic cocktail, third step of purification of dorsal root cells, and fourth step of addition of Schwann cells to dorsal root ganglion cells. We made a highly purified population of myelination in a short period through this procedure and identified myelination basic protein using antibody of myelination basic protein.