• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 1973

The effect of biotin and biotin vitamer on the fermentative production of L-glutamic acid (L-GA) by Brevibacterium flavum was studied. And results were as follows. 1) L-GA production in the medium containing 10％ Glucose was the best at the concentration of Biotin 5${\gamma}$/l, Desthiobiotin 5${\gamma}$/1, and 7,8-Diaminopelargonic acid 10${\gamma}$/1, respectively. 2) In the experiment using the Glucose-Acetate mixed media derided into four parts, considerable amounts of cell growth and L-GA production were observed in the mixed medium containing 2％ Glucose-Acetate. 3) In the cases of using the media containing methanol, ethanol, ethylacetate, acetic acid (free acetate), Na-acetate:NH$_4$-acetate=2 : 1, the production of L-GA were in decreasing order as follows; Na-Acetate:NH-Acetate=2 : 1> Acetic acid (free acetate)> Ethylacetate> Ethanol＞ Methanol. 4) When biotin vitamers as growth factors were added in the medium containing Glucose or Acetate as the source of carbon, the substitution effect of Desthiobiotin was almost the same, 7,8-Diaminopelargonic acid 3 or 4 times stronger, and Bisnorbiotin has no substitution effect, compared with Biotin.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.89-99
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• 2014

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a fatal complication that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. To understand the dynamics of CD4 and CD8 T cell production of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-17 during GVHD progression, we established a GVHD model by transplanting T cell-depleted bone marrow (TCD-BM) and purified T cells from B6 mice into irradiated BALB.B, creating an MHC-matched but minor histocompatibility (H) antigen-mismatched transplantation (B6 ${\rightarrow}$ BALB.B GVHD). Transplantation-induced GVHD was confirmed by the presence of the appropriate compositional changes in the T cell compartments and innate immune cells in the blood and the systemic secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Using this B6 ${\rightarrow}$ BALB.B GVHD model, we showed that the production of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-17 by CD4 T cells preceded that by CD8 T cells in the spleen, mesenteric lymph node, liver, and lung in the BALB.B GVHD host, and Th1 differentiation predated Th17 differentiation in all organs during GVHD progression. Such changes in cytokine production were based on changes in cytokine gene expression by the T cells at different time points during GVHD development. These results demonstrate that both IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-17 are produced by CD4 and CD8 T cells but with different kinetics during GVHD progression.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 2006

We investigated the effect of fresh Rehmanniae radix methanol extracts (RGMeOH) on the in vitro production of cytokines by splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice. Peritoneal macrophages and splenocytes were incubated with various concentrations of RGMeOH in the presence of $10\;{\mu}g/ml$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ of concanavalin A (Con A) for cytokine assay, These results showed that RGMeOH remarkably attenuated LPS-increased production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ but not IL-6 by peritoneal macrophages and enhanced LPS-stimulated production of IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner RGMeOH significantly augmented the LPS- or Con A-stimulated production of IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ by splenocytes. These findings suggest that RGMeOH may attenuate inflammatory responses through down-regulation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and up-regulation of IL-10, and that RGMeOH may up-regulate cell-mediated immune responses through increase in IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.763-766
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• 2010

An efficient and simple fermentation process was developed for the production of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus sakei B2-16. When the L. sakei B2-16 was cultivated in the rice bran extracts medium containing 4% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, and 12% monosodium glutamate, the maximum GABA concentration reached 660.0 mM with 100% conversion yield, showing the 2.4- fold higher GABA concentration compared with the modified MRS medium without the rice bran extracts. The GABA production was scaled-up from a laboratory scale (5 l) to a pilot (300 l) and a plant (5,000 l) scale to investigate the application possibility of GABA production to industrial fields. The production yields at the pilot and plant scales were similar to the laboratory scale using rice bran extracts medium, which could be effective for the low-cost production of GABA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.783-791
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• 2022

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) improves various physiological illnesses, including diabetes, hypertension, depression, memory lapse, and insomnia in humans. Therefore, interest in the commercial production of GABA is steadily increasing. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have widely been reported as a GABA producer and are safe for human consumption. In this study, GABA-producing LAB were preliminarily identified and quantified via GABase assay. The acid and bile tolerance of the L. plantarum FBT215 strain were evaluated. The one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) strategy was applied to determine the optimal conditions for GABA production using HPLC. Response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken design was used to predict the optimum GABA production. The strain FBT215 was shown to be acid and bile tolerant. The optimization of GABA production via the OFAT strategy resulted in an average GABA concentration of 1688.65 ± 14.29 ㎍/ml, while it was 1812.16 ± 23.16 ㎍/ml when RSM was applied. In conclusion, this study provides the optimum culture conditions for GABA production by the strain FBT215 and indicates that L. plantarum FBT215 is potentially promising for commercial functional probiotics with health claims.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2000

Background: Interleron-gamma(IFN-$\gamma$) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-$\alpha$) playa critical role in protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection The change of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF -$\alpha$ producing capacity in the course of antituberculous chemotherapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated in this study. Method: In 29 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, phytohemagglutinin(PHA) or purified protein derivative(PPD) stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was quantified. Five patients were sampled before they underwent antituberculous treatment, 11 patients after 0-4 months, six after 4-completion and seven after treatment completion. Result: There was no difference in PHA- or PPD-stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ between each group. Conclusion: No difference in PHA- or PPD- stimulated production of IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ between two groups could be identified according to their treatment with pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.326-329
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• 1992

Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P was cultivated in a jar fermentor for the production of fungal lipid containing ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid with feeding the glucose solution periodically. The transition of the fungal growth into the mycelial phase from yeast-like growth was achieved by pH shift after the first two day of cultivation in the low pH medium and then lipid accumulation was accelerated until the seven day of cultivation, when the glucose in the culture broth was almost consumed. With the culture conditions applied in this experiment, biomass of 99.3 g/l by the dry cell weight and the total extractable lipid of 38.0 g containing 3.5 g/l ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid were obtained.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.217-221
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to reduce the immune toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by gamma irradiation. LPS was gamma-irradiated at the various doses of 20, 100 and 200 kGy and then evaluated on the immune toxicity through the cell proliferation, nitricoxide production and cytokine release. Cell proliferation significantly decreased in the intact LPS treated groups, whereas gamma-irradiated LPS treated group were not reduced the cell proliferation. Similarly, the production of nitric oxide and cytokine showed the high levels in the intact LPS treated group. However, gamma-irradiated LPS treated group remarkably decreased the production of nitric oxide and cytokine in dose-dependent manner. Therefore, gamma irradiation may effective method to reduce the immune toxicity of LPS.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 2011

This study investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on immune enhancing activity of Chaga mushroom extract (CME). CME was prepared by hot water extraction at $70^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours and lyophilized. Lyophilized CME powder was dissolved with deionized water at $10mg\;ml^{-1}$ and then irradiated at the doses of 10, 30 and 50 kGy by cobalt 60 gamma irradiator. The gamma-irradiated and non-irradiated CME were treated into the splenocyte separated from mouse. Cell proliferation and cytokine production of the immune cells were increased by gamma-irradiated CME and these increases were more prominent when CME was irradiated at higher doses. Therefore, it is considered that gamma irradiation can be an effective method for improvement of the immunomodulating activity Chaga mushroom extract.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.26-34
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• 2010

Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease that develops following repeated exposure to inhaled particulate antigens. The family of $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors ($Fc{\gamma}Rs$) has emerged as central regulators for modulating both pro-and anti-inflammatory responses. However, the role of $Fc{\gamma}Rs$ in the development of HP has not been investigated yet. Methods: To explore the functional roles of $Fc{\gamma}Rs$ in HP, $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ and B6 mice were challenged with Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (SR) antigen intranasally, and compared these mice in terms of the histological change, infiltrated immune cells in BALF and in vitro immune responses. Results: $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice exhibited attenuation of HP in terms of histological alterations, and reduced numbers of neutrophils and macrophages in and the increased CD4 : CD8 ratio of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The lungs of $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice showed high production of Th2 cytokine such as IL-4 and slightly low production of Th1 cytokine, INF-${\gamma}$ compared to those of B6 mice. However, SR-specific adaptive immune responses of $Fc{\gamma}R^{-/-}$ mice were similar to those of B6 mice. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that activating $Fc{\gamma}$ receptors play an important role in activating neutrophils and macrophages in pulmonary inflammation and inducing Th1 differentiation by regulating cytokine expression in SR-induced HP.