• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.322-333
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• 2019

The purpose of this thesis is to show the historical context of tongue-viscera correspondence scheme based on as wide investigation as possible. For this purpose, we collected and investigated 35 books related to tongue diagnosis. As a result, we faound the following: There were some tentative trials to associate viscera or viscera meridians with tongue areas since shown in the Effective formulae of inherited medical works (世醫得效方, 1337). The main stream of tongue-viscera correspondence scheme was the form in which the apex, the center, and the root of tongue are associated with Heart, Spleen (and Stomach), and Kidney. On the viscera correspondence to the sides of tongue, there had been two streams. The first one is originated from the Upper-most Book on Shanghan (傷寒第一書, 1780), in which the sides of tongue are assumed to be associated with Liver and Gall-bladder. The second one is originated from the Ikeda Family's Chant on the Tongue (池田家舌函口訣, 1807), in which the left side and the right side of tongue are assumed to be associated with Liver and Lung separately. The former type have been accepted as the standard form in modern traditional Asian medicine education. In addition to the above types, three other correspondence schemes were also existed, but have disappeared now. These days, some new correspondence schemes are being suggested based on new approaches.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1997

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of $^{14}C-carbofuran$(2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamte) were studied in carp(Cyprinus carpio L.) after the treatment of carbofuran at the dose level of 43 parts per billion. Maximum radioactivities in tissues(liver, kidney, gut, gall bladder) and blood of carp were shown 12hrs after the treatment of $^{14}C-carbofuran$. Carbofuran was metabolized to 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran in liver and kindney of carp, and the major metabolite was 3-hydroxycarbofuran. Most radioactivity absorbed into the carp tissues was eliminated 3hrs after transfer of the carp to fresh water. The excretory metabolites were 3-ketocarbofuran(32.3%), 3-hydroxycarbofuran(52.8%) and an unknown metabolite(2.6%) during the period of 3hrs of the excretory experiment.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.13 no.2 s.17
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• pp.86-95
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• 2000

Following is the result through translating. studying, and analyzing San Zhi Shan(三指禪), the book worked by Zhou Xue Ting(周學霆). 1. The chapter of Mai Xue Yuan Liu(脈學源流) explains the Xiang Shu Xue(象數學) viewpoint, the part that pulse is based on Lu guan(律管). 2. The chapter of Liu Bu Mai Jie(六部脈解) explains that emphasizing Shen(神) through understanding the shape of pulse(脈象) is more important than the locating the area of the shape of pulse(脈象). 3. The chapter of Zuo Xin Tan Zhong Can Dan Shen Xiao Chang You Fei Xiang Zhong Pi Wei Ming Da Chang Bian(左心膽中肝膽腎小腸 右肺胸中脾胃命大腸辨) exhibits the different view about the position of pulse from Li Shi Zhen(李時珍)'s. the chapter in which Zhou(周) arranges Heart{\cdot}Small\;Intestine{\cdot}Liver{\cdot}Gall\;Bladder{\cdot}Kidneys{\cdot}and$ Bladcler(心 小腸 肝 膽 腎 膀胱) in left hand and $Lungs{\cdot}Large{\cdot}Intestine{\cdot}Spleen{\cdot}Stomach{\cdot}Kidney{\cdot}and$ The gate of Vitality(肺 大腸 脾 胃 腎 命門) in right hand. From the above results, I'm sure that San Zhi Shan(三指禪)which has headed down to descendants as the special book about the study of pulse has developed the theory of pulse. Therefore I expect that the more profound study about this will be going on.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2008

Background: The use of regional local anesthetics or opioids during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), in combination with general anesthesia, has been investigated in several interventional studies. Methods: We studied a total of 240 (n = 60, each) patients who were undergoing LC, and they received local infiltration and intraperitoneal instillation with normal saline or 0.25% levobupivacaine 60 ml. Group R (S) received infiltration of normal saline 20 ml before incision and at the end of surgery and then 40 ml intraperitoneal instillation after removal of the gall bladder under remifentanil-based anesthesia. Group R (L) received 0.25% levobupivacaine instead of normal saline in the same method like group R (S). Group S (S) received the same method as group R (S) under sevoflurane based anesthesia in place of remifentanil. Group S (L) received 0.25% levobupivacaine instead of normal saline with the same method as group S (S). Pain was assessed on a visual analog scale at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours after operation. Results: The pain intensity of Group R (L) was significantly lower than that of group R (S), and the the incisional pain of group S (L) was significantly lower than that of group S (S) in the first six hours. The time delay to first operative analgesics in group R (S) and group S (S) was significantly shorter than that of group R (L) and group S (L). Conclusions: Infiltration and instillation of levobupivacaine reduced the postoperative pain and remifentanil did not increase the pain severity and opioid requirement when performing the LC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8079-8083
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• 2016

Metformin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent, which is the most commonly prescribed medication in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. It is purportedly associated with a reduced risk for various cancers, mainly exerting anti-proliferation effects on various human cancer cell types, such as pancreas, prostate, breast, stomach and liver. This mini-review highlights the risk and benefit of metformin used for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) prevention and therapy. The results indicated metformin might be a quite promising strategy CCA prevention and treatment, one mechanism being inhibition of CCA tumor growth by cell cycle arrest in both in vitro and in vivo. The AMPK/mTORC1 pathway in intrahepatic CCA cells is targeted by metformin. Furthermore, metformin inhibited CCA tumor growth via the regulation of Drosha-mediated expression of multiple carcinogenic miRNAs. The use of metformin seems to be safe in patients with cirrhosis, and provides a survival benefit. Once hepatic malignancies are already established, metformin does not offer any therapeutic potential. Clinical trials and epidemiological studies of the benefit of metformin use for CCA should be conducted. To date, whether metformin as a prospective chemotherapeutic for CCA is still questionable and waits further atttention.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.138-144
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• 2012

3-dimensional magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) images reconstructed using the maximum intensity projection technique were analyzed qualitatively in patients diagnosed with pancreatobiliary diseases to determine their diagnostic utility. Single shot fast spin echo (SSFSE), fast spin echo (FSE) and 3-dimensional reconstructive images were acquired from 20 patients diagnosed histologically with pancreatobiliary diseases using a 3.0T MR scanner. According to qualitative analysis, the fast spin echo images and 3-dimensional reconstructed images of the hepatic duct, gall bladder and common bile duct had a higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) than the single shot fast spin echo images. Fast spin echo images and 3-dimensional reconstructed images did not show any differences. The contrast to noise ratio of the hepatic duct, gallbladder and common bile duct on the fast spin echo images and 3-dimensional reconstructed images was higher than that of the single shot fast spin echo images. The fast spin echo images and 3-dimensional reconstructed images showed similar quality.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the life history, morphology, and maturation of larval stages and adult worms of Fasciola gigantica in experimental mice. Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa was used as the intermediate host, and Oryza sativa was used for encystment of the metacercariae, while Mus musculus was used as the definitive host for maturation study. Fresh eggs from the gall bladder of water buffaloes fully developed into embryonated ones and hatched out at days 11-12 after incubation at about $29^{\circ}C$. Free-swimming miracidia rapidly penetrated into the snail host, and gradually developed into the next larval stages; sporocyst, redia, and daughter redia with cercariae. Fully-developed cercariae were separated from the redia and shed from the snails on day 39 post-infection (PI). Free-swimming cercariae were immediately allowed to adhere to rice plants, and capsules were constructed to protect metacercariae on rice plants. Juvenile worms were detected in intestines of mice at days 3 and 6 PI, but they were found in the bile duct from day 9 PI. Juvenile and adult flukes were recovered from 16 mice experimentally infected with metacercariae, with the average recovery rate of 35.8%. Sexually mature adult flukes were recovered from day 42 PI. It could be confirmed that experimentally encysted metacercariae could infect and develop to maturity in the experimental host. The present study reports for the first time the complete life history of F. gigantica by an experimental study in Thailand. The obtained information can be used as a guide for prevention, elimination, and treatment of F. gigantica at environment and in other hosts.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.59-62
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• 2003

A two-year-old pointer dog showed a liver failure for long duration. By radiographic examination, barium or gas filled intestine was detected in the pericardium. Although liver function was bad, surgery was tried to repair hernia due to the poor prognosis. Intestine, omentum, and liver with gall bladder were dislocated in the pericadial sac by peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH). Intestine was easily removed from pericardial sac but omentum and liver were not because of strong adhesion to the pericardial sac. Postmortem examination was performed because the patient was died after surgery. Grossly, herniated liver whose right medial lobe was strongly adhered to the pericardial sac was severely congested with fibrin adhesion on the surface. Hypoplastic abnormally up-located heart had a fissure in the outside of lower right venticulum bordered apex and depressed large vessels including vena cava and aortic arch into the base of heart. It was suggested that formation of a fissure and depression of vessels might be due to the pressure of herniated organs. In the veterinary literature as far as we knew, PPDH associated with liver failure due to adhesion of liver to the pericardial sac has not been reported.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.225-229
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• 2009

Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a disorder that is characterized by asthma, hypereosinophilia and systemic vasculitis affecting a number of organs. The manifestations of acute cholecystitis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage are rarely reported in CSS. A 22-year-old woman with bronchial asthma visited our hospital complaining of right upper quadrant pain with a sudden onset. The abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed gall bladder edema consistent with acute cholecystitis. On the initial evaluation, marked hypereosinophilia was observed in the peripheral blood smear. The nerve conduction velocity measurements and a skin biopsy performed to confirm the organ involvement of disease indicated typical mononeuritis multiplex and necrotizing vasculitis, respectively, which was complicated with CSS. On the 12th hospital day, ground glass opacity and consolidations were newly developed on both lung fields. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed increasing bloody return in sequential aliquots that were characteristic of a diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. We report a case of CSS with acute cholecystitis and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2004

The theory of liver by Jang suk-sun[張錫純] is that first, although liver exists at right side of body and spleen at left anatomically, function of liver presents at left side of body and function of spleen at right based on principle of 'interdependence between eum and yang' and 'join strength with elasticity', and in the relation between liver and spleen, if gi of spleen ascends, gi of liver also ascends, and if gi of stomach descents, gi of gall bladder also descents. So. care of spleen and stomach becomes main point in treating disease of liver. The meaning of 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation'[肝主氣化] is that first, it raises the primordial gi and forms the 'great g' for it's circulation of whole body. Second., it excretes the functional activity of gi and connects heart with kidney and guides the evaporation of the whole body by connecting innate nature with acquired nature. Third, 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation' is realized by the help of spleen and stomach. And he said that this functional activity of gi is one of distinctive features that distinguish Oriental medicine from Western medicine. He discoursed upon physiology of 'the liver being in charge of the evaporation' and 'the Body belonged to yin and the Use belonged to yang' after seeing an evil of abusing drugs that calm the liver and check hyperfunction of liver by contemporary doctors. And he established a treat of 'warming and recuperating the gi of liver' [溫補肝氣法] and used it for symptoms of 'deficiency of liver-gi'[肝氣虛], 'exhaution of liver-gi'[肝氣脫], and 'the liver-cold'[肝寒證].