• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.315-319
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• 2011

Galanin (Gal) is a 29-amino-acid neuropeptide which is expressed in superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons and plays a trophic role in the adult animal and acts as an inhibitory modulator of cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission. Whether activation or inhibition of alpha-adrenoreceptors infl uences Gal mRNA expression in SCG neurons remains unknown. Here, we have evaluated the possible regulation of Gal mRNA expression with acute (4 h) and chronic (4 days) stimulation of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists or antagonists in primary cultured SCG neurons. The results showed that the amount of Gal mRNA expression in cultured SCG neurons increased signifi cantly after chronic stimulation with alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine compared with control SCG neurons at the same time point, whereas the amount of Gal mRNA expression decreased signifi cantly after chronic stimulation with alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine as compared with that in control group. All these effects were not dose-dependent on the administration of alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist clonidine or alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist yohimbine. Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor agonist phenylephrine or antagonist prazosin chronic stimulation did not have effects on Gal mRNA expression. Acute exposure of these agents did not have effects on Gal mRNA expression. The present study showed that Gal may be regulated by activation or inhibition of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors, but not alpha 1-adrenoreceptors in sympathetic neurons.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2021

We have previously reported that Acer tegmentosum extract, which is traditionally used in Korea to reduce alcohol-related liver injury, suppresses liver inflammation caused by excessive alcohol consumption and might improve metabolism. The active ingredient, 6-O-galloylsalidroside (GAL), was isolated from A. tegmentosum, and we hypothesized that GAL could provide desirable pharmacological benefits by ameliorating physiological conditions caused by alcohol abuse. Therefore, this study focused on whether GAL could ameliorate alcoholic fat accumulation and repair liver injury in mice. During chronic alcohol consumption plus binge feeding in mice, GAL was administered orally once per day for 11 days. Intrahepatic lipid accumulation was measured in vivo using a noninvasive method, ¹H magnetic resonance imaging, and confirmed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured using a Konelab system, and the triglyceride content was measured in liver homogenates using an enzymatic peroxide assay. The results suggested that GAL alleviated alcohol-induced steatosis,e as indicated by decreased hepatic and serum triglyceride levels in ethanol-fed mice. GAL treatment also correlated with a decrease in the Cd36 mRNA expression, thus potentially inhibiting the development of alcoholic steatosis via the hepatic de novo lipogenesis pathway. Furthermore, treatment with GAL inhibited the expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 and attenuated hepatocellular damage, as reflected by a reduction in ALT and AST levels. These findings suggest that GAL extracted from A. tegmentosum has the potential to serve as a bioactive agent for the treatment of alcoholic fatty liver and liver damage.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.139-149
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• 2011

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease in the murine central nervous system (CNS) and has long been used as an animal model for human multiple sclerosis. Development of EAE requires coordinated expression of a number of genes that are involved in the activation and effector functions of inflammatory cells. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a member of the betagalactoside- binding lectin family and plays an important role in inflammatory responses through its functions on cell activation, cell migration or inhibition of apoptosis. We investigated the functional role of Gal-3 in EAE mice following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein $(MOG)_{35-55}$ peptide. During the peak stage of EAE, the localization of Gal-3 in inflammatory cells markedly increased in subarachnoid membranes and perivascular regions of CNS. In contrast, Gal-3 was weakly detected in cerebrum and spinal of the recovery stage of EAE. Consistent with this finding, western blot analysis revealed that Gal-3 expression was significantly increased at the peak stage while it was slightly decreased at the recovery stage in the CNS. In addition, the population of $CD11b^{+}$ macrophage expressing Gal- 3 in spleen of EAE mice was markedly increased compared with control mice. In fact, most of activated macrophages isolated from spleen of EAE mice expressed Gal-3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the over-expression of Gal-3 in activated macrophages may play a key role in promoting inflammatory cells in the CNS during EAE.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.385-390
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was undertaken to evaluate of cryopreservation efficiency in ${\alpha}$ 1,3-galactosyltransferase knock-out(GalT KO) cloned miniature pig sperm. To compare ability of frozen-thawed sperm characteristics, three different pig strains (GalT KO) cloned miniature pig, PWG miniature pig and Duroc were used. The ejaculated semen from the three pig species was diluted with same volume extender and added to LEY solution for freezing. The diluted semen was placed in 0.5 ml straws, and freezing was initiated by exposing the straws to liquid nitrogen ($LN_2$) vapours for 10 min before placing them into $LN_2$ for cryopreservation. After thawing, the sperm ability were assessed for viability (SYBR-14/PI staining), abnormality (Rose Bengal staining), and acrosome status (intactness, intensity and capacitation) (chlorotetracycline, CTC staining). The viability of frozen-thawed GalT KO pig sperm had no significant difference as compared with Duroc and PWG miniature pig sperm. However, The CTC pattern of frozen-thawed GalT KO cloned miniature pig spermatozoa showed significantly lower rates in F pattern and AR pattern (p<0.05) and significantly higher rates in B pattern than Duroc and PWG miniature pig (p<0.05). The abnormality of GalT KO cloned miniature pig sperm was significantly lower as compared to Duroc and PWG miniature pig sperm (p<0.05). In conclusion, GalT KO cloned miniature pig semen can be cryopreserved successfully and used for artificial insemination reasonably.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.289-295
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• 2013

Xenotransplantation of pig organs into primates results in fatal damage, referred as hyperacute rejection (HAR), and acute humoral xenograft rejection (AHXR), to the organ graft mediated by antibodies pre-existing and newly-producing in primates against their cognate pig antigens. Functional ablation of ${\alpha}1$,3-galactosyltransferase (Gal-T KO) of pig which is an enzyme involved in synthesis of Gala1-3Galb1-4GlcNAc-R antigen is essentially required to prevent HAR. Moreover, additional genetic modification under Gal-T KO background for enforced expression of human complement regulatory proteins which can inhibits complement activation is known to effectively imped HAR and AHXR. In this study, we constructed a membrane cofactor protein (MCP) expression cassette under control of human $EF1{\alpha}$ promoter. This cassette was inserted between homologous recombination regions corresponding to Gal-T locus. Subsequently this vector was introduced into ear skin fibroblasts of female pig by nucleofection. We were able to obtained 40 clones by neomycin selection and 4 clones among them were identified as clones targeted into Gal-T locus of MCP expression cassette by long-range PCR. Real time RT-PCR was shown to down-regulation of Gal-T expression. From these results, we demonstrated human $EF1{\alpha}$ promoter could induce efficient expression of MCP on cell surface of fibroblasts of female pig.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.269-284
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• 2003

This paper reports a series of component tests on a lightweight floor system and a method to predict the natural frequency of the floor using a frame analysis program. Full-scale floor tests are also briefly described. DuraGal steel Rectangular Hollow Sections (in-line galvanised RHS) are used as joists, bearers and piers in DuraGal lightweight floor systems. A structural grade particleboard is used as decking. Connection stiffness between different components (bearer, joist, pier and floor decking) was determined. A 40% composite action was achieved between the RHS joist and the particleboard. Both 2D and 3D models were developed to study the effect of connection stiffness on predicting the natural frequency of DuraGal lightweight floor systems. It has been found that the degree of shear connection between the bearer and the joist has a significant influence on the floor natural frequency. The predicted natural frequencies are compared with measured values from full scale floor testing.

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생명과학회 2003년도 제39회 학술심포지움
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• pp.79-79
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• 2003

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.30-41
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• 1999

This study was conducted to verify the advantages of Gal-Ot. Gal-Ot is defined the clothings dyed with persimmon juice. Firstly the physical properties of fabrics were examined. Secondly the wear tests were conducted. The wear tests were performed in climatic chamber controlled 3$0^{\circ}C$ air temperature 50$\pm$5% R.H and 0.2m/s air movement. Four women subjects participated in this experiment and 4 times experiments were performed per one subject. The expeimental schedule was planned following 4 steps that is sedentary posture during 30 minutes-walking the 5。slope treadmill by 70m/min during 20 minutes-sedentary posture during 20 minutes-standing posture on toward the blowing wind during 10 minutes. The results obtained is as folows : The insulation of fabric was increased with dyeing with persimmon juice. The air permeability of fabric was remarkably increased with dyeing with persimmon juice. The mean skin temperatures of subjects were apt to be higher in wearing Gal-Ot than undyed clothing. The clothing micro temperature of subjects were slightly inclined to become lower in wearing Gal-Ot than undyed clothing, The clothing micro humidity was decreasee when: the subjects were gal-Ot than wore undyed clothing, And then it brought about more comfortable on wear sensation. The differences of physiological reactions were not consistent between clothing types except for sweat rate on the back. This result may be attributed the to complex experimental schdules consisted of four steps and to a little difference between open type and close type. However I consider that the clothing type of Gal-Ot is suitable for open type because Gal-Ot is summer wear for blocking the sultry heat.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.181-187
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• 2000

본 연구에서 갈락토즈를 거의 사용하지 않고 glucose repression 정도가 줄어든 변이주를 이용하여 fed-batch를 통한 발현최적화를 수행하였다. 두 균주에서의 GAL promoter에 의한 외래단백질 생산시 glucose repression 정도에 대해 조사하였는데 대조구 Y2805는 글루코즈가 다 소비된 후 2∼3시간 지난 후 발현이 시작되나 변이주 Y334는 약 0.5 g/L 글루코즈 농도에서 25%정도의 발현이 이루어짐에 따라 변이주 Y334는 GAL promoter에 미치는 glucose repression 정도가 매우 약한 장점을 확인하였다. 배양 중 재조합 미생물인 두균주 변이주 Y334와 대조구 효모 Y2805의 plasmid stability에 대해 안정한 균주임을 알 수 있었으며 대조구 Y2805의 경우도 plasmid stability는 90%로 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. GAL promoter에 의한 외래 단백질 생산시 글루코즈와 갈락토즈, 에탄올의 소비속도를 조사하였는데, 글루코즈와 에탄올의 소비속도는 거의 비슷하였으나 갈락토즈 소비속도는 Y2805는 0.1232 g/L/hr/O.D.이고 변이주 Y334는 0.0131 g/L/hr/O.D. 이다. 또한 mutant Y334와 대조구 효모 Y2805의 Fed-batch 시의 올바른 feeding 방법을 구하기위한 실험을 수행하여 각 균주의 Fed-batch 실험에서의 최적 발현 방법을 획득하였다.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.300-315
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• 2024

Purpose: Gastric cancer (GC) is among the deadliest malignancies and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is a primary protein secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs); however, its role and mechanisms of action of Gal-1 in GC remain unclear. In this study, we stimulated GC cells with exogenous human recombinant galectin-1 protein (rhGal-1) to investigate its effects on the proliferation, migration, and resistance to cisplatin. Materials and Methods: We used simulated rhGal-1 protein as a paracrine factor produced by CAFs to induce GC cells and investigated its promotional effects and mechanisms in GC progression and cisplatin resistance. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assay confirmed that Gal-1 expression was associated with clinicopathological parameters and correlated with the expression of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), c-JUN, and Wee1. Results: Our study reveals Gal-1 expression was significantly associated with poor outcomes. Gal-1 boosts the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells by activating the NRP-1/C-JUN/Wee1 pathway. Gal-1 notably increases GC cell resistance to cisplatin The NRP-1 inhibitor, EG00229, effectively counteracts these effects. Conclusions: These findings revealed a potential mechanism by which Gal-1 promotes GC growth and contributes to chemoresistance, offering new therapeutic targets for the treatment of GC.