• KSBB Journal
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.524-528
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• 1996

과립활성탄(GAC)상에 고정된 세균에 의한 4chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA)의 분해가 유통 조건하의 컬럼반응조에서 연구되었다. GAC상에 생물막을 형성시키기 위한 접종으로서 M MCPA를 분해하는 세균의 혼합배양이 사용되었다. 접종하기 전에 GAC에 의한 MCPA의 흡착을 조사 하였으며 접종후 GAC상에 형성된 생물막을 주사전자 현미경으로 관찰하였다. MCPA 분해는 생물막이 형성된 GAC를 포함하는 컬럼반응조의 회분 및 연 속운전 조건하에서 조사되었다. 회분배양에서 MC P PA의 완전분해가 이루어졌다. 연속배양상태에서 분적 인 MCPA의 분해가 일어났으나 분해정도는 기질인 MCPA의 결럼반응조내로 유입속도에 의존 었다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.215-237
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• 2011

There are more than two hundred arbitral institutions in China. Some of them are active in the development of online arbitration system, such as CIETAC and Guangzhou Arbitration Commission(GAC). GAC, founded in 1995, is the second largest arbitral institution in China which accepts more than 4,000 cases a year. With extensive experiences in arbitration, GAC has conducted online arbitration procedures since 2007. Moreover it opened the whole process of online hearing to the public through the Internet. With this background, this article aims to support the development of online arbitration through the analysis of GAC practices. To meet the purpose, status quo, rules and procedure of online arbitration of GAC are outlined, followed by introducing nine cases conducted by GAC. The scope of GAC online arbitration is comparatively narrow and the institution is still under the government supervision. But the practices of GAC proved that online arbitration is fully admissible and effective under the current legal framework.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2023

Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA) was one of widely used per- and poly substances(PFAS) in the industrial field and its concentration in the surface and groundwater was found with relatively high concentration compared to other PFAS. Since various processes have been introduced to remove the PFOA, adsorption using GAC is well known as a useful and effective process in water and wastewater treatment. Surface modification for GAC was carried out using Cu and Fe to enhance the adsorption capacity and four different adsorbents, such as GAC-Cu, GAC-Fe, GAC-Cu(OH)₂, GAC-Fe(OH)₃ were prepared and compared with GAC. According to SEM-EDS, the increase of Cu or Fe was confirmed after surface modification and higher weight was observed for Cu and Fe hydroxide(GAC-Cu(OH)₂ and GAC-Fe(OH)₃, respectively). BET analysis showed that the surface modification reduced specific surface area and total pore volumes. The highest removal efficiency(71.4%) was obtained in GAC-Cu which is improved by 17.9% whereas the use of Fe showed lower removal efficiency compared to GAC. PFOA removal was decreased with increase of solution pH indicating electrostatic interaction governs at low pH and its effect was decreased when the point of zero charges(pzc) was negatively increased with an increase of pH. The enhanced removal of PFOA was clearly observed in solution pH 7, confirming the Cu in the surface of GAC plays a role on the PFOA adsorption. The maximum uptake was calculated as 257 and 345 ㎍/g for GAC and GAC-Cu using Langmuir isotherm. 40% and 80% of removal were accomplished within 1 h and 48 h. According to R², only the linear pseudo-second-order(pso) kinetic model showed 0.98 whereas the others obtained less than 0.870.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.209-213
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• 2005

Slow sand filtration processes amended with 5 and 10cm GAC layers at top was compared to same process at bottom in a pilot study for humic substances removal. In case of 5cm GAC layer, the process amended at bottom was superior to the process at top in DOC and UV254nm removal and same trends were observed in case of 10cm GAC layer. Head loss developments of the process GAC at bottom were higher than the process GAC at top so that maintenance of the process GAC at top is easier than the process GAC at bottom.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.481-491
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• 2022

본 연구는 CSOs의 고도처리를 목적으로 다단 횡류식 여과와 GAC 흡착조의 융합공정의 운영에서 GAC 흡착조의 유기물 처리 특성을 조사하고 설계 파과점에 도달한 GAC를 전기화학적 방법을 통한 재생효율을 평가하는 것이다. 여과공정은 부유물질은 용이하게 제거되지만 용존 유기물이 제거되지 않아 CSOs의 고도처리를 위해서는 용존유기물질의 제거능이 추가로 필요하다. 일반적으로 GAC 흡착은 정수처리 공정이나 하수의 3차 처리공정과 같은 저농도 유기물 조건에서 적용되어왔고 하수나 CSOs와 같이 유기물 농도가 높은 조건에서는 거의 적용이 되지 않았기에 본 연구에서 GAC를 이용한 CSOs 처리는 흥미로운 경험을 제공할 것이다. 본 연구는 유입 유기물 강도에 따른 GAC의 연속 운전 및 파과 특성을 조사하고 사용된 GAC를 전기화학적 재생을 적용하였으며, 이때 전압강도 및 전해액이 종류에 따른 흡착 유기물의 탈착 특성을 조사하였고 재생 후 GAC의 재흡착실험을 통해서 재생효율을 평가하였다. GAC 연속 운전결과 파과기간은 고농도 조건에서 21일, 중농도에서 28일 그리고 저농도에서 32일을 나타내었다. 전기분해를 통한 흡착 유기물의 탈착은 전기 분해 조건에 따라 188~609 mgCOD/L까지 발생하였고 전해액 종류의 영향은 NaOH가 H₂O₂보다 조금 우수한 탈착 특성을 나타냈다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.445-452
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• 2007

This study was carried out to examine effect of post-chlorine dosage reduction by ozonation and GAC process in the field plant for 3years in the "G" water purification plant in Seoul. And it is to compare GAC with BAC process in removal effects of TOC, THMs, THMFP, $UV_{254}$. As a result, chlorine dosage of ozonation and GAC(=BAC) is less demand than GAC. Seasonal reduction of chlorine demand is from about 37% to 59% with BAC, and from 24 to 46% with GAC. Higher reduction in BAC could be achieved. The efficiency of chlorine demand reduction with ozonation was depending on the organic carbon removal. $UV_{254}$ concentration is less about 0.13~0.74L/mg.m in BAC than GAC. Therefore, the combination of ozonation and GAC was more effective in reducing post-chlorine than the single GAC. TOC was also monitored, and results show that a linear relationship between TOC and chlorine demand is appropriate under each treatment process. It means that removal of organic matter(TOC) from finished water is necessary to reduce post-chlorine dosage in clear well and to minimize order of chlorine in distribution systems.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2007

The water treatment plants in Seoul Metropolitan Area, which are under Korea Water Resources Corporation(KOWACO)'s management, take water from Paldang Reservoir in Han River System for drinking water supply. There are taste and odor (T&O) problems in the finished water because the conventional treatment processes do not effectively remove the T&O compounds. As part of countermeasures for taste and odor control, KOWACO is planning to introduce advanced water treatment process such as ozone and GAC in near future. This study evaluated the removal characteristics of T&O and dissolved organic matter (DOM) to find design and operation parameters of advanced water treatment processes in a pilot-scale treatment plant. The GAC adsorption capacity for DOC in the two GAC system (GAC and $O_3$-GAC) at an EBCT of 14min was mostly exhausted after 9months. The differency of the removal efficiency of DOC between $O_3$-GAC and GAC increased with increasing operation time because the bioactivity in $O_3$-GAC process was enhanced by post-ozone process. Removal by conventional treatment was unable to reach the target TON(threshold odor number) of 3 but GAC systems at an EBCT(empty bed contact time) of 14 min were able to archive the target with few exception. During the high T&O episodes, PAC as a pretreatment together with GAC could be useful option for T&O control. However, substantial TON removal continued for more than two year (> 90,000 bed volumes). At the spiking of less concentration 26 to 61 ng/L in the influent of GAC systems, GAC absorber and $O_3$-GAC processes could meet the treatment target. The better spike control after 12 and 19 months of operation compared to that after 7 months of operation is a strong indication of biological control. The results presented in this study had shown that $O_3$-GAC process was found to be more effective for T&O control than GAC process. And the main removal mechanism in GAC systems were adsorption capacity and biodegradation.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2023

용존 유기물을 흡착 제거하는 기술로서, 흡착능이 우수한 입상활성탄을 우선적으로 적용할 수 있지만, 흡착탑의 운전기간에 따라 GAC의 흡착능이 현저히 저하되어 파과되는 한계가 있으며 파과된 활성탄인 spent-GAC는 교체나 재생이 불가피하다. 활성탄 교체는 비용의 경제성 때문에 기피되며 상업적으로 열재생법을 사용하고 있으나, 800℃ 이상의 고온 조건으로 인한 높은 에너지 비용과 활성탄의 질량 손실이 발생하는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 CSOs내의 용존 유기물 처리에 사용된 spent-GAC의 재생효율을 제고하기 위해, Fenton 산화법과 초음파 산화를 융합한 다중산화기술인 Sono-Fenton 방법을 적용하였고, 산화제 주입농도와 초음파 주파수별 spent-GAC의 재생효율을 조사하였다. 적용된 Sono-Fenton 처리에서 Fe²⁺ 10 mmol/L, H₂O₂ 농도 1,000 mmol/L, 120분 초음파 주사시간, 초음파 주파수 40 kHz 재생처리 조건에서 68.5%의 가장 높은 재생효율을 얻을 수 있었고, 750 kHz에서도 유사한 효율을 얻을 수 있었으며, 다른 주파수의 초음파는 재생효율이 불량했고 주파수의 크기와 GAC 재생효율은 선형 관계를 나타내지 않았다. 실 하수를 희석하여 제조한 CSOs로 GAC 흡착탑을 연속운전 한 경우, 재생없이 700시간 내외의 운전이 가능했고 1회의 Sono-Fenton 처리를 적용한 결과, 총 1,000시간의 GAC 흡착 운전 기간 동안 40~70%의 COD_cr 제거 효율이 확보하였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.177-188
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• 2010

The use of an activated carbon (AC) system alone has the limitation that the pollutants are not eliminated but only transferred to another phase with the consumed AC becoming hazardous waste itself. Therefore, the present study investigated the feasibility of using a combined system of granular AC (GAC) with S-doped visible-light-induced $TiO_2$ (GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$) to clean monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) with concentrations at $\leq$ 3 mg $m^{-3}$, using a continuous air-flow reactor. This study conducted three different experiments: an adsorption test of pure GAC and GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$; a long-term adsorptional photocatalytic (AP) activity test of GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$; and an AP activity test of GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$ under different conditions. For the AP activity test, three parameters were evaluated: various weights of GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$ (0.9, 4.4, and 8.9 g); various flow rates (FRs) (0.5, 1 and 2 L $min^{-1}$); and various input concentrations (ICs) of the target MAHs (0.1, 1, 2 and 3 mg $m^{-3}$). The adsorption efficiencies were similar for the pure GAC and GAC/S-doped $TiO_2$ reactors, suggesting that S-doped $TiO_2$ particles on GAC surfaces do not significantly interfere with the adsorption capacity of GAC. Benzene exhibited a clear AP activity, whereas no other target MAHs did. In most cases, the AP efficiencies for the target MAHs did not significantly vary with an increase in weight, thereby suggesting that, under the weight range tested in this study, the weights or FRs are not important parameters for AP efficiency. However, ICs did influence the AP efficiencies.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.817-824
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• 2002

Granular activated carbon(GAC) is highly effective in removing organic compounds which are resistant to biological disintegration in wastewater treatment. However, GAC has reached its full adsorptive capacity, GAC needs to be regenerated before it can be used for a further adsorption cycle. Countercurrent oxidative reaction (COR) technique has been developed and evaluated for the regeneration of spent GAC. Various parameters such as flame temperature, the loss of carbon, destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of organic compounds, surface area, surface structure, adsorptive capacity, etc. were examined to determine the performance of COR. The results of these tests showed that adosorptive capacity of regenerated GAC was completely recovered, the loss of carbon was controllable, flame temperature was high enough to insure complete destruction and removal $(\geq99.9999%)$ of specific organics of interest, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), that are thermally stable, and on formation of toxic byproducts such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) or polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were detected during the regeneration process. The COR technique is environmentally benign, easy to use and less copital intensive than other available regeneration technologies.