• Title/Summary/Keyword: Ga(III)-

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MOCVD를 이용한 자발성장 InAs 양자점의 적층 성장 시 발생하는 파장변화량 제어

  • Choe, Jang-Hui;An, Seong-Su;Yu, Su-Gyeong;Lee, Jong-Min;Park, Jae-Gyu;Lee, Dong-Han;Jo, Byeong-Gu;Han, Won-Seok
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2011.02a
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    • pp.150-151
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    • 2011
  • 양자점 Laser Diode(LD)는 낮은 문턱전류, 높은 미분 이득을 갖으며 또한 온도변화에도 안정적이기 때문에 광통신분야에서 광원으로 양자점 LD를 사용하기 위한 연구가 계속되고 있다. 양자점은 fill factor가 낮기 때문에 양자점의 밀도를 높이거나 양자점을 적층 성장하여 fill factor를 높인다. 그러나 양자점을 적층 성장하면 각 층간의 응력, 수직적 결합, 전기적인 결합이 생기며 이는 양자점의 전기적, 광학적 특성에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)을 이용하여 InP기판 위에 자발성장 법으로 InAs 양자점을 다주기 성장하였으며 photoluminescence (PL)을 이용하여 광학적 특성을 분석하였다. precursor는 trimethylindium (TMI), trimethylgalium (TMGa), $PH_3$, $AsH_3$를 사용하였으며 carrier gas는 $H_2$를 사용하였다. InAs 양자점은 1100 nm의 파장을 갖는 InGaAsP barrier 위에 성장하였고, InAs와 InGaAsP의 성장온도는 $520^{\circ}C$이며 InAs 양자점 성장시 V/III 비는 3.66으로 일정하게 유지하였다. 그림 1은 양자점 성장시간을 0.11분으로 고정하여 3주기(A), 5주기(B), 8주기(C) 성장한 구조이며 그림 2는 양자점 성장시간을 3주기마다 0.01분씩 줄여가며 3주기는 0.11분${\times}$3(D), 6주기는 0.11분${\times}$3+0.10분${\times}$3(E), 9주기는 0.11분${\times}$3+0.10분${\times}$3+0.09분${\times}$3(F) 으로 성장한 성장구조이다. 각 성장한 시료는 PL을 이용하여 파장과 반치폭을 측정하였다. 그림 3은 양자점 성장시간을 고정한 시료 A, B, C의 PL파장과 PL반치폭 데이터이다. PL파장은 A, B, C 시료 각각 1504 nm, 1571 nm, 1702 nm이며 반치폭은 각각 140 meV, 140 meV, 150 meV이다. PL파장과 반치폭은 각각 3주기에서 6주기로 증가할 때 67 nm, 0 meV 6주기에서 9주기로 증가할 때는 131 nm, 10 meV 증가하였다. 다음 그림4는 양자점 성장시간을 조절하여 성장한 양자점 시료 D, E, F의 PL파장과 PL반치폭 데이터이다. PL파장은 D, E, F 시료 각각 1509 nm, 1556 nm, 1535 nm이며 반치폭은 각각 137 meV, 138 meV, 144 meV이다. PL파장과 반치폭은 각각 3주기에서 6주기로 증가할 때 47 nm, 1 meV 증가하였고, 6주기에서 9주기로 증가할 때는 21 nm 감소, 6 meV 증가하였다. 양자점 성장시간을 고정하여 다주기를 성장하였고 또 3주기마다 양자점 성장시간을 달리하여 다주기를 성장하였으며 PL을 이용해 광학적 특성을 연구하였다. 성장된 양자점의 PL 파장과 PL 반치폭 변화를 통해 적층구조에서 성장 주기가 늘어날수록 양자점의 크기가 증가하는 것을 확인하였고 또한 적층성장을 할 때 양자점 성장시간을 줄임으로써 양자점의 크기 변화를 제어 할 수 있었다.

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Electrooptic Modulator with InAs Quantum Dots (InAs/InGaAs 양자점을 이용한 전계광학변조기)

  • Ok, Seong-Hae;Moon, Yon-Tae;Choi, Young-Wan;Son, Chang-Wan;Lee, Seok;Woo, Deok-Ha;Byun, Young-Tae;Jhon, Young-Min;Kim, Sun-Ho;Yi, Jong-Chang;Oh, Jae-Eung
    • Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.278-284
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    • 2006
  • We have fabricated and measured electrooptic modulator using coupled stack InAs/InGaAs quantum dots. The height of the quantum dot is 16 nm and quantum dots are stacked including an InGaAs capping layer. The peak wavelength of photoluminescence is 1260 nm at room temperature and 1158 nm at 12 K. The operation characteristics of the quantum dots show high modulation efficiency of electrooptic modulator at 1550 nm compared to that of existing III-V bulk and MQW type semiconductor. The measured switching voltage ($V\pi$) is 540 and 600 mV, for TE mode and TM mode, respectively. From the results, the modulation efficiency can be determined as 333.3 and $300^{\circ}/V{\cdot}mm$ for TE and TM modes. The results reported here may lead to the design and fabrication of a novel electrooptic modulator with low switching voltage and high efficiency.

3價크롬염에 의한 크롬鍍金

  • Go, Seok-Su;Park, Byeong-Ga
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 1977
  • The trivalent choromium plating process have been studied by serveral group of orkers in the recent years. In the plating process, Alecra 3 process is the most familiar one. Potassium formate and potassium chloride of the bath compositions in the above process, are exchanged for sodium formate and sodium chloride, and then they have been examined characteristics of the electrodeposition using above bath solution and a few optimum conditions. The results are as follows, (1) The characteristics of the electrodeposition ; that is, throwing power, covering power, appearance, and deposition rate are most satisfied when concentration of $CrCl_3{\cdot}6H_2O$ is 0.4 mol/l, and mol ratio of HCOONa to Chromium(III); HCOONa/$Cr^{3+}$, is 2 to 3. (2) Throwing power, covering power, color and deposit rate show a similiar tendency to Alecra 3 process.

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Congestion Management in Deregulated Power System by Optimal Choice and Allocation of FACTS Controllers Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm

  • Reddy, S. Surender;Kumari, M. Sailaja;Sydulu, M.
    • Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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    • v.4 no.4
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    • pp.467-475
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    • 2009
  • Congestion management is one of the technical challenges in power system deregulation. This paper presents single objective and multi-objective optimization approaches for optimal choice, location and size of Static Var Compensators (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) in deregulated power system to improve branch loading (minimize congestion), improve voltage stability and reduce line losses. Though FACTS controllers offer many advantages, their installation cost is very high. Hence Independent System Operator (ISO) has to locate them optimally to satisfy a desired objective. This paper presents optimal location of FACTS controllers considering branch loading (BL), voltage stability (VS) and loss minimization (LM) as objectives at once using GA. It is observed that the locations that are most favorable with respect to one objective are not suitable locations with respect to other two objectives. Later these competing objectives are optimized simultaneously considering two and three objectives at a time using multi-objective Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithms (SPEA). The developed algorithms are tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Various cases like i) uniform line loading ii) line outage iii) bilateral and multilateral transactions between source and sink nodes have been considered to create congestion in the system. The developed algorithms show effective locations for all the cases considered for both single and multiobjective optimization studies.

Electronic State of ZnO Doped with Elements of IIIB family, Calculated by Density functional Theory (범밀도함수법을 이용하여 계산한 IIIB족 원소가 도핑된 ZnO의 전자상태)

  • Lee, Dong-Yoon;Lee, Won-Jae;Min, Bok-Ki;Kim, In-Sung;Song, Jae-Sung;Kim, Yang-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.18 no.7
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    • pp.589-593
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    • 2005
  • The electronic states of ZnO doped with Al, Ga and In, which belong to III family elements in periodic table, were calculated using the density functional theory. In this study, the calculation was performed by two Programs; the discrete variational Xa (DV-Xa) method, which is a sort of molecular orbital full potential method; Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP), which is a sort of pseudo potential method. The fundamental mixed orbital structure in each energy level near the Fermi level was investigated with simple model using DV-Xa. The optimized crystal structures calculated by VASP were compared to the measured structures. The density of state and the energy levels of dopant elements were shown and discussed in association with properties.

Simplified Bilayer White Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

  • Lee, Jonghee;Sung, Woo Jin;Joo, Chul Woong;Cho, Hyunsu;Cho, Namsung;Lee, Ga-Won;Hwang, Do-Hoon;Lee, Jeong-Ik
    • ETRI Journal
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.260-264
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    • 2016
  • We report on highly efficient blue, orange, and white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes consisting only two organic layers. Hole transporting 4, 4,' 4"-tris (N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TcTa) and electron transporting 2-(diphenylphosphoryl) spirofluorene (SPPO1) are used as an emitting host for orange light-emitting bis(3-benzothiazol-2-yl-9-ethyl-9H-carbazolato) (acetoacetonate) iridium ((btc)2(acac)Ir) and blue light-emitting iridium(III)bis(4,6-difluorophenyl-pyridinato-N,C2') picolinate (FIrpic) dopant, respectively. Combining these two orange and blue light-emitting layers, we successfully demonstrate highly efficient white PHOLEDs while maintaining Commission internationale de l'eclairage coordinates of (x = 0.373, y = 0.443). Accordingly, we achieve a maximum external quantum, current, and power efficiencies of 12.9%, 30.3 cd/A, and 30.0 lm/W without out-coupling enhancement.

타원편광분석법을 이용한 AlP 유전함수 연구

  • Jeong, Yong-U;Hwang, Sun-Yong;Mangesh, S.D.;Gong, Tae-Ho;Kim, Yeong-Dong;Sin, Sang-Hun;Song, Jin-Dong
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2011.02a
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    • pp.42-42
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구에서는 광학소자에 폭넓게 이용되는 AlGaP III-V족 화합물 반도체 중에서 한쪽 끝 이 종화합물인 AlP의 유전함수를 0.75~5.05 eV의 에너지 영역에서 타원편광분석법을 이용하여 분석하였다. AlP는 산소와 급격히 반응하기 때문에, 대기 중에서 물질 고유의 광특성이 유지되기 어려울 뿐만 아니라, 박막 위에 생성되는 산화막 때문에 순수한 AlP의 유전함수 측정이 불가능 하다. 본 연구에서는 물질의 유전함수에 미치는 산화 효과를 최소화하기 위하여 Molecular Beam Epitaxy로 성장한 $1.0{\mu}m$ 두께의 AlP 박막을 초고진공 상태의 chamber 안에서 타원편광분석기를 이용하여 실시간으로 측정하였다. 박막의 투명도에 의해 나타나는 간섭 pattern과 표면거칠기 효과로 인한 유전함수의 왜곡을 보정하기 위하여 변수화 모델이 이용되었으며 다층 변수화모델 계산을 통하여 순수한 AlP의 유전함수를 얻어낼 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 측정된 순수한 AlP의 유전함수는 타원편광분석기를 이용한 최초의 실험결과로서 이차미분을 이용한 전이점 (Critical Point) 분석결과 이론적인 electronic band structure에서 $E_1$, $E_1+_{{\Delta}_1}$, $E_2$에 해당하는 전이점들을 확인할 수 있었다.

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Preperation of CuInSe2 Nanoparticles by Solution Process Using Precyrsors

  • Choe, Ha-Na;Lee, Seon-Suk;Jeong, Taek-Mo;Kim, Chang-Gyun
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2011.08a
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    • pp.376-376
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    • 2011
  • I-III-VI2 chalcopyrite compounds, particularly copper, indium, gallium selenide(Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2, CIGS), are effective light-absorbing materials in thin-film solar application. They are direct band-gap semiconductors with correspondingly high optical absorption coefficients. Also they are stable under long-term excitation. CIS (CIGS) solar cell reached conversion efficiencies as high as 19.5%. Several methods to prepare CIS (CIGS) absorber films have been reported, such as co-evaporation, sputtering, selenization, and electrodeposition. Until now, co-evaporation is the most successful technique for the preparation of CIS (CIGS) in terms of solar efficiency, but it seems difficult to scale up. CIS solar cells have been hindered by high costs associated with a fabrication process. Therefore, inorganic colloidal ink suitable for a scalable coating process could be a key step in the development of low-cost solar cells. Here, we will present the preparation of CIS photo absorption layer by a solution process using novel metal precursors. Chalcopyrite copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) nanocrystals ranging from 5 to 20nm in diameter were synthesized by arrested precipitation in solution. For the fabrication of CIS photo absorption layer, the CuInSe2 colloidal ink was prepared by dispersing in organic solvent and used to drop-casting on molybdenum substrate. We have characterized the nanoparticless and CIS layer by XRD, SEM, TEM, and ICP.

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Optimization of the firing process condition for high efficiency solar cells on single-crystalline silicon (고효율 Solar Cell 제조를 위한 Firing 공정 조건의 최적화)

  • Jeong, Se-Won;Lee, Seong-Jun;Hong, Sang-Jin;Han, Seung-Su
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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    • 2006.10a
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    • pp.4-5
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    • 2006
  • This paper represents modeling and optimization techniques for solar cell process on single-crystalline float zone (FZ) wafers with high efficiency; There were the four significant processes : i)emitter formation by diffusion, anti-reflection-coating (ARC) with silicon nitride using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD); iii)screen-printing for front and back metallization; and iv)contact formation by firing. In order to increase the performance of solar cells, the contact formation process is modeled and optimized. This paper utilizes the design of experiments (DOE) in contact formation to reduce process time, fabrication costs. The experiments were designed by using central composite design which is composed of $2^4$ factorial design augmented by 8 axial points with three center points. After contact formation process, the efficiency of the solar cell is modeled using neural networks. This model is used to analyse the characteristics of the process, and to optimize the process condition using genetic algorithms (GA). Finally, find optimal recipe for solar cell efficiency.

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Realization of 1D-2DEG Composite Nanowire FET by Selective Area Molecular Beam Epitaxy (선택적 분자선 에피택시 방법에 의한 1D-2DEG 혼성 나노선 FET의 구현)

  • Kim, Yun-Joo;Kim, Eun-Hong;Seo, Yoo-Jung;Kim, Dong-Ho;Hahn, Cheol-Koo;Ogura, Mutsuo;Kim, Tae-Geun
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2006.06a
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    • pp.167-168
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    • 2006
  • High quality 3D-heterostructures were constructed by selective area (SA) molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using a specially patterned GaAs (001) substrate. MBE growth parameters such as substrate temperature, V/III ratio, growth ratio, group V sources ($As_2$, $As_4$) were varied to calibrate the selective area growth conditions. Scanning micro-photoluminescence ($\mu$-PL) measurements and following analysis revealed that the gradually (adiabatically) coupled 2DEG-1D-1DEG field effect transistor (FET) system was realized. This 3D-heterostructure is very promising for the realization of the meso-scopic electronic devices and circuits since it makes it possible to form direct ohmic contact to the (quasi) 1DEG.

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