• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.362-371
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• 1996

In this study, the relationships between sensitivity to oxyfluorfen, absorption of the herbicide, protoporphyrin IX(Proto IX) accumulation and activities of antioxidative enzymes were examined to identify the tolerance mechanism against oxyfluorfen in various rice cultivars having different level of tolerance to this herbicide. Absorption of oxyfluorfen in tolerant rice cultivars was slower than in susceptible cultivars. Proto IX accumulation in various rice cultivars treated with oxyfluorfen was higher in susceptible cultivars than in tolerant ones. In susceptible cultivars especially, Proto IX accumlated rapidly during the herbicide treatment in the dark. Large amounts of Proto IX accumulation were considered to cause membrane lipid peroxidation in the light. However, among the tested rice cultivars, there was little relationship between their tolerance to oxyfluorfen and the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Therefore, it is assumed that differential susceptibility of rice cultivars to oxyfluorfen was due to difference in their capability to absorb the herbicide and to subsequently accumulate Proto IX.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-105
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• 2005

Objective & Methods : This study is performed to observe the effect of Herbal-acupuncture with Notopterygii Radix Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(NR-HAS) at Joksamni(ST36) on Collagen II-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1J mice. Result : 1. The highest survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts were measured in the 1% NR-HAS, and the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in synovial cells were significantly decreased in the 1% and 10% NR-HAS. 2. The incidence of arthritis and the spleen weight were significantly decreased by Notopterygii Radix Herbal-acupuncture(NR-HA) at ST36. 3. The levels of IL-6, $INF-{\gamma},\;TNF-{\alpha}$, IgG, IgM, anti-collagen II in serum of CIA mice were significantly decreased by NR-HA at ST36. 4. In histology, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased by NR-HA at ST36, and the collagen fiber expressions in the NR-HA I II groups were similar with that of the normal group. 5. In lymph node, the expression ratios of $CD3e^+\;to\;CD19^+$ cell and $CD4^+\;to\;CD8^+$ cell in the NR-HA I II groups were similarly maintained as those in the normal group. 6. In lymph node, $CD69^+/CD3e^+$ cells and $CD11a^+/CD19^+$ cells were decreased by NR-HA at ST36. 7. In the articular joint, $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells were decreased by NR-HA at ST36. 8. NR-HA at ST36 did not make a considerable difference in DBA/1J mice without CIA 9. Throughout the overall experimental result, NR-HA I group showed more predominant effect than the NR-HA II group. Conclusion : These results suggest that NR-HA at ST36 has an effect to control synovial cell proliferation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis, as well as prophylaxis is important to treat rheumatoid arthritis in clinic.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.227-241
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• 2005

Objective & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Asari Herba Cum Radice herbal-acupuncture solution(AHCR-HAS) on arthritis of mice induced by Collagen II at Joksamni(ST36). The author performed several experimental items. First, it is the cell survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts and expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in synovial cells. Second, it is the incidence rate of arthritis and the weight of spleen. Third, it is the levels of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, INF-${\gamma}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum Fourth, it is histological analysis of the mice joint. Fifth, it is expression ratio of CD3e+ to CDl9+ cell, CD4+ to CD8+ cell, CD69+/CD3e+ cells, CD11+/CD19+ cells and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells. Result : 1. The highest survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts were measured in the 1% AHCR-HAS, and the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in synovial cells were significantly decreased in the 1% AHCR-HAS. 2. In the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups, the incidence of arthritis and the weight of spleen were significantly decreased. 3. In AHCR-HAI & AHCR-HAII groups, the levels of IL-6, INF-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum of CIA mice were significantly decreased. 4. In histology, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups, and the collagen fiber expressions in the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HAII groups were similar with that of the Normal group. 5. In the AHCR-HA I & AHCR-HA II groups, the expression ratio of CD3e+ to CD19+ cell and CD4+ to CD8+ cell were similarly maintained as Normal group in lymph nodes, and CD69+/CD3e+ cells and CD11a+/CD19+ cells were decreased in Iymph nodes, and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells were decreased in synovium. Conclusion : Taking all these observations into account, AHCR-HA is considered to be effective in prophylaxis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and then more effective in prophylaxis than treatment, so put to practical use in future rheumatoid arthritis clinic.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-55
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of Astragali Radix Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(AR-HAS) at $ST_{36}$(jok-samni, $Z\acute{u}s\bar{a}n$ Li) on collagen- II -induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen(CII) on days 0 and 21 to induce arthritis. The mice were divided into 5 groups : normal group(no CIA), control group(CIA+no treatment), needle prick group(CIA+single prick with an injection needle), saline group(CIA+saline injection) and ARHA group(CIA+ R-HA treatment). The needle prick, saline injection, and AR-HA groups were injected on the right $ST_{36}$(jok-samni) of mice for 9 weeks, 3 times a week, beginning 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Results : 1. The incidence of arthritis, AI(arthritis index), and joint edema decreased in the AR-HA group. 2. Weight gain, hypertrophy of the spleen, adhesion of the tissues, and transformation of the joint were restrained in the AR-HA group. 3. The concentrations of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in CIA mouse serum and $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-10 in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the AR-HA group. 4. Total cell counts increased significantly, and the ratio of $CD3e^+$ to $CD45R^+$, $CD4^+$ to $CD8^+$, and $CD4^+$ to $CD25^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture of the AR-HA group. 5. Total cell counts decreased significantly, and $CD4^+/CD25^+$ and $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse lymph nodes of the AR-HA group. 6. $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group. 7. The histological examination showed that cartilage destruction and synoviocyte proliferation decreased in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group, and collagen fiber was expressed similar to that seen in the normal group. Conclusions : Our experiments show that at $ST_{36}$, an anti-inflammatory mechanism of AR-HA controls synovial cell proliferation and protects against cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1278-1284
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• 2007

Solanum Iyratum Thunb (Solanaceae) has multiple applications in korean traditional medicine because of its cytotoxic, immunological and anti-inflammatory activities. However, no study on the anti-arthritic activity of Solanum Iyratum Thunb has been reported in vivo. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease with chronic inflammation characterized by hyperplasia of synovial cells in affected joints, which ultimately leads to the destruction of cartilage and bone. Cytokine production were assessed during CIA(collagen-induced arthritis) model mice in lymph node (LN), in knee joint and spleen, using ELISA. DBA/1j mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen. After a second collagen immunization, mice were treated with Solanum Iyratum Thunb (SLT) orally at 400, 200 mg/kg once a day for 4 weeks. The severity of arthritis within the knee joints was evaluated by histological assessment of cartilage destruction and pannus formation. SLT significantly suppressed the progression of CIA and inhibited the production of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in serum and spleen cell culture supernatant. The erosion of cartilage was dramatically reduced in mouse knees after treatment with SLT. In conclusion, our results demonstrates that SLT significantly suppressed the progression of CIA. This action was characterized by suppression of arthritis index, cartilage erosion and synovial cell infiltration and the decreased production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, CD4+, CD19+, CD3+/CD69+ cells (in lymph node), CD11b+/Gr-1 + (in knee joint).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.133-138
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• 1983

In Korea, Brassica species planted in summer remain in rosette and do not flower. Seed production of vernalized rape seedlings grown in summer was evaluated to establish method of generation shortening and genetically pure seed production without isolation of seed fields. When vernalized rape seedlings of different maturity groups were transplanted in summer, all plants bolted and flowered, and average days from sowing to bolting and flowering was 37 and 58. respectively. It took 85days for early maturity group, 88 days for medium maturity group, and 108 days for late maturity group to mature. Seed yield of vernalized plants grown in summer was 8.8 gr per plant and 53kg per l0a which was 23% of seed yield of rape planted in autumn. However, enough seeds were produced to test oil composition and cake and to plant for a next generation. If seedlings are raised, they can be transplanted in more than 1, 000 times of original seed field, indicating that genetically pure seed can be produced without caging seed fields with nets and isolation of seed fields since other Brassica species do not flower in summer.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.103-116
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• 2007

Der Begriff des Todes $h{\ddot{a}}ngt$ die einzelne Wertvorstellung ab, so dass die Unanschaulichkeit des Todes besteht und noch zu $kl{\ddot{a}}ren$ ist. Im koreanischen Recht, findet sich keine Legaldefinition des Todes. In der juristischen Literatur herrscht der Herztod, nach dem $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den Todeszeitpunkt der irreversible und $vollst{\ddot{a}}ndige$ Stillstand der $Herzt\ddot{a}tigkeit$ gehalten wird, $herk{\ddot{o}}mmlicherweise$ bis jetzt als Todesdefinition vor. Der Herztod basiert darauf, dass Individualtod des Menschen durch den $endg{\ddot{u}}ltigen$, nicht behebbaren Stillstands von Herzschlag nach Ausfall von Atmung eingetreten sind. Auch der medizinische Laie kann den Herztod einfach wahrnehmen und sicher feststellen. Darauf folgt der Herztod als sicheres Todeszeichen angesehen wird. In der Regel trete der Herztod letzte Mal im $nat{\ddot{u}}rlichen$ Sterbeprozess ein. Die $j{\ddot{u}}ngste$ $k{\ddot{u}}nstlichen$ Reanimationsma ${\SS}nahmen$ $erm{\ddot{o}}glicht$ es, die Atmungs- und Kreislauffunktion $f{\ddot{u}}r$ eine begrenzte Zeit $k{\ddot{u}}nstlich$ aufrecht zu erhalten. Die Entwicklung der Medizin machte es zu erkennen, dass das "Zentralorgan Gehirn" $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die Aufrechterhaltung der biologischen Lebensfunktion des Gesamtorganismus unverzichtbar ist. Die Verbesserung von Transplantationstechniken gab $gro{\SS}en$ Anlass neben $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den verbesserten Reanimationstechniken auch $f{\ddot{u}}r$ den Fortschritt auf dem Gebiet der toten Transplantation. Je frischer die Organe sind, desto $gr\ddot{o}{\SS}er$ sind die Chancen $f{\ddot{u}}r$ eine erfolgreiche Verpflanzung und $f{\ddot{u}}r$ $T{\ddot{a}}tigkeit$ im $Empf{\ddot{a}}ngerorganismus$. Die Organentnahme als solche wird $unzul{\ddot{a}}ssig$ nur durch Feststellung des Herztod bei lebenswichtigen Organe, besonders wie Herz. Der Herzstillstand allein ist aber kein sicheres Kriterimn $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die $Zul{\ddot{a}}ssigkeit$ der Organentnahme. Im Korea wurde das Gesetz ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die Transplantation von Organen (Gesetz-Nummer 5858) am 8. Februar 1999 ${\ddot{o}}ffentlich$ bekannt gemacht l1nd trat am 9. Febrllar 2000 in Kraft(${\S}$ 1 Schussvorschriften kTPG). Aus der Sicht des Gesamthirntod definiert das Transplantationsgesetz derjenige, dass nach Kriterien und Nachweisverfahren $f{\ddot{u}}r$ Hirntodfeststellung dieses Gesetzes der irreversible Ausfall der Gesamthirnfunktion festgestellt wird, als Hirntoter (${\S}$ 3 Nr.4 kTPG). Mit dieser Regelung wird die Feststellung des Gesamthimtodes als gesetzliche Mindestvoraussetzung $f{\ddot{u}}r$ die Organentnahme festgelegt. Es handelt sich um Kriterien und Nachweisverfahren $f{\ddot{u}}r$ Hirntodfeststellung des koreanischen Transplantationsgesetzes.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.35-35
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• 2017

유역 물순환 개선 기술은 기후변화 및 토지이용변화가 진행 중에 있거나 예상되는 지역에 대하여 강우-유출수를 지연, 저류, 침투시켜 지속가능한 물순환체계를 유지?회복하도록 하는 기술이라 할 수 있다. 기후변화 및 토지이용변화에 따른 영향을 평가하고, 지속가능한 유역 물순환체계를 구축하여 적응 전략을 체계적으로 수립하기 위해서는 물순환 개선 기술의 정립 및 개발이 필수적이다. 그러나 현재 유역 물순환 개선기술은 일부 시가화 지역에 국한되어 있어 유역 규모의 개선 전략을 수립하는데 한계가 있다. 또한, 물순환계의 변화량을 평가하기 위한 모형화 기법 역시 해외에서 개발된 기술을 여과 없이 도입하여 국내의 환경을 충분히 반영하기는 어렵다. 개발된 유역 물순환 개선 및 평가시스템은 기존 국가연구개발사업을 통해 개발되고 사업화에 성공한 바 있는 유역 물순환 평가 모형인 CAT(Catchment hydrologic cycle Assessment Tool)을 수정 및 개선하여 기후변화에 따른 영향을 평가하고 적응 대책을 수립하기 위한 실무적인 소프트웨어이다. 침투트렌치, 식생침투트렌치, 습지, 저류지, 빗물탱크 등의 물순환개선시설에 대한 효과를 평가할 수 있도록 개별시설의 제원에 따른 물순환개선 효과를 정량적으로 평가하여 제시한다. 기후변화에 따른 장기간의 유역 물순환을 평가하기 위해서는 물리적 매개변수 기반의 수문해석 보다는 단순환된 개념적 매개변수 기반의 집중형 장기유출 해석이 필요할 수 있다. 따라서 국내외에서 많이 사용되고 있는 장기 일유출 모형(GR4J, GSM, HBV, SYMHYD, TANK, TPHM 등)을 유역 물순환 개선 평가 플랫폼에 탑재함으로써 소유역의 특성을 반영한 기후변화 적응 일유출 해석이 가능하도록 하였으며, 각 모형들의 매개변수는 수동보정 외에도 SCE-UA를 이용한 자동보정이 가능하도록 시스템으로 구축하였다. 개발된 유역물순환 개선 및 평가시스템은 실무적 차원에서 기후변화에 따른 유역 물순환 개선 기술을 적용하고 평가하는데 있어서 매개변수 입력자료 구축에 따른 자원 소요 시간 및 시스템 개발 비용을 획기적으로 단축시켰으며 국외 의존도가 높은 수문 해석모형을 국내 기술로 개발함으로써 기술자립도를 높이고 국내 및 해외의 유역의 성공적인 적용을 통하여 성능을 입증하였다. 기후변화에 따른 수자원의 재평가, 개선시설의 정량적 평가 및 하천유역의 수자원관리 실무에 적용성이 높을 것으로 기대된다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 1981

A maize line was selected in 1979 among 1000 Korean local maize lines collected in 1977. The selected maize line was characterized by having three to four tillers and eight to 10 ears on each individual plant. The line was assumed to have a great potential as a silage crop. The investigation was conducted as one of the serial studies on the Korean maize collected lines to provide basic information on the genetic variabilities of the multi-eared and tillered (MET) line and on other agronomic characters, prior to use the line as material for future breeding works for silage crop. The MET line and Suwon #19, single cross hybrid, as check variety were planted on May 1, 15 and 30, in three different levels of plant populations. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The genetic variabilities of multi-ear and tillering habits were greater than environmental variabilities. 2. Total dry leaf weight of individual plant of MET line was also significantly higher than that of Suwon #19. 3. The mean number of tillers and ears bearing on the individual plant of MET line varied greatly with plant densities. The number of tillers and ears was on the average 2.9 and 7.0, respectively, when planted in 60cm. by 60cm. 4. The total dry matter and dried stem weight of the individual plant on MET line were comparable to those of Suwon #19. 5. The kernel weight from the individual plant of MET line was 5 to 40% less than that of Suwon #19, depending upon the plant densities. 6. The Kernel to stover ratio was higher for Suwon #19 than for the MET line. (41% to 35%). 7. The MET line had shown first tiller two weeks after planted on May 1. The second and third tillers appeared three to five days after the appearance of the first tiller. 8. The MET line was very specific in tillering habits. All the tillers were borne on the first few nodes of main stem below the soil surface. 9. The tillering habits of MET line were vigorous in the early part of the growing season, but less vigorous in the later part of the growing season. The number of efficient tillers bearing useable ears, was around two to three, when planted in 60cm. by 60cm. 10. The difference of plant height between main stem and first few tillers was around 10cm. 11. The ear size of MET line was around one-third of the major corn belt hybrids. The shape of ear of MET line was conical, with different diameter. 12. The kernel of the MET line was flinty with small soft starch patches on the endosperm part. 13. The 100 kernel weight was around 15gr., which is about one half of the major high yielding hybrids. 14. The ear height of MET line was comparatively higher than that of Suwon #19. 15. Significantly high and positive phenotypic correlation coefficients were obtained among major plant characters. 16. The growth rate of MET line was slower than that of Suwon #19. 17. MET line and Suwon #19 were both heavily infected with black streaked mosaic virus.