• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.376-384
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• 2012

Although ginsenosides have a variety of physiologic or pharmacologic functions in various regions, there are only a few reports on the effects of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels. Here, we showed evidence suggesting that TRPM7 channels play an important role in ginseng total saponin (GTS)-mediated cellular injury. The combination techniques of electrophysiology, pharmacological analysis, small interfering RNA (siRNA) method and cell death assays were used. GTS depolarized the resting membrane potentials and decreased the amplitude of pacemaker potentials in cultured interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The TRPM7-like currents in single ICCs and the overexpressing TRPM7 in HEK293 cells were inhibited by GTS. However, GTS had no effect on $Ca^{2+}$-activated $Cl^-$ conductance. GTS inhibited the survival of human gastric (AGS) and brea (MCF-7) adenocarcinoma cells. Also, GTS inhibited the TRPM7-like currents in AGS and MCF-7 cells. The GTS-mediated cytotoxicity was inhibited by TRPM7-specific siRNA. In addition, we showed that overexpression of TRPM7 channels in HEK293 cells was inhibited by GTS. Thus, TRPM7 channels are involved in GTS-mediated cell death in AGS and MCF-7 cells, and these channels may represent a novel target for physiological disorders where GTS plays an important role.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.308-312
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• 1998

Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is usually confined to the respiratory tract but it can cause a variety of extrapulmonary manifestations such as rashes, myalgia, hemolytic anemia, cerebral infarction, transverse myelitis, cerebellar ataxia, Guillain-Barre syndrome and meningoencephalitis. Neurologic complications of Mycoplasma pneumonia have been rarely reported until now. Cerebral infarction as a complication of mycoplasma infection in children has been very rarely reported. In our case, in a young girl with M. pneumoniae infection, a cerebral infarct resulted in persistent and significant neurological dysfunction. We report a 11-year-old girl with cerebral infarction associated with clinical and serologic evidence of Mycoplasma infection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1048-1060
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• 2005

Dietary acidifiers appear to be a possible alternative to feed antibiotics in order to improve performance of weaning pigs. It is generally known that dietary acidifiers lower gastric pH, resulting in increased activity of proteolytic enzymes, improved protein digestibility and inhibiting the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in GI tract. It is also hypothesized that acidifiers could be related to reduction of gastric emptying rate, energy source in intestine, chelation of minerals, stimulation of digestive enzymes and intermediate metabolism. However, the exact mode of action still remains questionable. Organic acidifiers have been widely used for weaning pigs' diets for decades and most common organic acidifiers contain fumaric, citric, formic and/or lactic acid. Many researchers have observed that dietary acidifier supplementation improved growth performance and health status in weaning pigs. Recently inorganic acidifiers as well as organic acidifiers have drawn much attention due to improving performance of weaning pigs with a low cost. Several researchers introduced the use of salt form of acidifiers because of convenient application and better effects than pure state acids. However, considerable variations in results of acidifier supplementation have been reported in response of weaning pigs. The inconsistent responses to dietary acidifiers could be explained by feed palatability, sources and composition of diet, supplementation level of acidifier and age of animals.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.199-200
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• 1998

The mucociliary system is one of the most important airway defense mechanisms, and knowledge of the ciliary beat frequency(CBF) is important in the understanding of this system. Using a laser light scattering method and fiber optic probe, we developed a simple and practical instrument for real-time in vivo measurements of CBF of cells in human nasal cavity. From the ciliated epithelium cells in an anterior end of middle terminator in nasal cavity, the signals of ciliary movement are transferred into a PC and analyzed by a autoregressive(AR) power spectrum. The mean CBF of 8 normal subjects was $7.1{\pm}1.1$(Hz). This instrument provided a convenient and reliable method of studying the mucociliary activity in the respiratory tract.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.247-258
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• 2001

The following results were obtained. 1. The Urticaria is similar to the korean medical name of yeun-jin, yum-leu, pung-jin-geu(風疹槐), Pung-sa, Pung-so-yeunjin. 2. The most part of the causes that induce Urticaria are like that, the sup-yeul(濕熱) that caused by the sa-gi(邪氣)'s invasion, food and behavior's fault, is gathering in the gastrointestinal tract. 3. The symptomes are like that, the severe pruritic blisters are spread on the whole body, and the color of the blisters is red or white, and nausea, vomitting, abdominal pain, chest discomfort are induced with the Urticaria. 4. The Su-Chok yangmyong Kyong(手 足陽明經), Chok taeum Kyong(足太陰經) and Chok taeyang Kyong(足太陽經) are used for the acupuncture therapy of Urticaria. 5. The acupuncture points of the Kokchi(曲池), Hyolhae(血海), Chok-Samni(足三里), Samumgyo(三陰交), Hapkok(合谷) are used for the acupuncture therapy of Urticaria. 6. the Pye-area(肺區), Shinmun(神門), dammajin-area(蕁麻疹區), Shinsangsun(腎上腺), Chimbu(枕部) are used for the acupuncture therapy of Urticaria in the ear-acupuncture therapy of Urticaria.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.112-116
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• 1991

The metabolic fate of ginsenosides including gastrointestinat absorption, organ distribution, excretion and metabolism in liver was investigated by tracer studies using the radio-labeled ginsenosides. 3H-ginsenosides were shown to be absorbed from the mouse digestive tract and then to be excreted rapidly into urine and/or bile. Bile juice was concluded to play a significant role in absorption of ginsenosides. The total concentration of radioactivity persisted in tissues 24 hrs after oral administration was less than 1.3% of the administered dose and Rbl showed the highest value. The concentrations of radioactivity were relatively high in the liver and kidney. After administration of Rbl radioactivity was detected in the brain. After oral administration of 8H-ginsenosides, major component excreted into urine was found to be the intact ginsenosides and decomposed and/or metabolized products were found in GIT in the case of Rbl. 3H-ginsenoside Rbl was shown to be metabolized in the liver and the metabolite was suggested to be an acylated compound of Rbl by a certain organic acid.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.17-22
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• 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the quantitative isometric muscle strength of shoulder girdle and the test reliability using by the equipment, named 'IsoTrack', selected by authors in the former studies. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects (9 men, 21 women) were recruited in two sessions, one for intratester and intertester reliability tests and the other quantitative isometric muscle strength tests. The neck flexion, extension and scapular elevation muscle strength was measured using a force measuring device as IsoTract. Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients for intratester reliability of the all subjects ranging between 0.96 and 0.97. For intertester reliability, the ICC and Pearson correlation correspond to 0.84 and 0.78. We gauged muscle strength of shoulder girdle muscles based on it and indicated quantified isometric muscle strength of women and men in left and right side. Conclusion: We concluded that there were high reiliability of isometric muscle strength of neck and shoulder girdle. Also, we gauged muscle strength of shoulder girdle muscles based on it and indicated quantified isometric muscle strength in left and right side in women and men. So this findings may assist in the measure of whole body muscle strength.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.118-126
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• 2004

The aqueous extract of European mistletoe (Viscum album, L.) has been used in cancer therapy. The purified mistletoe lectins, main components of mistletoe, have demonstrated cytotoxic and immune-system-stimulating activities. Korean mistletoe (Viscum album L. coloratum), a subspecies of European mistletoe, has also been reported to possess anticancer and immunological activities. A galactose- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin (Viscum album L. coloratum agglutinin, VCA) with Mr 60 kDa was isolated from Korean mistletoe. Mistletoe preparations have been given subcutaneously due to the low stability of lectin in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of alginate/chitosan microcapsules as a tool for oral delivery of mistletoe lectin. In addition, our strategy has been to develop a system composed of stabilizing cores (granules), which contain mistletoe lectin, extract or powder, coated by a biodegradable polymer wall. Our results indicated that successful incorporation of VCA into alginate/chitosan microcapsules has been achieved and that the alginate/chitosan microcapsule protected the VCA from degradation at acidic pH values. And coating the VCA with polyacrylic polymers, Eudragit, produced outstanding results with ideal release profiles and only minimal losses of cytotoxicity after manufacturing step. The granules prepared with extract or whole plant produced the best results due to the stability in the extract or whole plant during manufacturing process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1317-1328
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• 2023

Green tea (GT) polyphenols undergo extensive metabolism within gastrointestinal tract (GIT), where their derivatives compounds potentially modulate the gut microbiome. This biotransformation process involves a cascade of exclusive gut microbial enzymes which chemically modify the GT polyphenols influencing both their bioactivity and bioavailability in host. Herein, we examined the in vitro interactions between 37 different human gut microbiota and the GT polyphenols. UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS analysis of the culture broth extracts unravel that genera Adlercreutzia, Eggerthella and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KACC11451 promoted C-ring opening reaction in GT catechins. In addition, L. plantarum also hydrolyzed catechin galloyl esters to produce gallic acid and pyrogallol, and also converted flavonoid glycosides to their aglycone derivatives. Biotransformation of GT polyphenols into derivative compounds enhanced their antioxidant bioactivities in culture broth extracts. Considering the effects of GT polyphenols on specific growth rates of gut bacteria, we noted that GT polyphenols and their derivate compounds inhibited most species in phylum Actinobacteria, Bacteroides, and Firmicutes except genus Lactobacillus. The present study delineates the likely mechanisms involved in the metabolism and bioavailability of GT polyphenols upon exposure to gut microbiota. Further, widening this workflow to understand the metabolism of various other dietary polyphenols can unravel their biotransformation mechanisms and associated functions in human GIT.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.114-114
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• 2022

Excessive endogenous endotoxin, especially lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reflux from gastrointestinal (GI) tract to the liver tissue is one of the most serious reasons of severe and acute liver injury which is mainly mediated by Kupffer cell activations. However, there is no clear molecular clues to explain the exact pathophysiological mechanism and effective drugs available till nowadays. We aimed to comprehend the pathophysiological features of LPS-induced liver injury and evaluate the efficacies of potential therapeutic drug, Ga-mi-Yuk-Mi-Jihwang-Tang (GYM), which is composed of herbal plants. GYM remarkably caused to normalize hepatic inflammation and oxidations against LPS-induced liver injury by evidence of serum liver enzymes, histopathological analysis, both hepatic protein and gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide levels, and hepatic tissue levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, malondialdehyde (MDA), and 4-hydroxyneoneal, respectively. To assess molecular events in the hepatic tissue, we further found hepatic Sirtuin6 (Sirt6) levels were considerably depleted by LPS injection with aberrant alterations of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, whereas administration with GYM notably exerted to normalize these abnormalities. Our results exhibited that GYM would be one of target drug to diminish hepatic inflammation as well as oxidative stress by regulation of hepatic Sirt6 levels.