• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.667-673
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• 2009

Ninety six intact male sheep (12 months old with mean live weight of about 35 kg) were used to assess the effects of restricted feeding on intake, digestion, nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy (ME). The animals were selected from two known Iranian small and large body size breeds: 48 Sangsari (S) and 48 Afshari (A), and were divided into two equal groups: restricted (R) and a control (C). Each group had 48 sheep (24 each breed). The experiment had a duration of 15 and 75 days adaptation and treatment periods, respectively. The animals were individually placed in metabolism cages and fed a diet based on pelleted concentrate mixture consisting of alfalfa, barley grain, cottonseed meal and barley straw. The animals in group C were fed ad libitum, while animals in group R were fed at maintenance level and maintained a relatively constant live weight. During the experiment, the average daily weight gain (ADG) of S and A animals in R group was 0.34 and -0.25 g/d (0.02 and -0.02 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$), respectively. While that of S and A animals in C group was 174.4 and 194.4 g/d (10.16 and 11.48 $g/kg^{0.75}/d$), respectively. Nitrogen (N) was determined by both measured and regression methods. Animals of R group stayed at about zero N balance (0.01 and -0.00 g $N/kg^{0.75}/d$ for S and A animals, respectively). The N retention of animals of both S and A breeds in C group were similar (0.45 and 0.46 g $N/kg^{0.75}/d$, respectively). Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) and ME requirement for maintenance (MEm) were measured by both constant weight technique and regression method by regressing N balance on DOMI and ME intake on ADG. The measured DOMI during constant weight was 24.61 and 24.27 g $DOMI/kg^{0.75}/d$ and the calculated DOMI from regression equation was 24.24 and 24.22 g $DOMI/kg^{0.75}/d$, for S and A animals, respectively. The measured MEm was 402 and 401 kJ $ME/kg^{0.75}/d$ and the calculated MEm from regression analysis was 398 and 400 kJ $ME/kg^{0.75}/d$ for S and A breeds, respectively. There were no significant differences between both measured and regression techniques. There was no significant difference between S and A breeds for DOMI, N retention, MEm, digestibility and metabolizability values. Digestibility values for OM, GE and CP and metabolizability were significantly (p<0.05) higher in restricted feeding sheep compared with that of sheep fed ad libitum.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2009

목적: 정상인을 대상으로 과제의 규칙을 모른체 의사결정를 하는 경우 시간에 따른 뇌활성 영역의 차이를 lowa Gambling 과제를 수행하는 자기공명 뇌기능 영상을 사용하여 알아보고자하였다. 대상 및 방법: 14명의 오른손잡이 정상인(여자 5명, 남자 9명, 평균나이 26.8세)을 대상으로 100개로 구성된 lowa Gambling과제를 수행하는 동안 자기공명 뇌기능영상을 획득하였다. GE 3.0T 자기공명영상 장치에서 혈액산소포화 의존(BOLD)기법을 사용하여 EPI 데이터 (에코시간 40 ms, 반복시간 2000 ms, 매트릭스 $64{\times}64$)를 획득한 후 MATLAB버전 7.2 (The Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA)와 Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM 2; Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK) 분석툴을 이용하여 총 100개 중 20개 단위로 구성된 5개의 블록으로 나누어 분석하였다. 결과: 과제 수행초기 블록에서는 위쪽 중앙 전전두뇌엽에서의 뇌활성화를 나타내고 과제를 수행해 감에 따라 뇌활성화 영역이 점차 중앙 전전두뇌엽의 아래족으로 이동하는 결과를 나타내었다 (p < 0.005). 결론: 의사결정 과제의 규칙을 모르는 경우 과제를 수행하며 규칙을 알아가는데는 위쪽 중앙 전전두뇌엽의 영역을 사용하고 과제의 규칙을 깨달은 다음 의사결정을 수행하는 경우에는 아래쪽 중앙 전전두뇌엽의 영역을 사용함을 알수 있었다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2007

목적: 3.0 Tesla와 같은 고 자장에서 고해상도의 나선주사영상을 얻기 위해서는 주자장을 균일하게 만들어야 한다. 특히, 나선주사영상인 경우 스핀-에코펄스 시퀀스(SE)나 경사자계 에코 펄스 시퀀스(GE)에 비하여 측정 시간이 길기 때문에 주자장이 균일하지 못하다면, off-resonance 현상으로 영상의 blur가 심해진다. 본 연구에서는 빠른 시간 안에 주자장을 균일하게 할 수 있는 고차(Higher-order) shimming방법을 모색했다. 대상 및 방법: 3 Tesla 자기 공명 영상시스템에서 고해상도의 나선주사영상을 얻기에 적합할 정도의 균일한 주자장을 빠른 시간 안에 만들기 위해, 한번의 스캔으로 axial, sagittal, coronal 방향의 불균일도 map을 구할 수 있는 펄스 시퀀스를 제안하였고, 불균일도 map으로부터 spherical harmonics 분석를 통해 shim 코일에 적절한 전류를 인가하여 주자장을 균일하게 만들었다. 결과: 3 Tesla 자기 공명 영상 시스템에서 주자장의 불균일도는 주자장의 크기에 비례하게 된다. 제안한 펄스 시퀀스로 얻은 영상을 이용하여 불균일도 Map을 만들 수 있었고, 이를 spherical harmonics 분석을 하여 2-3회의 고차 shimming으로 불균일한 자장을 균일하게 만들 수 있었다. 제안된 고차 shimming 방법은 전체 영상 영역 뿐만 아니라 선택한 영역에 대해서만 적용도 가능하기 때문에 국부 영역에 대한 고차 shimming이 가능하다. 고차 shimming이 적용되어 주자장이 균일하게 개선된 상태에서 고해상도의 나선주사영상을 얻을 수 있었다. 결론: 3 Tesla 고자장 자기 공명 영상 시스템에서 주자장의 불균일도를 개선하기 위한 펄스 시퀀스와 알고리즘을 통해 주자장의 불균일도를 빠른 시간 안에 개선할 수 있었다. 주자장의 불균일도를 효과적으로 개선함으로써, 고해상도의 나선주사 영상을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.1268-1273
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• 2011

The present study was conducted to determine a feasible method of protein concentrate extraction from rice bran (RBPC) and its effect as a substitution for skim milk in early weaning pig diets. An investigation to extract protein concentrate from full fat rice bran was undertaken to determine the best ratio of water and rice bran, the amount of NaOH and a HCl solvent to use in a simple paddle-type mixer with modified spinning to produce RBPC. The results stated that the best ratio for water mixing in the RBPC extraction process was 1:5 with 20 g NaOH and 30 min in a paddle-type mixer at 300 rpm. A mix of 250 ml 0.2 N HCl was optimum for neutralization and protein precipitation. After the fluid was spun out with a washing machine, the sediment was left for 12-14 hours to complete the filtration. One kilogram of rice bran could produce an average of 324.5 gram RBPC and it contained 3.40% ash, 496.48 kcal of GE/100 gram, 1.94% crude fiber, 28.20% ether extract, 7.64% moisture and 16.66% crude protein, respectively. A total of 45 crossbred piglets, weaned at 3 weeks of age were allotted into control diet (A) and dietary treatments formulated with a four different rates of RBPC substitution for skim milk at a percentage of 25 (B), 50 (C), 77 (D) and 100 (E) respectively, in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. All piglets had free access to feed and water until 8 week of age when the experiment ended. Feed intake, average daily gain, growth rate and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary treatments. Blood test parameters after completion of the growth trial indicated normal health. Even though the mean of cell hemoglobin concentration was significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) it was still within the normal range. The cost difference for BW gain of 100% RBPC substituted for skim milk in the weaning diet was approximately 35% lower than that of the control and the relative cost of production was 96.67, 92.85, 70.75 and 64.48% lower for the replacement of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of skim milk respectively. These results implied that this technology is feasible for use by small scale farmers to improve their self-reliance.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.739-747
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• 2005

Full-length cDNA sequences of four novel SPATA4 genes in chimpanzee, cow, chicken and ascidian were identified by bioinformatic analysis using mouse or human SPATA4 cDNA fragment as electronic probe. All these genes have 6 exons and have similar protein molecular weight and do not localize in sex chromosome. The mouse SPATA4 sequence is identified as significantly changed in cryptorchidism, which shares no significant homology with any known protein in swissprot databases except for the homologous genes in various vertebrates. Our searching results showed that all SPATA4 proteins have a putative conserved domain DUF1042. The percentages of putative SPATA4 protein sequence identity ranging from 30% to 99%. The high similarity was also found in 1 kb promoter regions of human, mouse and rat SPATA4 gene. The similarities of the sequences upstream of SPATA4 promoter also have a high proportion. The results of searching SymAtlas (http://symatlas.gnf.org/SymAtlas/) showed that human SPATA4 has a high expression in testis, especially in testis interstitial, leydig cell, seminiferous tubule and germ cell. Mouse SPATA4 was observed exclusively in adult mouse testis and almost no signal was detected in other tissues. The pI values of the protein are negative, ranging from 9.44 to 10.15. The subcellular location of the protein is usually in the nucleus. And the signal peptide possibilities for SPATA4 are always zero. Using the SNPs data in NCBI, we found 33 SNPs in human SPATA4 gene genomic DNA region, with the distribution of 29 SNPs in the introns. CpG island searching gives the data about CpG island, which shows that the regions of the CpG island have a high similarity with each other, though the length of the CpG island is different from each other.This research is a fundamental work in the fields of the bioinformational analysis, and also put forward a new way for the bioinformatic analysis of other genes.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2006

식물체의 향기성분을 분리하는데 주로 사용되는 headspace(DHS, RPHS)법, SPME법, SDE법, SFE법과 최근에 개발된 PDE법으로 솔잎의 휘발성 성분을 추출하였다. 추출된 성분을 Ge/MS를 이용하여 총 65종의 휘발성 성분을 확인하였다. 확인된 성분은 terpene류 25종, alcoholfb류 16종, carbonyls류 9종, esters류 6종, acids류 7종, esters 화합물이 2종인 것으로 나타났다. Headspace(DHS, RPHS)법과 SPME 법에서는 휘발성이 강한 ethyl acetate, 2-ethyl furan, $\beta$-myrcene 등과 같은 저비점 휘발성 성분들이 많이 추출되었다. 반면에, 고비점 휘발성 성분들인 nerolidol, spathulenol, benzoic acid 등은 휘발 성분 추출시 열이 가해지는 SDE법, SFE법, PDE법 등에서는 확인되었으나 headspace법과 SPME법에서는 확인되지 않았다. 이들 6가지 추출방법에서 저비점 휘발성 성분 분석에는 headspace(DHS)법이 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 고비점 휘발성 성분 분석에는 SDE법이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 최근에 개발된 PDE법은 SDE법에 비해 추출효율 변에서 약간 떨어지나 전처리 방법이 간단하므로 짧은 시간에 많은 시료를 분석할 때 가장 적합한 방법인 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한치과마취과학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2004

Background: Many studies on efficacy of preemptive analgesia have been processed in different ways. But the value of preemptive analgesia is still controversial. The goal of this study was to compare analgesic effect of an NSAID according to three different administration times for oral surgical pain. Patients and Methods: Using a randomized, parallel-group, single-center, and active-controlled test design, this study was conducted to healthy 80 patients undergoing a surgical removal of an impacted mandibular third molar requiring bone removal. The oral NSAID was first administered 1 hour preoperatively, or 1 hour postoperatively, or no scheduled administration in pre or postsurgery. Whenever patients felt at least moderate pain (score ${\ge}$ 5 on a 10-point scale) after surgery, they were instructed to take the same drug. Pain intensities and times to the first and second onset of postoperative pain from end of surgery were assessed for 24 hours. Results: Of the enrolled eighty subjects in this study, 25 patients were assigned to preemptive, 26 to post-treatment and 29 to no treatment group. The demographic distribution and duration of surgery in the three groups were statistically similar. The mean time to first onset of postoperative pain was significantly prolonged in post-treatment group (277.2 minutes, p < 0.05) compared to preemptive (158.4 minutes) and no treatment group (196.5 minutes). The mean time to second onset of postoperative pain was not significantly different among the three groups. No significant statistical difference was found among the mean pain intensities at the first and second onset of postoperative pain in the three groups. Conclusions: In this small selected group of subjects and limited study design, the analgesic effects of NSAID administered preoperatively were no longer effective for postoperative pain. The results in this population imply that scheduled postoperative analgesics before pain development are adequate for postoperative analgesia without preoperative administration.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권10호
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• pp.1221-1234
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• 2012

There are many factors to influence the amount of terpene at the forest. However, it is poorly understood whether the amount is altered by meteorological factors. In order to study correlation analysis between terpene amount and meteorological(i.e., temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation) and environmental factors(i.e., oxygen, carbonb dioxide) at the artificial coniferous forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa (site 1) and Cryptomeria japonica (site 2) nearby the $1^{st}$ reservoir at Mt. Moodeung, the research was executed during April to November in 2011. Forest density at site 1 was 1,692 trees/ha, being occupied with 87.2% of Chamaecyparis obtusa, higher than 925 trees/ha at site 2. Carbon dioxide at site 1 was in the range of 385~410 ppm in June, similar to at Anmyundo(395 ppm in 2010). Solar radiation has positive correlation with ambient temperature and inversely negative with relative humidity. Main species of terpene released were ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, cymene, ${\delta}$-limonene and camphor at two sites and terpene was more effluent at spring and summer than at fall. The large amount of terpene was emitted in the afternoon than in the morning under the influence of the wind speed and the topographical property. The terpene amount has positive correlation with relative humidity and oxygen, and negative with wind speed and soil temperature. Because correlations of ${\alpha}$-pinene and other terpene materials showed statistically significant within p=0.01. ${\alpha}$-pinene could be suggested as the basic material in explaining the amount of other terpene materials.

• 천문학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2000

Many models of globular cluster formation assume the presence of cold dense clouds in early universe. Here we re-examine the Fall & Rees (1985) model for formation of proto-globular cluster clouds (PGCCs) via thermal instabilities in a protogalactic halo. We first argue, based on the previous study of two-dimensional numerical simulations of thermally unstable clouds in a stratified halo of galaxy clusters by Real et al. (1991), that under the protogalactic environments only nonlinear (${\delta}{\ge}1$) density inhomogeneities can condense into PGCCs without being disrupted by the buoyancy-driven dynamical instabilities. We then carry out numerical simulations of the collapse of overdense douds in one-dimensional spherical geometry, including self-gravity and radiative cooling down to T = $10^4$ K. Since imprinting of Jeans mass at $10^4$ K is essential to this model, here we focus on the cases where external UV background radiation prevents the formation of $H_2$ molecules and so prevent the cloud from cooling below $10^4$ K. The quantitative results from these simulations can be summarized as follows: 1) Perturbations smaller than $M_{min}\~(10^{5.6}\;M{\bigodot})(nh/0.05cm^{-3})^{-2}$ cool isobarically, where nh is the unperturbed halo density, while perturbations larger than $M_{min}\~(10^8\;M{\bigodot})(nh/0.05cm^{-3})^{-2}$ cool isochorically and thermal instabilities do not operate. On the other hand, intermediate size perturbations ($M_{min} < M_{pgcc} < M_{max}$) are compressed supersonically, accompanied by strong accretion shocks. 2) For supersonically collapsing clouds, the density compression factor after they cool to $T_c = 10^4$ K range $10^{2.5} - 10^6$, while the isobaric compression factor is only $10^{2.5}$. 3) Isobarically collapsed clouds ($M < M_{min}$) are too small to be gravitationally bound. For supersonically collapsing clouds, however, the Jeans mass can be reduced to as small as $10^{5.5}\;M_{\bigodot}(nh/0.05cm^{-3})^{-1/2}$ at the maximum compression owing to the increased density compression. 4) The density profile of simulated PGCCs can be approximated by a constant core with a halo of $p{\infty} r^{-2}$ rather than a singular isothermal sphere.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.896-901
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• 2002

FHD(Flame Hydrolysis Deposition)공정은 화염 형성에 관여하는 장비의 조건들과 그에 따른 다양한 공정인자에 의하여 박막의 조성이 결정되며, 증착된 막을 치밀화하는 첨가물의 증발로 인해 열처리공정에서 조성이 변화되므로 공정인자로부터 최종적인 광도파막의 조성을 예측하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 FHD 공정에서 첨가가스의 유량을 제어하여 박막의 조성 및 광학적 특성을 예측할 수 있는 공정 분석의 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 FTIR(Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy)측정과 ICP-AES(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry)측정을 통해 실리카 막의 조성분석에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. FTIR 흡수 스펙트럼을 통해 실리카 막에 존재하는 Si-O, B-O band를 측정하고 정성적 농도변화를 관찰 하였고, ICP-AES를 통해 Boron의 농도를 정량적으로 측정하였다. 이 두 결과로부터 FTIR을 이용한 정량적 조성분석의 기초자료인 B-O band의 흡광계수를 구하였다.