• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.927-938
• /
• 2021

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is one of several activators that drives the economy of Indonesia because SMEs provide jobs, increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and assure the delivery of products and services. However, Indonesian SMEs are not very competitive in the industrial world, and one of the causes is the low quality of products that undermine customer satisfaction. There are several factors presumed as influencing customer satisfaction, which among others include product knowledge, service quality, and competitive advantage. The objective of this research is to reveal the contribution of product knowledge and service quality to customer satisfaction with competitive advantage as the mediation variable. This research used a quantitative approach. The causal relationship across variables was examined with Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The sample of this research involved 140 respondents. Data was collected through a questionnaire and the items in the questionnaire were processed with a software called SmartPLS version 3.3.2. Results of this research indicate (1) product knowledge and service quality can increase competitive advantage and customer satisfaction in East Java SMEs; (2) competitive advantage can act as a mediator in the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction (3) product knowledge can increase customer satisfaction but the increase is not significant statistically.

• 한국병원경영학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.1-26
• /
• 2010

We achieved both industrialization and democratization during the shortest period in the world. We also achieved good performance in national health insurance: universal coverage, solidarity in financing, equitable access of health care. However, national health insurance system has faced the problem of sustainability: various expenditure and financing problems. The problem of sustainablity has two facets of economic sustainability and fiscal sustainability. Economic sustainability refers to growth in health spending as a proportion of gross domestic product(GDP). Rapid increasing rate of health spending exceeds the growth rate of domestic product. Growth in health spending is more likely to threaten other areas of economic activity. Concern on fiscal sustainability relates to revenue and expenditure on health care. Health care financing face demographic and technical obstacles. Democratic obstacle is aging problem. Technical obstacle is collection of contribution. Expenditure of health care has various problems in benefit structure and efficiency of health care system. In this article, I suggest several policy reforms to enhance sustainability: generating additional revenue from value added tax, changing method of levying contribution, increasing efficiency of health care system by introducing the competition principle. restructuring of benefit scheme of health insurance. contracting with health care institutions to provide health care services.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 2009

The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental damage and income, and such curves have been used to study how economic growth affects the environment. In this study, we analyzed data for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and for sulfur emissions in the industrialized countries of the United Kingdom, United States of America, and Japan, as well as data for the developing country of China, to determine the relationship between emissions and income in these countries. Attempts by these countries' governments to incorporate environmental policy considerations into the income-environment relationship were also examined. The potential role of the environmental Kuznets curve as a policy tool was investigated. We determined that, at least in the case of sulfur emissions, policies and institutions significantly reduced environmental degradation in the industrialized countries studied. Furthermore, the environmental Kuznets curve can reliably predict the future relationship between environmental impact and GDP for developing countries.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.61-74
• /
• 2005

This paper utilized a Korean time-use survey and household expenditure survey in designing an input-output table to develop satellite accounts of household production in Korea in 1999. Additionally, the household production in Korea was compared with that in the United States, Australia, Finland, and Canada. Results of this study may be summarized as follows. First, household production in Korea represented $43\%$ of Gross Domestic Product (GDP,) compared to $63\%$ of GDP in the United States, $68\%$ in Australia, $58\%$ in Finland, and $54\%$ in Canada. Second, labor emerged as the largest input for household production in Korea, while materials and services - both intermediate goods - emerged as the second input. On the other hand, the proportion of housing among the four inputs of household production in Korea was greater than for either the United States or the other countries studied. This implies that the cost of intermediate goods and housing in Korea is more expensive than in other countries.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제7권9호
• /
• pp.191-200
• /
• 2020

This research paper examines the causal relationship between India's economic growth and sectoral contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and vice versa, in the short-run and long-run, over a 10 years time period. Johansen's method of cointegration is used to study the cointegration between the sectoral contributions to Indian GDP vis-à-vis India's economic growth. Further, the route of interconnection between economic growth and sectoral contribution is tested by using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model. Special attention was given for investigating impulse responses of economic growth depending on the innovations in sectoral contribution using time-series data from 1960 to 2015. This paper highlighted a dynamic co-relationship among industrial sector contribution and agricultural sector contribution and economic development. In the long run, one percent change in industrial sector contribution causes an increase of 3.42 percent in the economic growth and an increase of 1.12 percent in the primary sector contribution, while in the short run industrial and service sector contributions showed significant impact on economic development and agriculture sector. The changing composition of sector contribution is going to be an important activity for the policymakers to monitor and control where the technology and integration of sectors play a significant role in economic development.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제7권10호
• /
• pp.581-589
• /
• 2020

Foreign factors play an important role in the socio-economic development of each country, in which foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign aid and exports of goods and services are always given top priority in undeveloped countries as well as developing countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the various factors such as FDI, foreign aid, exports and economic growth in Vietnam. The empirical method employed secondary time-series data set during the period 1997-2018 to determine the impact of FDI, foreign aid and exports on economic growth in Vietnam by using a linear approach. For this study, data is collected from the World Bank and relevant agencies in Vietnam. An empirical model is built with a correlation and regression analysis between economic growth (GDP, current) and three independent variables (FDI, aid, exports of goods and services). The results show that the relationship between FDI (net inflows), aid, exports and GDP (current) has a positive effect at a 1% significance level. Based on these findings, the article recommends that Vietnam continues to seek effective solutions to maintain high economic growth rates by attracting FDI inflows, official development assistance (ODA), and increasing exports of goods and services.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2021

The financial sector is one of the most important building blocks of the economy. When this sector efficiently implemented a well-crafted program on banking and financial system to translate financial activities to income-generating activity, economic growth will be realized. Hence, this study analyzed the effect of financial intermediation on economic growth and the existence of cointegrating relationship using time-series data from 1986 to 2015. The influence of financial intermediation in terms of bank credit to bank deposit ratio, private credit, and stock market capitalization and time trend to economic growth was estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression. The results showed that all the financial intermediation indicators and time trend exert significant effect on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The positive sign of the time trend indicates that there is an upward trend in GDP per capita averaging approximately 0.06 percent annually. Furthermore, the cointegration test using the Johansen procedure revealed that there is a presence of long-term equilibrium relationship between financial intermediation and time trend and economic growth, and rules out spurious regression results. This study established the idea that financial intermediation in the Philippines has a significant and vital role in stimulating growth in the economy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.783-790
• /
• 2021

The remittances play a major and a very critical role in promoting economic growth and development activities in the developing countries. In this study, the relationship between per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and remittances paid has been investigated based on the case studies in Malaysia from 1987 to 2018. Data was collected from various sources namely statistical yearbook by World Bank and Asian Development Bank. All variables are expressed in natural logarithm form. The technique utilized is the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (hereafter NARDL) approach which was introduced by Shin et al.(2014) to examine both short run and long run relationships, as well as the direction of causality, due to the asymmetric relationship between GDP and remittances. The bound test verifies asymmetric cointegration among the variables. The empirical results show that the remittances paid has a momentous short-run and long-run effect towards capital accumulation in Malaysia. Remittances also increase a positive relationship with capital accumulation for Malaysia. We found that remittances form a significant source of external capital and investment for developing countries especially Malaysia which helps in promoting economic development. Furthermore, as a developing country, foreign workers are a source of income to the receiving countries and an indicator to boost sender countries.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
• /
• pp.156-156
• /
• 2022

Explicitly spatially distributed and reliable data on industrial water demand is very much important for both policy makers and researchers in order to carry a region-specific analysis of water resources management. However, such type of data remains scarce particularly in underdeveloped and developing countries. Current research is limited in using different spatially available socio-economic, climate data and geographical data from different sources in accordance to predict industrial water demand at finer resolution. This study proposes a random forest regression (RFR) model to predict the industrial water demand at 0.50× 0.50 spatial resolution by combining various features extracted from multiple data sources. The dataset used here include National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP)/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) night-time light (NTL), Global Power Plant database, AQUASTAT country-wise industrial water use data, Elevation data, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Road density, Crop land, Population, Precipitation, Temperature, and Aridity. Compared with traditional regression algorithms, RF shows the advantages of high prediction accuracy, not requiring assumptions of a prior probability distribution, and the capacity to analyses variable importance. The final RF model was fitted using the parameter settings of ntree = 300 and mtry = 2. As a result, determinate coefficients value of 0.547 is achieved. The variable importance of the independent variables e.g. night light data, elevation data, GDP and population data used in the training purpose of RF model plays the major role in predicting the industrial water demand.

• 응용통계연구
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.1049-1068
• /
• 2014

자기회귀 모형(autoregressive model)은 일변량(univaraite) 시계열자료의 분석에서 널리 사용되는 방법 중 하나이다. 그러나 이 방법은 자료에 일정한 추세가 있다고 가정하기 때문에 자료에 분절(structural break)이 존재할 때 적절하지 않을 수 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방법으로 국면전환(regime-switching) 모형인 임계자기회귀 모형(threshold autoregressive model)이 제안되었는데 최근 지연 모수(delay parameter)을 포함한 이 국면전환(two regime-switching) 모형으로 확장되어 많은 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이 국면전환 임계자기회귀 모형을 베이지안(Bayesian) 관점에서 살펴본다. 베이지안 분석을 위해 모수적 임계자기 회귀 모형 뿐만 아니라 디리슐레 과정(Dirichlet Process) 사전분포를 이용하는 비모수적 임계자기 회귀 모형을 고려하도록 한다. 두 가지 베이지안 임계자기 회귀 모형을 바탕으로 사후분포를 유도하고 마코프 체인 몬테 카를로(Markov chain Monte Carlo) 방법을 통해 사후추론을 실시한다. 모형 간의 성능을 비교하기 위해 모의실험을 통한 자료 분석을 고려하고, 더 나아가 한국과 미국의 국내 총생산(Gross Domestic Product)에 대한 실증적 자료 분석을 실시한다.