• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.140-151
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• 2005

Objectives: Cinnamomi Ramulus (CR), the young twig of Cinnamomum loureirri nees, has been used for treating symptoms related to pain, rheumatic arthritis and inflammation in Korean herb medicine. This study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of CR in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Extracts of CR were prepared and the chemical components of the extracts were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extracts were administrated to the rat paw edema model induced by carrageenan to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of CR. The expressions of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were also quantified in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)­induced RAW 264.7 macrophages to survey the effect of CR in vitro. The main components were cinnamaldehyde and coumarin. Results: We examined the anti-inflammatory activity of the $80\%$ ethanol extract of Cinnamomi Ramulus in vivo by using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Maximum inhibition of $54.91\%$ was noted at the dose of l1000mg/kg after 2 hours of drug administration in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and this showed a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Conclusions: The results showed that Cinnamomi Ramulus suppressed dose-dependently LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages and also decreased iNOS protein expression. Cinnamomi Ramulus also showed a significant inhibitory effect in LPS-induced PGE2 production and COX-2 expression.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2005

A soil bacterium, Bacillus subtilis HJ927, exhibiting strong antagonistic property against pathogenic fungi was isolated from pepper fields infested with Phytophthora capsici. Pepper plants inoculated with P. capsici revealed severe root mortality while plants co-inoculated with B. subtilis HJ927 and P. capsici showed drastically reduced root mortality. Low molecular weight substances released by B. subtilis HJ927 mediated the plant protective effect. The anti-fungal compounds released by B. subtilis HJ927 were identified as 3-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, and methyl 2-hydroxy, 3-phenylpropanoate by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition to these compounds, B. subtilis HJ927 also produced ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, a hydrolytic enzyme implicated in antifungal activity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 1987

Some derivatives of 3-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea were synthesized by reaction of methyl isocyanate with 2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives prepared by thiocyanation of various substituted anilines. The compounds synthesized were identified by IR, NMR and mass spectra as 3-(5-methyl benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea, 3-(5,6-dimethyl benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea, 3-(6-ethyl benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea, 3-(6-methoxy benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea, 3-(6-chloro benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea, and 3-(5, 6-dichloro benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea. These compounds were subjected to the test for pre-emergence herbicidal activity in the pots with wettable powder formulation. All of these compounds showed pre-emergence herbicidal activity on the grasses (Digitaria adscendens HENR and Setaria viridis P. BEAUV) and broad-leaf weeds (Portulaca oleraces L. and Chenopodium album L.) at the dosage of 800g a.i. per 10a. Of the 6 compounds, 3-(6-ethyl benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-methyl urea showed the highest herbicidal effect on both the grasses and broad-leaf weeds. Even at the rate of 50g a.i. per 10a, this compound inhibited the growth of grasses, selectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.570-576
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• 2011

The effect of nuruks and crude amylolytic enzyme on free amino acid and volatile components of brown rice vinegar prepared by static cultures was investigated. Five groups consisted of AV (100% nuruk without crude amylolytic enzyme), BV (75% nuruk; 25% crude amylolytic enzyme), CV (50% nuruk; 50% crude amylolytic enzyme), DV (25% nuruk; 75% crude amylolytic enzyme) and EV (100% crude amylolytic enzyme without nuruk). Free amino acid content in AV vinegar (132.06 mg%) was lower than the others (184.56-191.22 mg%). Acetic acid, 3-methyl butyl acetate, acetoin and isoamyl alcohol were major volatile components as analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after headspace solid-phase microextraction. Acetic acid in AV and EV samples represented 67.56% and 55.53% of total GC peak area, respectively. E-nose provided different patterns in each case showing variation in sensory properties.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.341-346
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• 2015

In order to understand the counter anionic effects in a non-aqueous vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), we synthesized four types of electrolyte salts (1-ethyltriethamine tertafluoroborate, [E-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, 1-ethyltriethamine hexafluorophosphate, [E-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻, 1-butyltriethylamine tertafluoroborate, [B-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, and 1-buthyltriethamine hexafluorophosphate [B-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻) by counter anion exchange reaction after the SN₂ reaction. We confirmed the successful synthesis of the electrolyte salts [E-TEDA]⁺[Br]⁻ and [B-TEDA]⁺[Br]⁻ via ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and GC-mass analysis before the counter anion exchange reaction. The electric potential of the vanadium acetylacetonate, V(acac)₃, as an energy storage chemical was shown to be 2.2 V in the acetonitrile solvent with each of the [E-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, [E-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻, [B-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻, and [B-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻ electrolyte salts. In a non-aqueous VRFB with a commercial Neosepta AFN membrane, the maximum voltages reached 1.0 V and 1.5 V under a fixed current value of 0.1 mA in acetonitrile with the [E-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻ and [E-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻ electrolyte salts, respectively. The maximum voltage was 0.8 V and 1.1 V under a fixed current value of 0.1 mA in acetonitrile with the [B-TEDA]⁺[BF₄]⁻ and [B-TEDA]⁺[PF₆]⁻ electrolyte salts, respectively. From these results, we concluded that in the non-aqueous VRFB more of the [PF₆]⁻ counter anion than the [BF₄]⁻ counter anion was transported onto the commercial Neosepta AFN anion exchange membrane.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 2014

Scale insects heavily damaged many agricultural crops and trees in urban and forest areas. This study was conducted to carry out alternative control methods for environmentally friendly control of scale insects. Hot water extract of Quisquali indica produced high mortality against the black pine bast scale, Matsucoccus thunbergianae in previously experiment. Methanol extract obtained from fruit of Q. indica was successively fractionated using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, buthanol and water which were examined by exposing for their insecticidal activity against four Cocoidea species (Eriococcus lagerstroemiae, Ceroplastes japonicus, Crisicoccus pini and Planococcus citri) in laboratory. Hexane fraction gave the highest insecticidal activity against scale insect pest. GC-mass analysis confirmed that the main compounds of Q. indica were alpha-pinene, methyl palmitate, eugenol, methyl myristate, phthalic acid mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester and palmitic acid. Among those compounds, ${\alpha}$-pinene was included 10 hexane subfractions. $LC_{50}$ of ${\alpha}$-pinene was 0.0114 ppm against 2nd instar of E. lagerstroemiae. These results suggest that Q. indica extracts might be used as an alternative control agent of scale insects.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1992

Levels of total lipids in the seeds of three species of the Pinaceae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were also analyzed by a gas-chromatograph equipped with a capillary column coated with Carbowax 20M. The results are summarized as follows: Lipid contents of the seeds amounted to 56.9% in P. koraiensis, 29.9% in P. thunbergii, and 21.2% in P. rigida. In all lipids 19${\sim}$20 fatty acid were detected and, surprisingly, fatty acids having ${\Delta}^5$-non-methylene interrupted conjugate double bond such as ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2},{\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}\;and\;{\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ occurred in appreciable amounts. In the lipids of P. koraiensis, the main component was $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.0%)$, followed by $C_18:1{\omega} _9(26.9%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(14.6%)$, and then ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.2%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}$ were also present. Levels of saturated fatty acid such as $C_{16:0}\;and\;C_{18:0}$ were as low as 7.5%. The seed oil of P. thunbergii predominantly comprised $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6(45.2%)$, and was then occupied by equal amounts ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(18.1%)$ and $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(18.1%)$. Its ${\Delta}^5, 11, 14}-C_{20:3}(5.8%)$ level was the highest in the samples tested. ${\Delta}^{5, 9}-C_{18:2}(2.8%)$ was also detected with other minor components. In the oils from the seeds of P. rigida, $C_{18:2}{\omega}_6$ was present as a main component, accompanied by $C_{18:1}{\omega}_9(21.6%)$ and ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12}-C_{18:3}(20.3%)$. The latter showed higher level than in any other samples. A minor component corresponding to ${\Delta}^{5, 9, 12, 15}-C_{18:4}$(not confirmed by GC-Mass) occurred in P. thunbergii and P. rigida.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1532-1539
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• 2012

The ${\alpha}$-galactosidase-coding gene agaAJB13 was cloned from Sphingomonas sp. JB13 showing 16S rDNA (1,343 bp) identities of ${\leq}97.2%$ with other identified Sphingomonas strains. agaAJB13 (2,217 bp; 64.9% GC content) encodes a 738-residue polypeptide (AgaAJB13) with a calculated mass of 82.3 kDa. AgaAJB13 showed the highest identity of 61.4% with the putative glycosyl hydrolase family 36 ${\alpha}$-galactosidase from Granulicella mallensis MP5ACTX8 (EFI56085). AgaAJB13 also showed <37% identities with reported protease-resistant or Sphingomonas ${\alpha}$-galactosidases. A sequence analysis revealed different catalytic motifs between reported Sphingomonas ${\alpha}$-galactosidases (KXD and RXXXD) and AgaAJB13 (KWD and SDXXDXXXR). Recombinant AgaAJB13 (rAgaAJB13) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The purified rAgaAJB13 was characterized using p-nitrophenyl-${\alpha}$-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate and showed an apparent optimum at pH 5.0 and $60^{\circ}C$ and strong resistance to trypsin and proteinase K digestion. Compared with reported proteaseresistant ${\alpha}$-galactosidases showing thermolability at $50^{\circ}C$ or $60^{\circ}C$ and specific activities of <71 U/mg with or without protease treatments, rAgaAJB13 exhibited a better thermal stability (half-life of >60 min at $60^{\circ}C$) and higher specific activities (225.0-256.5 U/mg). These sequence and enzymatic properties suggest AgaAJB13 is the first identified and characterized Sphingomonas ${\alpha}$-galactosidase, and shows novel protease resistance with a potential value for basic research and industrial applications.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.18-26
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• 2000

Since the regulation of MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets) had started from July 1996, employers were required to furnish MSDS for the chemicals in use in their workplace. However, many MSDS did not contain upright information for the chemicals, and they were not updated regularly, and were not written in the standard format required by the Industrial Safety and Health Act (ISHA). The purposes of this study were 1) to examine the reliability of MSDS for mixed solvents, 2) to provide reliable MSDS to employers or employees, 3) to find out any difficulties in implementing MSDS after the initiation, and 4) to promote regular MSDS updating and to ensure the reliability of MSDS for chemical manufacturers. To check the reliability of MSDS of mixed chemicals, 21 samples of mostly degreasing solvents were collected along with their MSDS from the work place. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass selective detector(GC-MSD). Their components were classified as saturated hydrocarbon, cyclic hydrocarbon, aromatics, and halogen containing hydrocarbon, and the amount of each class were measured. Manufacture's MSDS were compared with the actual composition of the collected samples, and further examined the reliability by checking whether the chemicals analyzed were included in the MSDS correctly. Finally, each item of MSDS was evaluated whether the MSDS correspond to the regulation required by ISHA. The results were following: 1) most of the degreasing solvents in MSDS were incorrect in their composition and contents, 2) the information in the MSDS including hazard classification, exposure level, toxicity, regulatory information were incorrectly provided, and 3) some MSDS did not disclose carcinogens in their MSDS. Continuous monitoring of MSDS was required to ensure reliability of MSDS. The Chemicals containing hydrocarbons from C10-C15 need to be tested to provide toxicity data. In addition, governmental support for providing correct MSDS was recommended to ensure reliability of MSDS. The MSDS regulation relating to the confidential business information may need to be revised to ensure reliability of MSDS.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.169-177
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to compare the retention of complete cast crown over amalgam ores, composite resin cores, and cast gold cores when cemented with three different luting agents. Eighteen core specimens each of amalgam(Bestaloy, Dong Myung, Seoul, Korea), composite resin (Z100, 3M Dental product, st. Paul, Minn) and type IV gold alloy (Ba-4, Heesung Engelhard Corp., Korea) were made in a customized milling stainless steel die. A wax pattern with a loop attached to occlusal surface was made for each core and a type II gold alloy casting was fabricated. The castings which had clinically acceptable marginal fit were used as test samples. The following luting cements were used to cement cast crowns on each core material : (1) zinc phosphate cement (Confi-dental Products Co., USA) (2) glass-ionomer cement (Fuji Plus, GC Industrial Corp., Tokyo, Japan) (3) resin cement (Panavia 21, Kuraray Co., USA). All cements were mixed according to manufacturers' instructions. A static load of 5kg was then applied for 10 minutes on the crowns. All specimens were stored in saline solution for 24 hours at $37^{\circ}C$ and thermocycled for 500 cycles. After storage and cycling, the tensile bond strengths were measured by using a universal testing machine (Instron Corp., Canton, Mass.) at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. The results were as follows 1. The retentive strength of resin cement was the highest of alt three types of cement for resin core (p<0.05). 2. There was no statistical difference among the retentive strengths of three cements for amalgam core (p>0.05). 3. The retentive strength of resin cement was higher than that of zinc phosphate for cast core, but there was no difference between the retentive strength of glass ionomer cement and those of rein and zinc phosphate cement. 4. The retentive strength of the zinc phosphate cement for amalgam core was the highest of all type of cores.