• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2010

Pesticides are useful to eliminate harmful insects and grow crops however, misuse and abuse of pesticides may cause a death of wild birds, livestock, and companion animals. We analyzed residual pesticides in the ingesta and tissues from the dead wild birds, livestock, and companion animals which were suspected pesticide poisoning based on the diagnosis of the Animal Disease Diagnostic Center of National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS). The samples were primarily brought to NVRQS from local communities and veterinary diagnostic laboratories. The 231 suspicious samples of pesticide poisoning based on the necropsy were analyzed by GC/NPD, GC/FPD, GC/ECD, or GC/MSD in 2008 and 2009. Pesticides were identified from the 55 samples of total 143 samples analyzed in 2008 and from the 34 samples of total 88 samples analyzed in 2009. The pesticide identification rates in 2008 were higher than the rates in 2009. It may have relevance to the increased samples with the outbreak of avian influenza in 2008 in Korea. The concentrations of pesticides found in the dead animals varied and exceeded the respective $LD_{50}$ of pesticides in many cases. Monochrotophos, phosphamidon, and methomyl were the most common pesticides found and those pesticides are high rank sales in Korea. The cause of pesticide poisoning in animal is assuming a misuse and an abuse of commonly used pesticides in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2012

In order to monitor the levels of pesticides in environment-friendly stalk and stem vegetables and leafy vegetables selling at markets in Korea. A total of 637 (395 organic agricultural products, 242 pesticide-free agricultural products) samples of 21 stalk and stem vegetables and leafy vegetables were collected twice from markets in July and August 2010 in Korea. Pesticide residues in samples were analyzed by multiresidue method for 240 pesticides using GC-ECD/NPD and HPLC-DAD/FLD. The suspected-pesticides were confirmed with a GC-MSD. As a result of analysis, six pesticides were detected from eight samples, representing a detection rate of 1.3% and amounts of pesticide residues in samples were as follows: alachlor 0.043, chlorfenapyr 0.022-0.324, diazinon 0.024, dicofol 0.009-0.138, dithiopyr 0.008, metolachlor 0.025 mg/kg. Their residue levels were below the MRLs. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the pesticides detected from stalk and stem vegetables and leafy vegetables were less than 25% of their acceptable daily intakes (ADIs), representing that residue levels of the pesticides detected were evaluated as safe for consumption. However, five samples containing pesticide residues were unsuitable environment-friendly products because of pesticides detected more than their 10% MRLs in organic and pesticide-free agricultural products.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.271-282
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• 2013

This is the result of pesticide residue monitoring certified Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) by national agricultural cooperative federation (NACF) from 2009 to 2012. NACF evaluated simultaneously 283 pesticide multi-analysis method with GC (ECD, NPD) and HPLC. 6,590 agricultural products were analyzed in this period. As the results 1) detected 20.27% in 2009, 23.42% in 2010, 28.07% in 2011 and finally 31.75% in 2012, respectively. There was the total detected pesticide residue in the agricultural products. The violated ratio of agricultural products were 2.25% in 2009, 1.82% in 2010, 1.67% in 2011 and 3.47% in 2012, respectively. 13 pesticides went over the maximum residue limits (MRLs); carbendazim was the predominant violation. 40 pesticides; endosulfan was the predominant detected pesticide did not registered respectively crops in Korea. Most agricultural products that were under the MRLs met the safety standard, however agricultural products that contain neither registered nor set up MRL any level for example endosulfan in strawberry. Agricultural products that go over the MRLs with permitted pesticides, for example carbendazim in apple, are rejected. Because of these intricacies continual observation and evaluation will be need during GAP agricultural cultivation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2015

This study was carried out to monitor the current status of pesticide residues in selling agricultural products via online and assessed their safety in 2014. A total of 124 samples were purchased six times from March to August 2014 twenty online shopping malls randomly. These samples were analysed 208 pesticides by multiresidue method using a GC-ECD/NPD and a LC-MS/MS and confirmed by a GC-MSD. As a result of analysis, residual pesticides samples were 11 (8.9%) such as leek, young radish, welsh onion etc, of which 2 samples (1.6%) such as sesame bud (Chlorothalonil), artemisia (Chlorpyrifos) were violated Korea Maximum Residue limits (MRLs). 11 kinds of pesticides (19 times) were detected in 11 samples. Risk assessment evaluated human health exposure with the ratio of EDI (Estimated daily intake) to ADI (Acceptable daily intake) of pesticides detected. %ADI (the ratios of EDI to ADI) were 0.04~95.70% and some samples represented a fairly dangerous levels. In particular, Chlorothalonil in the sesame bud was shown as a significant risk close to 100% of %ADI. Accordingly, it is recommended to strengthen a safety check on agricultural products in online sales.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.129-143
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the residue amount of pesticide on the 41 medicinal herbs in Daejeon area. This study was carried out to monitor the current status of pesticide residues in commercial medicinal herbs for sale of food use in 2012. It was performed using GC/ECD, GC/NPD, HPLC to analyze pesticides residues. Residues of 283 pesticides were analyzed by a simultaneous multiresidue method in 41 medicinal herbs being on sale in Daejeon. The medicinal herbs detected pesticides in 10 of 41 cases, showed a detection rate of 24.39%. The medicinal herbs which exceed the maximum residue limit were five cases as Cnidii Rhizoma, Osterici Radix, Artemisiae Capillaris Herba, Zizyphi Fructus and Alismatis Rhizoma. And pesticide residue of Cnidii Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma exceeds the limit standard presented in only medicine use of KFDA. The residual pesticides which had the high detection rate were Chlopyrifos, Tebuconazole and Endosulfan in the detection of medicinal herbs. For further research, standards of Pesticide Residues in medicinal herbs should be added and more research of pesticide residues in medicinal herbs required. And standards of pesticide residues in medicinal herbs should be applied equally as medicines and food.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2006

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) contents in the sewage sludge derived from the residential and industrial areas were determined in order to characterize contemporary organic contamination levels as a part of the ongoing development of the environmentally sound sewage sludge management strategy in Korea. OPPs were extracted from freeze-dried sludges in a ultrasonic extractor. The extracts were cleaned-up by florisil column and subsequently fed into gas chromatograph/nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC/NPD) for determining OPP contents. Diazinon, dimethoate, disulfoton, EPN, malathion, methyl parathion, parathion, phorate and sulfotep were present in the appreciable amount in the domestic sewage sludges. The sum of the 9 OPPs in the sewage sludge varied from 534.8 to 15552.1 ${\mu}g/kg$, dry wt..

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2008

Pesticides are extensively used for the control of crop pests in agriculture and forestry. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides are especially effective for the control of a variety of harmful insects. However, these cholinesterase inhibitors are also dangerous to non-target organisms (wildlife and other animals) because of their high acute toxicity. Most poisonings by pesticides occur as a result of misuse or accidental exposure, but intentional killing of unwanted animals also occurs. At the request of a local autonomous entity, we investigated wild bird poisonings by pesticides from 2003 to 2007. The 207 suspicious samples of pesticide poisoning based on the necropsy were analyzed by GC/NPD, GC/FPD, or GC/MSD. We looked for trends in the identification of pesticides in wild birds thought to have died from poisoning. Pesticides were determined in 59% of the total samples analyzed. Phosphamidon and monochrotophos were the most common pesticides identified, which amounted to 77% of the subtotal. Other OP and carbamate pesticides were also found in various concentrations from dead wild birds. The determined rates of pesticides were as high as 86% and 76% in 2003 and 2006, respectively, during an outbreak of avian influenza in Korea.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

We tested for residual pesticide levels in dried vegetables in Seoul, Korea. A total of 100 samples of 13 different types of agricultural products were analyzed by a gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphate detector (GC-NPD), an electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}ECD$), a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD), and a high performance liquid chromatography- ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). We used multi-analysis methods to analyze for 253 different pesticide types. Among the selected agricultural products, residual pesticides were detected in 11 samples, of which 2 samples (2.0%) exceeded the Korea Maximum Residue limits (MRLs). We detected pesticide residue in 6 of 9 analyzed dried pepper leaves and 1 sample exceeded the Korea MRLs. Data obtained were then used for estimating the potential health risks associated with the exposures to these pesticides. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) range from 0.1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for bifenthrin to 8.4% of the ADI for cadusafos. The most critical commodity is cadusafos in chwinamul, contributing 8.4% to the hazard index (HI). This results show that the detected pesticides could not be considered a serious public health problem. Nevertheless, an investigation into continuous monitoring is recommended.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2020

In this study, we investigated pesticide residues in 207 agricultural products distributed by direct trade in the northern area of Gyeonggi Province. A total of 94 general agricultural products and 113 eco-friendly agricultural products collected from local grocers and cooperative stores were analyzed by multiresidue method for 263 pesticides using GC (gas chromatography)/ECD (electron capture detector), GC/NPD (nitrogen phosphorus detector), GC-MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry), LC (liquid chromatography)/PDA (photodiode array detector), LC/FLD (fluorescence detector), LC-MS/MS. All samples showing pesticide residues were general agricultural products collected from local food stores. The pesticide residue levels of 14 samples (6.8%) were below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and one of them (0.5%) exceeded the MRLs. Sixteen pesticides were detected from samples of the following produce items: spinach, young cabbage, perilla leaves, mallow, cucumber, chives and water dropwort. The safety of the detected pesticides was assessed by monitoring the daily intake estimate (EDI) and the daily intake allowance (ADI) based on the amount of pesticides detected. The ADI percentage range (the ratio of EDI to ADI) was 0.0134-61.6259% and there was no health risk connected with consuming agricultural products in which pesticide residues were detected.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate 253 kinds of pesticide residues in 58 commercial dried agricultural products in Seoul. The determinations of the pesticide residues were performed using multiresidue methods and were carried out by a gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD), an electron capture detector ($GC-{\mu}ECD$), a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MSD) and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV), and a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The pesticide residue detection rate in the commercial dried agricultural products was 24.1% (14 of 58 samples). Twelve pesticide residues without maximum residue limits (MRLs) were detected. In the vegetable groups, the frequency of pesticide residues was found to be in the increasing order of dried fruiting vegetables > dried leafy vegetables > dried stalk and stem vegetables. The pesticides used on dried red pepper in the dried fruiting vegetables were varied (7 kinds) and numerous (4 of 8 samples). The pesticide types detected in the commercial dried agricultural products were in the order of pyrethroid > organochloride > organophosphorus and insecticide > fungicide > herbicide ${\cdot}$ nematicide. The primary pyrethroid pesticide detected was cypermethrin. According to the producing areas of products, large numbers of pesticide residues were found in the order of Korea, China, North Korea, USA, and Vietnam.