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Reduction of Allergenicity of Wheat Flour by Enzyme Hydrolysis (효소 분해에 의한 밀가루의 항원성 저감화)

  • Park, Ju-Yeon;Ahn, Jeung-Yeub;Hong, Hee-Ok;Hahn, Young-Sook
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.152-157
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    • 2004
  • Gluten was extracted from domestic wheat flour using UTH buffer (4 M urea in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.6) and validated by SDS-PAGE analysis for production of wheat flour products with reduced gluten content.. Anti-gluten polyclonal antibody was made by administering extracted gluten fraction on animal model. Anti-gluten serum titer of extracted gluten fraction was evaluated by ELISA, and that of antibody titer according to administration period. Anti-gluten sera were used for ELISA and immunoblot analysis before and after hydrolysis of gluten fraction at optimal pH and temperature condition for each protease. Gluten fraction separated by SDS-PAGE showed several bands covering 75 to 10 kDa, in which anti-gluten sera were 25, 34, and 45 kDa. Enzyme hydrolysis of gluten fraction revealed protein band sizes to be lower than 15 kDa. Content of pretense from bovine pancreas (b.p. protease) for gluten hydrolysis was estimated as 1 mg in 10 mL gluten fraction extracted for 4 hr.

Effects of Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract on Performance of Lactating Cows in the Summer and Winter in Taiwan

  • Chiou, Peter Wen-Shyg;Chen, Chao-Ren;Yu, Bi
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.15 no.3
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    • pp.382-389
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    • 2002
  • The aims of this study is to evaluate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract (AFE) on the performance of lactating cows in summer (May to July) and winter (December to February). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) and dietary treatments were 1) basal diet without AFE, 2) basal plus 3 g/d AFE into the basal total mixed ration (TMR), 3) basal plus 45.4 mg AFE/kg the ensiling corn silage and 4) AFE inclusion in silage and TMR. Twenty-eight cows from each trial were selected and randomly allocated into the four treatment groups, confined in individual pens, and fed ad libitum for 8 weeks in both seasons of feeding trials. Results showed that AFE inclusion in corn silage significantly improved DM intake by 4.4% and milk yield by 3.1% (p<0.05) during summer. In the winter season, AFE inclusion in the diet significantly improved milk yield by 10%. Direct addition of AFE to the TMR even further significantly improved milk yield over the addition through corn silage by 7.4% in winter (p<0.05). An additive effect of AFE inclusion into TMR and through corn silage was also demonstrated in the winter-feeding. AFE inclusion however, did not improve DM intake during the winter trial. In the summer trial, inclusion of AFE showed an adverse effect on the percentage of milk fat, but did not impact on the milk fat yield. Adding AFE through corn silage showed a trend towards alleviating the negative effects of milk fat from direct AFE inclusion in TMR. The similar trend occurred in the winter trial. The inclusion of AFE through corn silage significantly lowered the milk protein content over direct AFE addition, but did not significantly impacted the milk protein yield in summer. AFE supplementation during the winter season significantly increased milk protein content. Adding AFE to the corn silage significantly increased milk protein content over direct AFE addition in winter although inclusion of AFE significantly decreased total milk solid content in the summer (p<0.005). During the winter season, inclusion of AFE required less DM to produce a unit of milk. Inclusion of AFE into corn silage required less DM, energy and protein to produce a unit of milk. But inclusion of AFE did not alleviate heat stress on the lactating cows.

Effects of Yucca Extracts and Protein Levels on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Growing Pigs

  • Min, T.S.;Kim, J.D.;Tian, J.Z.;Cho, W.T.;Hyun, Y.;Sohn, K.S.;Han, In K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.61-69
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    • 2001
  • A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion of growing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation with yucca extract (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (16, 18, 20%). During the whole experimental period (18 to 52 kg body weight), there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI or F/G by YE addition or different protein levels among treatments (p>0.05). Overall, although addition of YE to the diet and elevation of protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments. Pigs fed diets with YE showed significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) digestibility than did the others during the growing period. Concerning the levels of dietary protein, only the CP digestibility was significantly higher in pigs fed high protein diet. Pig fed the low protein diet without YE showed a significantly low CP digestibility (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Pigs fed YE supplemented diets showed significantly (p<0.05) higher amino acid digestibility. Also, high CP level diets showed a higher amino acid digestibility than low CP diets (p<0.05). DM and N excretion did not show any significant differences among treatments, there was a slightly lower excretion with increase in dietary protein level. Supplementation with YE significantly decreased the DM and N excretion. Interaction (YE$\times$protein) was found in P excretion. Pigs fed a medium protein diet without YE showed the lowest P excretion during the growing period. The NH3-N content in the feces tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. During the whole experimental period, the cost for YE supplementation was similar to value of the improvements of performance obtained. The cost of feeding high level protein was significantly higher than that of medium level protein by 10% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). It could be concluded that the effects of dietary protein level and yucca extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion might play a role to some extent in growing pigs from the aspect of pollution control.

Different Sources and Levels of Copper Supplementation on Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Castrated Black Bengal (Capra hircus) Kids Diet

  • Mondal, M.K.;Biswas, P.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.20 no.7
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    • pp.1067-1075
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    • 2007
  • Twenty eight 3-4 month old castrated Black Bengal kids (Capra hircus) were used to determine the effects of source and level of dietary copper (Cu) concentration on their performance and nutrient utilization. Cu was supplemented (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg diet DM) as copper sulfate ($CuSO_4$, $5H_2O$) or copper proteinate (Cu-P). Kids were fed a basal diet containing maize (19.5%), soybean (17.0%), deoiled rice bran (56.5%), molasses (4.0%), di-calcium phosphate and salt (1.0% each) and mineral and vitamin mixture (0.5% each) supplements at 3.5% of body weight to meet NRC (1981) requirements for protein, energy, macro minerals and micro minerals, excluding Cu. The basal diet contained 5.7 mg Cu/kg, 122.5 mg Fe/kg, 110 mg Zn/kg, 0.26 mg Mo/kg and 0.32% S. $CuSO_4$ or Cu-P was added to the basal diet at the rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg. Kids were housed in a well ventilated shed with facilities for individual feeding in aluminum plated metabolic cages. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on d 0, 30, 60 and 90 to determine hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC) and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transferase and aspertate transferase). A metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding. Statistical analysis revealed that source and level of Cu supplementation improved live weight gain (p<0.04) and average daily gain (p<0.01). No significant contribution of source and level of Cu to alter serum serum enzymes was evident. Goats fed Cu-P tended to have higher Hb, PCV and TEC than with $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Cu-P increased digestibility of ether extract (EE, p<0.02) and crude fiber (p<0.05) and showed an increasing trend (p<0.09) for digested crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Supplemental dose of Cu linearly improved (p<0.02) digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), EE and nitrogen free extract (NFE). Though the absorption of nitrogen (N) was not affected (p>0.10) by both source and dose of Cu, N retention was affected (p<0.04) and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction (p<0.05). Final body weight (BW) was not influenced (p>0.10) by the source of Cu but increasing dose of Cu increased (p<0.04) the BW of kids. TDN intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) was higher (p<0.05) with the increased dose of Cu and there was a significant $Source{\times}Dose$ interaction. It was concluded that supplementation of Cu from different sources and varying dose level in a concentrate based diet may improve performance, nutrient utilization and plane of nutrition in castrated Black Bengal kids. The effects on performance and nutrient utilization are more pronounced with Cu-P than $CuSO_4$ supplementation. Higher dose of Cu showed better result than lower dose.

Immune Response and Plasma Alpha Tocopherol and Selenium Status of Male Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves Supplemented with Vitamin E and Selenium

  • Shinde, P.L.;Dass, R.S.;Garg, A.K.;Chaturvedi, V.K.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.20 no.10
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    • pp.1539-1545
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    • 2007
  • An experiment was conducted using 20 male buffalo calves to study the effect of vitamin E and selenium supplementation on their immune response and plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and selenium status. These buffalo calves (10-12 months old, average body weight $75.30{\pm}2.20 $ kg) were randomly allotted to four treatments on the basis of their body weights and were fed on wheat straw and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements of 500 g/d body weight gain. The buffalo calves were fed either a control diet (neither supplemented with Se nor VE) or diets supplemented with Se at 0.3 ppm (+Se), DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate at 300 IU (+VE), and both DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate at 300 IU and Se at 0.3 ppm (+Se+VE). These experimental diets were fed for 180 days. Blood samples were collected at day 0 and subsequently at 45 day intervals up to 180 days of experimental feeding to monitor plasma ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and Se concentrations. To assess humoral immune response, all calves were sensitized with formalin inactivated Pasteurella multocida antigen at 135 days of experimental feeding and blood was collected on 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post vaccination (DPV) to measure antibody production using indirect ELISA. Cell mediated immune response of calves was assessed after 180 days of experimental feeding by in vivo delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction using phytohaemaglutinin-P (PHA-P) as a mitogen. Results revealed that feeding of VE and Se improved the plasma levels of these nutrients. Plasma levels of Se were affected by supplementation of both VE (p<0.001) and Se (p<0.001); however, no interaction ($Se{\times}VE$) was observed. Supplementation of Se improved the humoral immune response (p<0.008), whereas, VE showed a tendency towards improvement in cell mediated immune response (p<0.064). It was concluded that vitamin E and Se supplementation improved the status of these micronutrients and humoral immune response in buffalo calves.

Dietary Protein Sources Affect Internal Quality of Raw and Cooked Shell Eggs under Refrigerated Conditions

  • Wang, X.C.;Zhang, H.J.;Wu, S.G.;Yue, H.Y.;Wang, J.;Li, Jie;Qi, Guang-Hai
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.28 no.11
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    • pp.1641-1648
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    • 2015
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of various protein sources (soybean meal, SBM; cottonseed protein, CSP; double-zero rapeseed meal, DRM) on the internal quality of refrigerated eggs. A total of 360 laying hens (32 wk of age) were randomly allotted to six treatment groups (five replicates per treatment) and fed diets containing SBM, CSP, or DRM individually or in combination with equal crude protein content (SBM-CSP, SBM-DRM, and CSP-DRM) as the protein ingredient(s). A $6{\times}3$ factorial arrangement was employed with dietary types and storage time (0 d, 2 wk, and 4 wk) as the main effects. After 12 wk of diet feeding, a total of 270 eggs were collected for egg quality determination. The egg Haugh unit (HU) in the CSP, SBM-DRM, and DRM groups were significantly lower than those in the SBM and SBM-CSP groups. The hardness and springiness of the cooked yolk in the CSP group were significantly higher than those in the other treatment groups. A lower HU, lower yolk index and higher albumen pH were observed in the DRM group compared to the SBM and SBM-CSP groups when the eggs were stored to 4 wk, and the HU was improved in the CSP-DRM group compared to the DRM group (p<0.05). Higher yolk hardness was observed in the CSP group compared to the other groups during storage (p<0.05), but the hardness of the cooked yolk in the SBM-CSP and CSP-DRM groups showed no difference in comparison to the SBM group. In conclusion, CSP may ameliorate the negative effects of DRM on the HU of refrigerated eggs, and SBM or DRM may alleviate the adverse effects of CSP on yolk hardness.

옻나무 유래 Flavonoid처리가 흰쥐 Leydig 세포의 체외배양에서 Testosterone분비에 미치는 영향

  • 성환후;최선호;민관식;장유민;나천수;정일정
    • Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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    • 2001.03a
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    • pp.80-80
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    • 2001
  • 옻나무 유래 Flavonoid(F)는 항암 효과, 숙취해소 등의 효능이 있으며, 신장의 기능을 촉진하고 생식에도 영향을 준다고 알려져 있다. 그 주성분으로는 fustin, fisetin, sulfuretin, butein으로 추정되고 있다. 본 연구팀의 예비실험에서 성숙 흰쥐에게 F를 30일간 5mg씩 구강투여 하여 정소 중량 및 혈액 내 Testosterone 농도를 분석한 결과, 정소 중량이 증가되고 혈중 Testosterone의 농도도 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높은 결과를 얻었다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 옻나무 유래 F가 성숙 수컷 횐쥐의 생식 기능에 직접 미치는 영향을 알아보고자, 흰쥐 Leydig 세포를 분리, 회수하여 체외배양에서 Testosterone농도를 조사하였다. SD계 흰쥐(약 12주령, 체중 250g 전후)의 정소를 적출 한 후, Leydig 세포를 회수하기 위해 0.25% collagenase용액에 넣어 34$^{\circ}C$에서 15분간 진탕 수조에서 배양하였다. 배양된 정소조직은 D-MEM 배양액(10% FCS와 antibiotics 첨가)으로 2~3회 세척한 후 세포 수를 1$\times$$10^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$/well로 분주하여, F(20, 40, 80, 160ng), IGF-I(50, 100ng) 와 LH(10, 100ng) 용량별 각각 첨가하여 배양하였다. 각 처리 후, 배양시간(3, 6, 12, 24, 36시간)에 따라 배양액을 회수하여 COAT-A-COUNT(DPC, USA) kit를 이용하여 RIA방법에 의해 Testosterone을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 대조구 Leydig 세포를 36시간까지 체외 배양하여 Testosterone의 농도를 조사한 결과, 24시간 배양구가 가장 높은 농도를 나타내었다. F를 단독 첨가하여 12시간 배양한 실험에서 F 80ng 첨가구에서 유의적으로 높은 농도를 보였다. LH 10ng 및 100ng 첨가구의 시간별 변화로는, LH 10ng 첨가구에서는 6~12시간 이후, LH 100ng 첨가구에서는 3~6시간 사이에서 유의적인 증가를 보였다. 또한, LH 10ng 첨가 실험에서는 LH 10ng+F 40ng에서 12시간 배양 시, 유의적으로 높은 Testosterone 분비를 확인하였으며, LH 100ng을 첨가하여 3시간 배양 시는 각 처리구 마다 높은 유의적 차이를 보였다. 한편, GH에 관여하는 IGF-I 첨가효과를 비교 검토한 결과, LH 100ng+IGF-I 100ng, 6시간 배양구에서 유의적으로 높게 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로, F 단독 처리 시의 적정량은 약 80ng이며, 흰쥐 정소 Leydig 세포의 Testosterone분비를 촉진하는 작용을 하는 것으로 사료되며, 특히 LH+F구에서 Testosterone분비를 더욱 향상시킴으로써 정소 Leydig 세포의 Androgen 생성을 촉진시키는 역할이 있는 것으로 보여진다 따라서 옻나무 유래 F는 포유동물의 생식기능에 중요하게 작용하는 것으로 사료된다.

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Hematological Effects of Water Extracts of Cham-Dang-Gui on Dietary Induced Iron Deficient Anemia Rat (식이로 유도된 철 결핍성 빈혈 흰쥐에서 참 당귀 열수추출물이 혈액학적 빈혈지표에 미치는 영향)

  • Woo, Jeong-Hwa;Choi, In-Young;Choue, Ryo-Won
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.428-434
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    • 2007
  • Cham-dang-gui (Angelica gigas nakai) has been used in traditional Korean medicine to treat hemotological disorders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the hematological effects of water extracts of Cham-dang-gui in rats with anemia induced by iron-free diets. Rats were divided into two groups, a regular diet group (RD) and an iron-free diet group (FeD). The iron-free diet group was then subdivided into the following three treatment groups: saline (1.0 ml/kgBW/day, FeDS), Cham-dang-gui (1.0 g/kgBW/day, FeDA), and iron (iron succinylate 14 mg/kgBW/day, FeDFe) groups. Rats were fed an iron-free diet for 6 weeks to induce iron-deficient anemia, and subsequently underwent the treatments, during which they were fed an iron-free diet for 3 weeks followed by a regular diet for 3 weeks. Body weights of the iron-diet groups (FeDS, FeDA, FeDFe) were lower than that of RD group. The blood levels of Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH and TIBC were significantly higher in RD and FeDFe groups than those of other groups. The water extract of Cham-dang-gui with iron-free diet has no hematological effects. A regular diet followed by iron-free diets significantly increased blood levels of Hgb, Hct, and MCH.

Molecular and Epidemiological Characterization of Enteroviruses Isolated in Chungnam, Korea from 2005 to 2006

  • Baek, Kyung-Ah;Park, Kwi-Sung;Jung, Eun-Hye;Chung, Eun-Hee;Park, Joon-Soo;Choi, Hwa-Jung;Baek, Seung-Hwa;Jee, Young-Mee;Cheon, Doo-Sung;Ahn, Gwang-Sook
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.19 no.9
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    • pp.1055-1064
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    • 2009
  • Enteroviruses were identified and characterized from patients with aseptic meningitis and other enterovirus-related diseases in Chungnam, Korea from 2005 to 2006. Enteroviruses were isolated from 79 of 519 cases (15.2%) in 2005, and 37 of 386 cases (9.6%) in 2006. Based on partial VP1 sequencing, a total of 116 enterovirus isolates were resolved into 13 types. Prevalent among the Chungnam isolates were echovirus 18 and coxsackievirus B5 in 2005, and echoviruses 5 and 25 in 2006. This is the first time echoviruses 5 and 18 have been identified in Korea since enterovirus surveillance began there in 1993. The temporal distribution of enterovirus epidemics in Chungnam showed a remarkable seasonal pattern, with cases occurring during most of the three months of the summer from June to August. The highest rate of enterovirus-positive cases occurred in patients less than 1 year of age. The ratio of male to female enterovirus-positive patients was approximately 1.8:1. Comparison of the VP1 amino acid sequences of the 15 coxsackievirus B5 isolates with reference strains revealed that all Chungnam isolates are substituted at positions 23 (V231), 19 (S19G), 75 (Y75F), and 95 (N95S). Upon comparing the nine ECV5 isolates with foreign strains, it was found that only the Chungnam isolates, with the exception of Kor06-ECV5-239cn, have P at position 153 and F at position 146. The three ECV9 isolates from 2006 show alterations at amino acids 36, 148, and 154 outside of the BC-loop and at position 84 in the BC-loop, whereas the seven isolates from 2005 and the other ECV9 strains in the database only show the alteration at position 84 (D, I, N, S). The five ECV25 isolates have an S residue at position 134, whereas most of the foreign strains have an N residue.

Burkholderia tropica as a Potential Microalgal Growth-Promoting Bacterium in the Biosorption of Mercury from Aqueous Solutions

  • Zarate, Ana;Florez, July;Angulo, Edgardo;Varela-Prieto, Lourdes;Infante, Cherlys;Barrios, Fredy;Barraza, Beatriz;Gallardo, D.I;Valdes, Jorge
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.27 no.6
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    • pp.1138-1149
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    • 2017
  • The use of microalgal biomass is an interesting technology for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions owing to its high metal-binding capacity, but the interactions with bacteria as a strategy for the removal of toxic metals have been poorly studied. The goal of the current research was to investigate the potential of Burkholderia tropica co-immobilized with Chlorella sp. in polyurethane discs for the biosorption of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions and to evaluate the influence of different Hg(II) concentrations (0.041, 1.0, and 10 mg/l) and their exposure to different contact times corresponding to intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h. As expected, microalgal bacterial biomass adhered and grew to form a biofilm on the support. The biosorption data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption equilibrium was well described by either Langmuir or Freundlich adsorption isotherm, reaching equilibrium from 1 h. In both bacterial and microalgal immobilization systems in the co-immobilization of Chlorella sp. and B. tropica to different concentrations of Hg(II), the kinetics of biosorption of Hg(II) was significantly higher before 60 min of contact time. The highest percentage of biosorption of Hg(II) achieved in the co-immobilization system was 95% at pH 6.4, at 3.6 g of biosorbent, $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and a mercury concentration of 1 mg/l before 60 min of contact time. This study showed that co-immobilization with B. tropica has synergistic effects on biosorption of Hg(II) ions and merits consideration in the design of future strategies for the removal of toxic metals.