• 무역상무연구
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• 제17권
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• pp.7-35
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• 2002

In many international financing transactions Korean companies are required to issue a guarantee. Thus far, however, legal issues on international guarantees have not been fully discussed in Korea. This is partly because most of the international guarantees are governed by a foreign law such as English law or the laws of the State of New York. In this articles the author examines major concepts or terms and conditions of a typical international guarantee, e.g., language on consideration, primary obligor, joint and several guarantee, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee, continuing guarantee, right of subrogation, representations and warranties, covenant or undertaking, currency indemnity, assignment, participation, governing law and jurisdiction clause, etc. For reference, standard forms of a guarantee and a standby letter of credit are attached to the article. In examining the terms and conditions, the author compares them with similar or equivalent concepts under Korean law. The author further discusses some Korean law issues that may arise under international guarantees governed by a foreign law. These issues include the application of the ultra vires doctrine under Article 34 of the Civil Code of Korea, the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean company has issued in violation of the guarantee ceiling set under Article 10 of the Law on Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade of Korea and the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean party has issued in violation of the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law. In addition, the author discusses some issues under a so-called independent guarantee and a standby letter of credit. In this regard, reference is made to the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG), International Standby Practices (ISP98) and the Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit adopted by the United Nations in 1995. Finally, the author examines major terms and conditions of typical comfort letters and discusses some legal issues, such as the binding force of the comfort letter. In dealing with the issues the author underscores that to the extent the issues are not properly dealt with by an international norm such as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits or ISP 98, the issues must be analyzed by reference to the governing law of the relevant instrument.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2018

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the frequent diseases among the people who had been treated by collaborative treatment of Korean medicine and Western medicine, and to compare their medical use behaviors before and after the collaborative first-stage pilot project between Korean medicine and Western medicine. Methods : 4,467 patients were identified as the patients who are participated in the collaborative first-stage pilot project between Korean medicine and Western medicine during the period between July 15, 2016 and March 31 2017. We used 28,480 records of Korean national health insurance claim data from January 1 2016 to March 31 2017 to analyzed present condition of cooperative medical usage. Also we conducted a paired t test to compare the percentage of collaborative treatment days before and after the pilot project period. Results : We found that the most frequent diseases treated in the pilot project were the diseases of musculoskeletal and nervous system and then 10 major diseases such as H, K, J, C (D), N, L, E, A, H and F disease codes in order. Also it was confirmed that 14 major and 53 medium diseases are included from more than 90% of total patients. As a result of high frequency of medical treatment in Western medicine or Korean medicine is "administration of Korean medicine", which is same as before and within the pilot project. The ratio of utilizing both Western and Korean medical care for the same disease on the same day by both general patients and patients in KCD-7 disease code group C, G, I, M and S had been increased significantly. Conclusions : The pilot project might change the behavior of utilizing the medical care service by increasing the ratio of collaborative treatment of Western medicine and Korean medicine for the same disease on the same day.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.307-310
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• 2008

AAD16034 is an alginate lyase from Pseudoalteromonas sp. IAM14594. A very close homologue with known 3D structure exists (marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain no. 272). A three-dimensional structure of AAD16034 was generated based on this template (PDB code: 1J1T) by comparative modeling. The modeled enzyme exhibited a jelly-roll like structure very similar to its template structure. Both enzymes possess the characteristic alginate sequence YFKhG+Y-Q. Since AAD16034 displays enzymatic activity for poly-M alginate, docking of a tri-mannuronate into the modeled structure was performed. Two separate and adjacent binding sites were found. The ligand was accommodated inside each binding site. By considering both binding sites, a plausible binding pose for the poly-M alginate polymer could be deduced. From the modeled docking pose (i.e., the most important factor that attracts alginate polymer into this lyase) the most likely interaction was electrostatic. In accordance with a previous report, the hydroxyl group of Y345 was positioned close to the ${\alpha}$-hydrogen of ${\beta}$-mannuronate, which was suitable to initiate a ${\beta}$-elimination reaction. K347 was also very near to the carboxylatemoiety of the ligand, which might stabilize the dianion intermediate during the ${\beta}$-elimination reaction. This implies that the characteristic alginate sequence is absolutely crucial for the catalysis. These results may be exploited in the design of novel enzymes with desired properties.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.168-172
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• 2012

본 연구는 프탈산히드록시메틸셀룰로오스를 장용성 기제로 이용하여 오메가-3 지방산이 충진된 연질캡슐을 코팅조건에 따른 연질캡슐의 표면에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. HPMCP 농도, 코팅분사 액량 및 흡기 온도를 변화시켜 장용코팅 시 캡슐표면의 백색도를 측정 비교한 결과, 코팅분사 액량이 감소할수록 흡기 온도가 증가할수록 백색도가 감소하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 붕해시험으로 코팅 후 캡슐이 장용 특성을 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 주사전자현미경으로 미세구조를 관찰한 결과, 피막에 균일하게 HPMCP가 코팅이 된 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같이 HPMCP를 이용하여 오메가-3 연질캡슐의 장용코팅 효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, 투명도가 높은 코팅표면을 얻을 수 있는 코팅 조건을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.272-277
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• 2018

This research was conducted to elucidate the optimum conditions for the antibacterial activity of konjak jelly using the evolutionary operation-factorial design technique. In the first set of experiments, concentration of a coagulation agent, soaking liquid, and temperature of water were set to 0.4%, $0.6{\times}10^{-2}N$, and $65^{\circ}C$ as a central point, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was acquired at E21, in which the number of bacteria was 1.25 log cfu/g. Because the code of changes in the main effect was (-), it could be decided that the central point of the first set was not the optimum point. Although antibacterial activity in the second set was improved, the values of the main effect were higher than that of changes in the mean effect. The central point of third set was concentration of coagulation agent 0.8%, concentration of soaking liquid $1.0{\times}10^{-2}N$, and temperature of water $65^{\circ}C$. It was found that the antibacterial activity of central point in the third set was highest among all the tested set. Further, all the necessary conditions were appropriate to reach the optimum condition. The antibacterial activity of the central point in third set was more than 1,000 times higher than that of E11, in first set.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.56-65
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• 1989

가압 경수로형 사용후 핵연료 4개를 수송할 수 있는 KSC-4 수송 용기에 대한 핵임계도 분석을 KENO-IV 전산 코드와 AMPX 전산 코드계로 부터 생산한 19군 핵단면적 자료를 써서 수행하였다. 핵임계도 계산은 10CFR71에서 제시한 기준에 따라 보수적인 계산을 위해 수송 용기내에 사용후 핵연료 대신 신핵연료로 가정하여 정상 수송 조건 및 가상 사고 조건에 대해 수행하였다. 그 결과, 핵임계도는 정상 수송 조건 및 가상 사고 조건시에 각각 0.85289 및 0.94185이었다. 따라서 KSC-4 수송 용기의 핵임계도는 10CFR71에서 규정하고 있는 미임계 요건을 만족하고 있다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.189-193
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• 2013

경수로 사용후핵연료 건식 중간저장시설 격납건물 크기에 따른 방사선량률 추이 분석을 위하여 격납건물 외부 벽면에서의 추정연간선량을 계산하였다. ORIGEN-ARP를 사용하여 농축도 4.5 wt%, 연소도 45,000 MWd/MTU 냉각기간 10년인 사용후핵연료를 대상으로 선원항을 생산하였으며, MCNP 코드를 사용하여 저장시설 및 격납건물에 대한 모델링 및 선량률 계산을 수행하였다. 연간선량은 격납건물 외부 벽면에서의 값으로 계산하였으며, 격납건물 벽과 최외곽 배열의 저장용기와의 간격을 50 m 이상으로 설정할 경우 10CFR72에서 제시하는 연간선량인 0.25 mSv 이하의 값이 계산되었다.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 유체기계공업학회 2004년도 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집
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• pp.396-401
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• 2004

In this paper, a 1MW HAWT(FIL-1000) rotor blade has been designed by BEMT(Blade Element Momentum Theory) with Prandtl's tip loss. Also, a 3-D flow and performance analysis on the FIL-1000 rotor blade has been carried out by using the 3-D Navier-Stokes commercial solver (CFX-5.7) to provide more efficient design techniques to the large-scale HAWT engineers. The rated power and itsapproaching wind velocity at design point (TSR=7.5) are 1MW and 9.99m/s respectively. The rotor diameter is 54.5m and the rotating speed is 26.28rpm. Airfoils such as FFA W-301, DU91-W-250, DU93-W-210, NACA 63418, NACA 63415 consist of the rotor blade from hub to tip. Recent CFX version, 5.7 was adopted to simulate 3-D flow field and to analyze the performance characteristics of the rotor blade. Entire mesh node number is about 730,000 and it is generated by ICEM-CFD to achieve better mesh quality The predicted maximum power occurringat the design tip speed ratio is 931.45kW. Approaching to the root, the inflow angle becomes large, which causesthe blade to be stalled in the region. Therefore, k-$\omega$ SST turbulence model was used to predict the quantitative flow information more accurately. Application of commercial CFD code to optimum blade design and performance analysis was proved to be more effective environment to HAWT blade designers.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.613-624
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• 2013

Multi-dimensional two-phase phenomena occur in many industrial applications, particularly in a nuclear reactor during steady operation or a transient period. Appropriate modeling of complicated behavior induced by a multi-dimensional flow is important for the reactor safety analysis results. SPACE, a safety analysis code for thermal hydraulic systems which is currently being developed, was designed to have the capacity of multi-dimensional two-phase thermo-dynamic phenomena induced in the various phases of a nuclear system. To validate the performance of SPACE, a two-dimensional two-phase flow test was performed with slab geometry of the test section having a scale of $1.43m{\times}1.43m{\times}0.11m$. The test section has three inlet and three outlet nozzles on the bottom and top gap walls, respectively, and two outlet nozzles installed directly on the surface of the slab. Various kinds of two-dimensional air/water flows were simulated by selecting combinations of the inlet and outlet nozzles. In this study, two-dimensional two-phase void fraction profiles were quantified by measuring the local gap impedance at 225 points. The flow conditions cover various flow regimes by controlling the flow rate at the inlet boundary. For each selected inlet and outlet nozzle combination, the water flow rate ranged from 2 to 20 kg/s, and the air flow rate ranged from 2.0 to 20 g/s, which corresponds to 0.4 to 4 m/s and 0.2 to 2.3 m/s of the superficial liquid and gas velocities based on the inlet port area, respectively.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2012

이 연구에서는 국내에서 연구가 미약했었던 중성자검층 수치모델링을 이용하여 다양한 시추공 환경에서의 검출기 반응을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 중성자검층 환경을 MCNP 알고리듬으로 구현하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. MCNP 알고리듬은 방사선 수송 시뮬레이션이 및 3차원 기하구조 표현이 가능하여 다양한 분야에서 전세계적으로 많이 이용되고 있다. 먼저 시뮬레이션 결과를 검증하기 위해, 기존 연구의 검출기반응 결과 그래프를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 중성자 검층 반응 분석이 가능한 중성자 검층기의 일반적인 특징에 기초하여 수학적으로 중성자검층기 모형을 구성하여 반응을 계산하였다. 먼저, 석회암, 사암, 돌로마이트 등과 같은 매질에서 공극률을 다양하게 변화시켜 가며 수치 계산함으로써, 이 연구에서 고려하고 있는 중성자검층기의 교정곡선(calibration chart)을 도출하였다. 이에 기초하여, 실제 중성자검층 시 고려해야 할 공내수 유무에 의한 반응 변화, 염수가 중성자검층에 미치는 영향 등을 분석함으로써 시추공 환경 변화에 따라 보다 정확하게 공극률을 해석할 수 있는 기틀을 마련하고자 한다.