• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.181-195
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• 2018

On December 12, 2015, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement, in which several developed and developing countries all committed to participating in the reduction of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. South Korea has submitted an intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) proposal with a target to cut down 37% greenhouse gas business as usual (BAU) until 2030 in preparation for the 2030 GHG BAU. Under the post-2020 regime, which will be launched from 2021 as the agreement entered into force early, it is expected that efforts to support GHG reduction and adaptation to climate change in developing countries will be accelerated with the utilization of technologies and financial resources of developed countries. South Korea has established the Basic Plan for Climate Change Response and the Basic National Roadmap for Greenhouse Gas Reductions by 2030 to promote the response to climate change at the government level. The Ministry of Science and ICT, as the National Designated Entity designated by the UNFCCC, has come up with middle and long-term strategies for climate technology cooperation. South-Korea has an abundance of energy-consuming industries to support its export-oriented industrial structure; it is thus expected that achieving the GHG reduction target will incur a considerable cost. Moreover, in order to meet the reduction target (11.3%) of the intended nationally determined contribution proposed by South Korea, it is necessary for South Korea to actively promote projects that can achieve GHG reduction achievements, and financial resources are needed as leverage to reduce risks that can occur in the early stages of projects and attract private sector investment. This paper summarizes the theoretical discussions on climate finance and conducted a comparative analysis on the status of the funds related to climate change response in the UK, Germany, Japan and Denmark. Through this, we proposed the legal and policy tasks that should be carried forward to raise public funds that can be used for creation of new industries related to climate change as well as to reduce GHG emissions in South Korea. The Climate Change Countermeasures Act, which has been proposed by the National Assembly of South-Korea, stipulates the establishment of funds but there is no additional funding except for general account. In this regard, it is also possible to take measures such as the introduction of carbon tax or the collection and use of royalties through technology research and development projects for climate change, such as Industrial Technology Innovation Promotion Act. In addition, since funds are used in various fields such as domestic greenhouse gas reduction, technology development, and overseas projects, it is necessary to establish a system in which various ministries cooperate with the operation of the fund.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.55-70
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• 2013

Purpose: The article looks at the member' rights and trustees duties and determines where should the emphasis be as it often happens that these two aspects often clash. Research Design, Data and Methodology: It is determined in this article whether the trustees owe fiduciary duties to both the fund and members and further determines whether the trustees should advance the interests of the members. Results: The article further looks at the governance of the retirement funds and argues that the proper governance of these funds protects the interest of the members. The duty to disclosure of information to members is of paramount importance to ensure that members are able to make well informed decisions. Conclusion: The article considers the issues of disclosure of information from other countries, United Kingdom, United States and Malawi. It is argued in this article that trustees must be persons who are trustworthy and have the best interest of the members at heart and must therefore familiarize themselves with the laws that regulate their duties.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.1-15
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• 2022

Combining the strength of both Mixed Data Sampling (MIDAS) Regression and realized variance measures, this paper seeks to investigate two objectives: (1) evaluate the post-sample performance of the proposed weekly Realized Variance-MIDAS (RVar-MIDAS) in one-week ahead volatility forecasting against the established Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model and the less explored but robust STES (Smooth Transition Exponential Smoothing) methods. (2) comparing forecast error performance between realized variance and squared residuals measures as a proxy for actual volatility. Data of seven private equity mutual fund indices (generated from 57 individual funds) from two different time periods (with and without financial crisis) are applied to 21 models. Robustness of the post-sample volatility forecasting of all models is validated by the Model Confidence Set (MCS) Procedures and revealed: (1) The weekly RVar-MIDAS model emerged as the best model, outperformed the robust DAILY-STES methods, and the weekly DAILY-GARCH models, particularly during a volatile period. (2) models with realized variance measured in estimation and as a proxy for actual volatility outperformed those using squared residual. This study contributes an empirical approach to one-week ahead volatility forecasting of mutual funds return, which is less explored in past literature on financial volatility forecasting compared to stocks volatility.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.273-285
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• 2021

This study estimates the financial value of return on investment (ROI) of research funds. Four simulation estimations are employed to measure ROI finance value that considers the outputs, outcomes, impacts and total ROI from the allocation input received. Research outputs, outcomes, and impacts can be quantitatively measured based on improvements to existing systems. In terms of input, the Malaysian government has allocated MYR301,350,000 for fundamental research in the 2021 budget compared with 2019, up 9.5 percent from 2019. It brings up the question: To what extent does the input of research funds allocated by the government yield a good return in outputs, outcomes, and impacts to the academic community, society, and country? The result of total ROI shows around MYR7 return is generated by researchers for each Malaysian ringgit channeled by the funder. More specifically, for a research project, it is more difficult to produce impacts and outcomes compared to research outputs. The positive return is evidence that all the allocated funds are beneficial to the stakeholders. The government can apply this approach in calculating ROI for evaluation and fund allocation to universities. Furthermore, the positive financial value of research output, outcome, and impact automatically contribute to a positive innovation environment in Malaysia.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.57-63
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• 2019

This study suggests the level of guaranteed reserves that should be accumulated in order to provide guaranteed interest contracts to pension members. To calculate the guaranteed reserve, this study employs the method using variable insurance contracts with guaranteed interest options. The average return of three major pensions (national pension, private teacher's pension, civil servants pension) funds, from 2010 to 2018, is set as the target rate of return and then we establish 0%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% each as our minimum guaranteed returns for their respective guaranteed reserves. Our results firstly show that gaps between each guaranteed reserves are increasing as times goes on. Second, the probability of shortfall reserve is on the decrease as the pension fund is mature. Conclusively, a long-term conservative balance between risk and return is one of the best investing strategies in pension funds providing the guaranteed interest.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-48
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• 2004

The relative efficiency of loan projects of information technology promotion fund is measured using Data Envelopment Analysis. Information technology promotion project is supervised by the Ministry of Information and Communication and is managed by the Institute of Information Technology Assessment. Among all the projects of information technology supported by this fund, this study deals with the themes that have been completed from 2000 to 2002. With multiple input and output data including the amount of fund, the period of study, the rate of increase in revenue, the increase in the amount of export and the increase in the number of patent, the relative efficiency scores of all the 119 subjects were calculated in CCR and BCC models of DEA. From the reference sets of some inefficient Decision Making Units, the causes of their inefficiency were analyzed. To compare the relative efficiencies among various DMUs, Super-Efficiency Ranking Method and Logistic Regression Model were used. As the result of this study, it was shown that W promotion funds in the fields related to mobile technology, visual equipment and communication device were used most efficiently.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2015

As a study on entrepreneurship and venture companies to support, this research is to find how to inflow the fund which is provided by private companies. This is to propose a shared platform for Information for connecting producers and consumers, corporate investors to help fund inflows to private companies and utilization of the enterprise information collected by government. Entrepreneurship support policies, as one of economy activation have a limit in the size of the support of the government therefore support continued growth through aggressive inflow of private funds is needed. It is significant to provide the environment that private funds could spill into the environment to provide for excellent start-up companies.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to discover the interaction between credit growth and operational self-sustainability and to examine factors that affect credit growth and operational self-sustainability of people's credit funds (PCFs). Credit growth and operational self-sustainability are factors affecting the operations and the goals of people's credit funds (PCFs) in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. After regression analysis on a set of panel data from 2013 to 2018 of 24 PCFs, it appears that deposit growth and loan-to-deposit ratio have positive relationships with credit growth, while capital adequacy ratio and operational self-sustainability have negative relationships with credit growth of PCFs; capital adequacy ratio, deposit growth and income have positive relationships with operational self-sustainability, while credit growth and non-performing loan ratio have negative relationships with the operational self-sustainability of PCFs. At the same time, credit growth and operational self-sustainability have a relationship to interact with each other in a contrary trend. The results of this research are accurate according to the characteristics and development history of PCFs in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam from 2013-2018. This study helps researchers and managers to understand the key determinants for better management of PCFs.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.334-339
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• 2008

Nowadays national research and development fund is continuously increased. And the evaluation on the feasibility of R&D budget investment was carried out. Through this study it was possible that a business feasibility evaluation of large scale research project. Also the benefit of research project about large scale plant(A plant) is $2.67{\sim}3.76$ times of research funds, and the R&D fund pay-back period is $6{\sim}8$ years. And also there is employment effect as $1,200{\sim}2,200$ every year, and $22,000{\sim}35,000$ within 20 years after research project.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.213-224
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• 1997

Emergency funds are usually identified as liquid assets because they are easily and quickly converted to cash for the needs of unexpected expenses. Empirical studies spplirf got American Households have found that most households do not have recommend levels of liquid savings and an analysis of the 1990 survey of consumer expenditures confirms revious findings. Family Income and Expenditure Survey in Korea is the data base for this study and the level of emergency fund as a flow asset is investigated. A three period model of optimal consumption is presented. The results suggest that many consumers who do not have the recommend levels of liquid assets may be acting rationally. The results may be useful for financial counselors and educators. as well as for insight into empircial patterns of savings.