• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.438-443
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• 2007

This paper proposes an integrated SE process for the development of railway systems with safety assessment included. Although the safety assessment process must be performed with SE process properly with good coordination, the interfaces between the two processes have not been clear. Thus, in many of safety critical system developments in Korea, it is difficult to assess safety in proper development phase. The process model proposed in this paper is based on both the concept of system life cycle and the repetitive use of SE process. In each of development phases, appropriate safety assessment methods are described. Also the evaluation of the integrated system incorporating safety factors is described. The resultant process model is expressed by the Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD) using a CASE tool. The model also allows timeline analysis for identifying activity flow and data flow, resulting in the effective management of process. In conclusion, the integrated process enable both the SE process and safety assessment process to cooperate with each other from early development phase throughout the whole system life cycle.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2008

The current electrical safety plan developed for the national electricity system has been playing an important role in handling a variety of electrical accidents. However, it can be more effective to prevent or reduce those accidents if a preventive electrical safety plan is available. In this paper, an approach to developing the safety plan is described. We first discuss the contents that should be included in the plan. Noting that an effective plan requires the system level consideration of all the factors affecting the safety issues, an operation concept document (OCD) is considered. The OCD can allow us to understand the behavior of the safety system based on the operation environment, the system functions, the performance requirements, all at the system level of the safety system. Thus, the OCD can be useful in developing the safety plan. A detailed description then follows on how the OCD is developed for the electrical safety system under study. Finally, we discuss how the developed OCD can be used in deriving the preventive electrical safety plan.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.252-257
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• 2021

The application of the principle of trigeneration allows to simultaneously provide electricity to power electronic devices, as well as heat and cold to create the necessary microclimate of the premises and increase efficiency compared to separate cooling and heating systems. The use of Peltier thermoelectric modules (TEM) as part of trigenerative systems allows for smooth and precise control of the temperature regime, high manufacturability and reliability due to the absence of moving parts, resistance to shock and vibration, and small weight and size parameters of the system. One of the promising areas of improvement of trigenerative systems is their modeling and optimization based on the automatic control theory. A block diagram and functional model of an energy-saving trigenerative climate control system based on Peltier modules are developed, and the transfer functions of an open and closed system are obtained. The simulation of the transient characteristics of the system with varying parameters of the components is performed. The directions for improving the quality of transients in the climate control system are determined, as well as the prospects of the proposed methodology for modeling and analyzing control systems operating in substantially nonlinear modes.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2018

In this work, a hardware based cryptographic module for the cyber security of nuclear power plant is developed using a system engineering approach. Nuclear power plants are isolated from the Internet, but as shown in the case of Iran, Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM) could be a threat to the safety of the nuclear facilities. This FPGA-based module does not have an operating system and it provides protection as a firewall and mitigates the cyber threats. The encryption equipment consists of an encryption module, a decryption module, and interfaces for communication between modules and systems. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)-128, which is formally approved as top level by U.S. National Security Agency for cryptographic algorithms, is adopted. The development of the cyber security module is implemented in two main phases: reverse engineering and re-engineering. In the reverse engineering phase, the cyber security plan and system requirements are analyzed, and the AES algorithm is decomposed into functional units. In the re-engineering phase, we model the logical architecture using Vitech CORE9 software and simulate it with the Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD), which confirms the performance improvements of the hardware-based cryptographic module as compared to software based cryptography. Following this, the Hardware description language (HDL) code is developed and tested to verify the integrity of the code. Then, the developed code is implemented on the FPGA and connected to the personal computer through Recommended Standard (RS)-232 communication to perform validation of the developed component. For the future work, the developed FPGA based encryption equipment will be verified and validated in its expected operating environment by connecting it to the Advanced power reactor (APR)-1400 simulator.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 1994년도 추계학술발표회
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• pp.49-58
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• 1994

The methods of estimation of VTS effectivenss are compared and the worldwide literature related to the VTS effectiveness is reviewed. The review suggests three potential approaches ; simulation ; synthesis of expert opinion and statistical analysis of casualties. this study adopted dissimilar approaches to estimate the VTS effectiveness to the earlier studies ; the combination of synthesis of expert opinion and causal analysis of casualty. The VTS effectiveness is derived by multiplying casualty rate reduction factors by the effect level of causal factors. The development of casualty rate reduction factors was based on the questionnaire survey and the evolution of effect levels was based on the causal analysis using functional block diagram. According to these procedures the maximum benefit to be obtained through the introduction of a VTS system was approximately 46 percent overall. The collision reduction rate was estimated to be approximately 50 percent for a VTS system with advanced radar surveillance. And 47 percent of groundings 36 percent of rammings and 21 percent of founderings could be reduced by the introduction of VTS. These figures are more or less the same to the earlier studies. The VTS effectiveness by the different causal factor groups was examined. VTS may reduce about 68 percent of causal factors classified as environmental conditions 40 percent of human factors and 35 percent of technical factors in collision accidents. As a whole 60 percent of environmental factors 41 percent of human factors and 20 percent of technical factors may be prevented by a VTS. The key variable of the effectiveness percentage is the value of weight coefficient $\delta$. Therefore differing values for this input was discussed and the impact that these variations have on the VS effectiveness noted. As the results of sensitivity analysis of VTS effectiveness by $\pm$10 percent the effectiveness is varied approximately three to seven percent by casualty type. And the value is changed roughly four to eight percent by a $\pm$10 percent variation by different sub-areas.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제38C권12호
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• pp.1216-1227
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• 2013

위성항법시스템은 현재 민간과 군에게 위치와 시간 정보를 제공하는 유용한 시스템으로 널리 활용되고 있으며, 국방-IT 간 대표적 융합 기술로 거론되고 있다. 그러나 위성항법시스템은 지구로부터 2만 Km 상공의 원거리에서 신호를 송신하므로 위성항법 수신기의 수신 감도가 매우 미약하여, 재밍(jamming) 공격에 취약한 특성을 가진다. 이와 같은 위성항법시스템을 위한 항재밍(anti-jamming) 기술에 관한 연구는 위성항법시스템을 소유한 국가가 공개하는 기술적 정보에 의존적이어서 국내 국방 분야에서는 소극적 수준의 연구에 머물러 있다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 위성항법시스템의 다양한 재밍원 소개와 J/S와 재머-수신기 간의 거리 링크 버짓 분석을 통한 위성항법시스템의 재밍 취약성을 분석하였다. 또한 위성항법시스템 수신기 설계에 적용 가능한 항재밍 기술을 분류하고 분석하였으며, 최근 연구되고 있는 국내외 항재밍 관련 제품 및 기술을 분석하였다.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2020

임무신뢰도란 제품개발 시 목표가 되었던 요구조건하에서 임무를 완수할 확률을 나타내며, 전투체계의 경우 상용 장비와 달리 임무신뢰도가 승패를 좌우할 중요한 요소이다. 기존의 국내 전투체계의 임무신뢰도는 임무수행에 연관된 장비의 물리적 연결만을 고려해 산출되었으나, 장비들이 점차 고도화되어지고 복잡해져 물리적 연결만으로 임무연관성 판단이 불가하다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 물리적 연결뿐만 아니라 기능적 연결을 고려한 방법으로 시스템 설계모델링 언어인 SysML을 활용하여 정확도가 향상된 임무신뢰도를 산출하였다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 개발되는 전투체계 임무신뢰도 검증자료로 활용 되기를 기대한다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.7-18
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• 2005

Over the past twenty years, the maintenance system has been developed and its importance has been increased. For the effective maintenance of the urban transit, we have developed the maintenance system based on the concept of RCM(Reliability Centered Maintenance). RCM analysis is a systematic approach to developing a cost-effective maintenance strategy based on the various components's reliability of the system in question. It is performed according to process that includes the following steps; definition of function and functional failures of the systems, construction of RB D(Reliability Block Diagram), performance of FMEA(Failure Modes & Effects Analysis) and calculation of the reliability index. The final process of RCM is to determine appropriate failure maintenance strategies. This paper aims to define the procedure of maintenace based on the concept of RCM for urban transit. The key for a successful maintenance system is an automated scheduling to the maximum extent possible and timely executions. The developed system issues maintenance plan and repair request based on analyzed data and maintenance experience.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.725-735
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose an Integrated Safety Evaluation Process (ISEP) that can enhances the safety aspect of the safety-critical system. This process utilizes the advantages of the iterative Systems Engineering process combined with the safety assessment process that is commonly and well defined in many standards and/or guidelines for railway, aerospace, and other safety-critical systems. Methods: The proposed process model is based on the predefined system lifecycle, in each phase of which the appropriate safety assessment activities and the safety data are identified. The interfaces between Systems Engineering process and the safety assessment process are identified before the two processes are integrated. For the integration, the elements at lower level of Systems Engineering process are combined with the relevant elements of safety assessment process. This combined process model is represented as Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram (EFFBD) by using CORE(R) that is commercial modelling tool. Results: The proposed model is applied to the lifecycle and management process of the United States aircraft system. The US aircraft systems engineering process are composed of twelve key elements, among which the requirements management, functional analysis, and Synthesis processes are considered for examplenary application of the proposed process. To synchronize the Systems Engineering process and the safety assessment process, the Systems Engineering milestones are utilized, where the US aircraft system has thirteen milestones. Taking into account of the nine steps in the maturity level, the integrated process models are proposed in some phases of lifecycle. The flows of processes are simulated using CORE(R), confirming the flows are timelined without any conflict between the Systems Engineering process and the safety assessment process. Conclusion: ISEP allows the timeline analysis for identifying activity and data flows. Also, the use of CORE(R) is shown to be effective in the management and change of process data, which helps for the ISEP to apply for the development of safety critical system. In this study, only the first few phases of lifecyle are considered, however, the implementation through operation phases can be revised by combining the elements of safety activities regarding those phases.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

기능적 자기공명영상기법(functional MRI: fMRI)을 통해서 인간의 뇌에 대한 연구가 지난 수년 동안 활발하게 진행되어 왔다. 이러한 기능적 자기공명영상기법의 파라다임에는 Block-diagram 방법과 최근에 개발되어 이용되는 Event-related 방법이 있다. Block-diagram 방법은 여러 블록으로 구성하여 피험자들에게 자극을 인가하여 뇌의 반응신호들을 통해 뇌의 기능을 설명해 주는 데, 이러한 뇌의 기능이 얼굴인식과 관련하여 여러 조건을 포함한 자극인 경우 뇌의 인지 시스템을 설명을 해 주는 데 한계가 있다. 따라서 Event-related 방법을 이용하여 얼굴인식에 관여하는 뇌의 인지시스템에 관련된 부분을 설명하고, 또한 그 영역에서 인종구별과 같은 의식적으로는 관찰되지 않지만 무의식적으로 관찰되는 뇌의 생리적인 현상을 보여주고자 한다. 본 연구는 Event-related 방법에 대한 이해와 얼굴인식에 적용되는 파라다임 알고리즘을 개발하여 피험자들을 통해 해당조건들은 (유명한국인, 무명한국인, 유명 백인 미국인, 무명 백인미국인) 각 Event로 구성하여 한 블록인 Event-related 파라다임으로 변경하여 얼굴을 인식하는데 주로 담당하는 영역인, Ventral occipital-temporal cortex 내의 fusiform face area(FFA)를 확인하고 그 영역에서 의식적으로 반응하는 뇌의 활동과 무의식적으로 반응하는 뇌의 활동을 생리학적 또는 심리학적으로 해석하는데 용이하도록 여러 파라미터들 (즉 Event 간격 , Event의 수, Null Event, TR 간격 등)을 최적화하였다. 자기공명영상기법을 이용한 이러한 뇌 기능 연구는 의학적인 응용연구로서 신경 과학분야와 정신의학적인 측면에서 널리 이용될 것으로 보이며 더 나아가 심리학적측면의 기초 연구로서 발전의 토대가 될 것으로 사료된다.다. 불가능하여 차나무 재배지 부적합한 것으로 나타났다.35\%$일 경우 알칼리-실리카 반응에 의한 팽창을 가장 효과적으로 방지할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.는 accessory 개발과 보급이 중요하다.에 대하여 500MU 조사 후 방사선량의 측정결과 Field size의 영향은 거의 존재하지 않았으며, beam off 후 $1{\sim}2$분 뒤 측정 시작 시점에서 대략 $1{\mu}Sv/hr$를 나타냈으며, 반감기는 약 $3{\sim}4$분인 것으로 측정되었다. Primus 15MV의 경우 S병원에서 측정을 수행하였으며, $25{\times}25cm^2$ Field size에 대하여 500MU 조사 뒤 방사선량을 측정한 결과, beam off후 $1{\sim}2$분 뒤 측정시점에서 대략 $3.26{\mu}Sv/hr$를 나타냈으며 10MV X선보다 대략 3.3배 큰 값을 나타내었다. 결과 : 일일 치료환자가 $20{\sim}50$명이고, 환자 1인당 Wedge filter의 교체작업이 $1{\sim}2$회일 때 10MV의 경우 연간선량이 $0.08{\sim}0.4mSv$로 평가되었으며, 15MV의 경우 $0.27{\sim}1.36mSv$로 평가되어 작업종사자의 연간 허용선량인 20mSv에 비해 안전한 것으로 평가되었다.서 정상조직이 적게 조사되었다. 결과 : 기존의 ICRU계획은 그 효과 및 안전성이 입증되었음에도 불구하고 CT를 이용한 CTV계획 등을 적용 한다면 잔류종양이 적은 경우 정상조직에 대한 조사를 줄이면서 잔류종양에 목표선량을 조사할 수 있을 것이다. 다만 잔류종양이 큰 경우는 정상조직에 대한 조사선량을 줄이기 위한 효과적 치료계획에