• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.339-351
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal conditions for meat paste production with sardine. To improve the gel forming ability of meat paste, washing time and condition with alkaline solution, setting time and temperature, and heating temperature before pasteurization were controlled, and the influences of the freshness of raw sardine and the mixing ratios of ordinary and dark muscles on the duality of the meat paste product were discussed. The frozen storage showed a predominant effect on keeping freshness of raw sardine at different storage conditions and gel forming ability was maintained for 1 day at ice storage, for 3 days at $-3^{\circ}C$ and for 4 days at frozen condition, but there was no effect on keeping freshness of raw sardine in the storage at $25^{\circ}C$. Gel strength of meat paste product tended to decrease with washing time of raw meat, and in case of washing 3 times the meat appeared excellent in gel strength, but in case of seven and nine times the meat showed lower water holding capacity and decreased organoleptic test score in the quality of meat paste prtoduct. Raw meat washed with alkaline solution showed a desirable effect on gel forming ability compared with that washed with tap water, and in the case of washed with $0.5\%$ sodium bicarbonate solution exhibited the most favorable effect on gel forming. The gel strength of the meat paste product decreased with the increase of mixing ratios of dark muscle in the raw meat. Setting time and temperature for the gel forming ability of meat paste were good at $5^{\circ}C$ for 20 hours and at $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. In the heating temperature of meat paste, heating treatment at $90^{\circ}C$ was desirable for gel forming.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1975

The present study was ,conducted to evaluate the effects of condensed phosphates on the refeezing damage of Alaska pollack muscle. The fillets were dipped in such solution as 5 and $10\%$ sodium polyphosphate, 1 and $5\%$ mixture of sodium polyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate (1:1, w/w) for 1 and 5 minutes, respectively, before refreezing. And fillets were frozen at $27^{\circ}C\~28^{\circ}C$ and stored for 15 days at $-18^{\circ}\~-20^{\circ}$. The degree of denaturation was estimated by determining amounts of drip relased, content of total solids, nitrogen, and DNA in the drip an cooking-weight-loss. Phosphorus absorbed in the muscle was also determined. Phosphorus absorbed in the fillets treated with loft solution of sodium polyphosphate for 5 minutes amounted to 101 mg/100g muscle as $P_2O_5$. The absorption was dependent on tile concentration of treating solution rather than on the dipping time. The increase of phosphorus absorption seemed to affect to reduction of drip. Among the treating conditions, $10\%$, 5 minutes and $10\%$ 1 minute with sodium polyphosphate appeared most effective ones on drip reduction. The effect of $5\%$, minutes with the mixture of sodium polyphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate did not show so benefitable effect in refrozen fillets. As a tendency total solids, nitrogen, and DNA in tile drip varied proportionally to the amount of drip released. And the content of DNA was lower than the amount. Treatment, at higher the concentration and longer the dipping time, resulted in the lower cooking-weight-loss and the better quality on organoleptic test of thawed fillets.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.29.1-29.11
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• 2024

Background: Preservation of biological tissues has been used since ancient times. Regardless of the method employed, tissue preservation is thought to be a vital step in veterinary surgery teaching and learning. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the usability of chemically preserved cadaveric equine heads for surgical teaching in veterinary medicine. Methods: Six cadaveric equine heads were collected immediately after death or euthanasia and frozen until fixation. Fixation was achieved by using a hypertonic solution consisting of sodium chloride, sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate, and an alcoholic solution containing ethanol and glycerin. Chemically preserved specimens were stored at low temperatures (2℃ to 6℃) in a conventional refrigerator. The specimens were submitted to gross and organoleptic assessment right after fixative solution injection (D0) and within 10, 20, and 30 days of fixation (D10, D20, and D30, respectively). Samples of tissue from skin, tongue, oral vestibule, and masseter muscle were collected for histological evaluation at the same time points. Results: Physical and organoleptic assessments revealed excellent specimen quality (mean scores higher than 4 on a 5-point scale) in most cases. In some specimens, lower scores (3) were assigned to the range of mouth opening, particularly on D0 and D10. A reduced the range of mouth opening may be a limiting factor in teaching activities involving structures located in the oral cavity. Conclusions: The excellent physical, histologic, and organoleptic characteristics of the specimens in this sample support their usability in teaching within the time frame considered. Appropriate physical and organoleptic characteristics (color, texture, odor, and flexibility) of the specimens in this study support the use of the method described for preparation of reusable anatomical specimens.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.192-202
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the viability of PDL cells in rat molars by using in vivo MTT assay, which was used to compare fast cryopreservation group by liquid nitrogen $(-196^{\circ}C)\;with\;4^{\circ}C$ cold preservation group. A total of 74 Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4 week-old with a body weight of 100 grams were used. The maxillary left and right, first and second molars were extracted as atraumatically as possible under ketamine anesthesia. Ten teeth of each group were divided as six experimental groups depending upon the preservation. Cryopreservation groups were Group 1 (5% DMSO 6% HES in F medium) Group 2 (10% DMSO in F medium), Group 3 (5% DMSO 6% HES in $Viaspan^(R)$). Group 4 (10% DMSO in $Viaspan^(R)$) which were cryopreserved for 1 week and cold preservation groups were Group 5 (F medium) , Group 6 ($Viaspan^(R)$) at $4^{\circ}C$ for 1 week. Immediate extraction group was used as a control. After preservation and thawing, the in vivo MTT assay was processed. Two way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test was performed at the 95 % level of confidence, Another 2 teeth of each group were treated as the same manner and frozen sections $10{\mu}m$ thick for microscopic observation. The value of optical density obtained after in vivo MTT analysis was divided by the value of eosin staining for tissue volume standardization. Group 1, 2 had significantly higher optical density than Group 3 and 4 which had the lowest OD value. Group 6 had higher OD value than in Group 5 (P<0.05). Histological findings of periodontal ligament cell, after being stained with MTT solution were consistent with the in vivo MTT assay results. In this study, the groups which were frozen with DMSO as a cryoprotectant and the groups with F medium showed the best results.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2008

In previous studies, we reported that sow which was transferred OPS-freezing embryos not able to deliver a piglet (Kim et al, 2004). This study was conducted to investigate a possibility of gilt as recipients which produce piglets after transfer of OPS-freezing embryos. All transferred embryos were prepared by in vitro production (IVP) system. In vitro culture (IVC) medium used glucose-free NCSU23 supplemented with 5mM sodium pyruvate, 0.5 mM sodium lactate and 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin for 2 days at $39^{\circ}C$. From day 3 of IVC, 10% fetal bovine serum albumin was added to the culture medium. In preparing of freezing embryos, embryos were treated with 7.5 $\mu g/ml$ cytochalasin-B for 30 min and centrifuged at $13,000{\times}g$ for 13 min. And then, embryos were exposed sequentially to an ethylene glycol (EG) solution, aspirated into open pulled straw (OPS), and plunged or thawed into the liquid nitrogen. In embryo transfer (ET), we used two kinds of type (surgical method vs. non-surgical method). In surgical method of embryo transfer, $55\sim65$ embryo were transferred in both uterine horn of two recipient gilts by plastic straw. Non-surgical method which is like artificial insemination was performed on three gilts. Each 140 frozen embryos were transferred to two gilts and 40 fresh embryos to one gilt. Pregnancy establishment was shown one recipient at 45 days after ET. However, the one recipient was also aborted at 58 days after ET. These results suggest that gilts can be considered as a candidate of recipients for OPS-freezing embryo transfer.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate whether vitrification method using ethyle glycol and eletron microscopic (EM) grid could be used far the cryopreservation of human oocytes in ART program. Surplus oocytes were obtained from consented IVF patients. These surplus human oocytes were frozen with our vitrification method, Oocytes were exposed to 1.5M ethylene glycol (EG) in DPBS far 2,5 minutes, followed by 5.5M EG plus 1.0M Sucrose in DPBS for 20 seconds. Then oocytes were transferred onto the EM grid and the grid was plunged into LN2 for storage. For thawing, oocytes containing EM grid were sequentially transferred in 1.0M, 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.125M and 0 M sucrose in DPBS solution at the intervals of 2.5 minutes. Thawed and survived oocytes were provided for ICSI. Embryos from vitrified oocytes were transferred to uterus of the patient on 4 to 5 days after ovulation in natural cycles of on 15 to 17 day of hormone replacement cycles. A total of 370 oocytes from 26 patients were thawed and 159 (43.0%) of them survived. One hundred thirty four oocytes (84.3%) were fertilized normally and 126 pre-embryos were transferred to 26 patients, resulting in 5 clinical pregnancies. The pregnancy rate per transfer was 19.2% and implantation rate was 4.0%. Among the five pregnant, 4 patients delivered 4 healthy babies and the one patient was 32-week ongoing pregnancy. From this results, vitrification using ethylene glycol as cryoprotectant and EM grid is a rapid and simple method that can be effectively applied for the cryopreservation of human oocytes in ART program.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.329-332
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• 2008

Purpose: Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a rare malignant appendage tumor, first described by Goldstein et al in 1982. Here, we present our experience in treatment of a case on the lower lip. Methods: A 52-year-old female with an asymptomatic nodule on the chin, previously misdiagnosed as trichoadenoma by needle aspiration biopsy, was treated by wide excision combined with multiple circumferential frozen biopsies. Results: Pathological examination revealed typical features of microcystic adnexal carcinoma, such as basaloid and squamous cells forming nests and cord-like patterns, horn cysts, and minimal cytologic atypia. The patient has been followed up for 6 months. No sign of recurrence is noted to date. Conclusion: Differentiation from other benign adnexal neoplasms is important for its appropriate treatment. Differentiation can be difficult histologically because it is difficult to acquire an adequate biopsy due to its invasiveness, and clinically due to its asymptomatic and slow growing features. Complete excision is the key treatment, but it may not always be the best solution considering the huge defect that may result and the low incidence of metastasis & deaths owing to the tumor. We add this case to the approximately 300 cases reported worldwide with a review of literature.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.03a
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• pp.146-153
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• 2004

The Numerical study has been carried out to investigate the effects of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on the rocket plume flow-field at various altitudes. The theoretical formulation is based on the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible flows along with the infinitely fast chemistry and thermal radiation. The governing equations were solved by a finite volume fully-implicit TVD(Total Variation Diminishing) code which uses Roe's approximate Riemann solver and MUSCL(Monotone Upstream-centered Schemes for Conservation Laws) scheme. LU-SGS (Lower Upper Symmetric Gauss Seidel) method is used for the implicit solution strategy. An equilibrium chemistry module for hydrocarbon mixture with detailed thermo-chemical properties and a thermal radiation module for optically thin media were incorporated with the fluid dynamics code. In this study, kerosene-fueled rocket was assumed operating at O/F ratio of 2.34 with a nozzle expansion ratio of 6.14. Flight conditions considered were Mach number zero at ground level, Mach number 1.16 at altitude 5.06km and Mach number 2.9 at altitude 17.34km. Numerical results gave the understandings on the detailed plume structures at different altitude conditions. The diffusive effect of the thermal radiation on temperature field and the effect of chemical recombination during the expansion process could be also understood. By comparing the results from frozen flow and infinitely fast chemistry assumptions, the excess temperature of the exhaust gas resulting from the chemical recombination seems to be significant and cannot be neglected in the view point of performance, thermal protection and flow physics.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2014

In order to fabricate the porous $Al_2O_3$ with dispersion of nano-sized Cu particles, freeze-drying of camphene/$Al_2O_3$ slurry and solution chemistry process using Cu-nitrate are introduced. Camphene slurries with 10 vol% $Al_2O_3$ was frozen at $-25^{\circ}C$. Pores were generated by sublimation of the camphene during drying in air. The sintered samples at 1400 and $1500^{\circ}C$ showed the same size of large pores which were aligned parallel to the sublimable vehicles growth direction. However, the size of fine pores in the internal walls of large pores decreased with increase in sintering temperature. It was shown that Cu particles with the size of 100 nm were homogeneously dispersed on the surfaces of the large pores. Antibacterial test using fungus revealed that the porous $Al_2O_3$/1 vol% Cu composite showed antifungal property due to the dispersion of Cu particles. The results are suggested that the porous composites with required pore characteristics and functional property can be fabricated by freeze-drying process and addition of functional nano particles by chemical method.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.145-149
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• 1987

The technique of radial artery cannulation and its complications are well documented, but serious complications are rare. This is a report of one case of amputation of wrist due to finger necrosis developed from the radial artery cannulation in patient who had craniectomy surgery. This 52-year-old 70kg male underwent subdural hematoma removal surgery. Right radial artery cannulation was carried out percutaneously using 22 gauge Teflon extracath needle after modified Allen's test appeared to be positive. It was intermittently flushed by heparinized solution. His arterial blood pressure was maintained 100/70 - 110/80mmHg and 5 units of banked whole blood and 1 unit of fresh frozen plasma were transfused during 8-hours operation. Cannula was removed on the 9th hour after operation because that was obstructed. On the 12th hour after removal of cannula, his right hand noted to be cool and cyanotic. So, warm towel and hot bag applied continuonsly on the right hand and the right stellate ganglion block was carried out everyday for 4 times. However, on the 10th day after removal of cannula, necrotic change of all fingers of the right hand became worse and skin of fingers were shrunken. Therefore, disarticulation of the right wrist carried out on the 71th day of his hospitalization.