• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.308-315
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• 2003

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of three legume species in a zero-tillage, non-fertilized rice field in a temperate zone. Before the experiment for 5 years, from 1995 to 1999, plant growth patterns of three legume species grown as over-wintering (October-May) cover crops on a paddy field were maintained to study N balance and $\textrm{N}_2$ fixation. Decrease in plant density accelerated from after winter to flowering from 1,090, 320, and 5 to 732, 232, and 6 plants $\textrm{m}^{-2}$ in Chinese milk vetch (CMV), white clover (WC), and hairy vetch (HV), respectively. Total dry weights of plants above-ground level were 0.05, 0.11, and 2.43 g $\textrm{plant}^{-1}$. in WC, CMV and HV respectively but steeply increased at ripening up to 0.77, 2.33, and 26 g $\textrm{plant}^{-1}$. The root dry weight of HV and CMV rapidly increased while in WC, root dry weight increased slightly towards flowering. The highest nodule numbers were recorded in CMV to April thereafter WC produced the highest. Nodule size was distributed within 7mm in CMV but it was larger in HV varying from 1 to 10mm. Shoot N (g $\textrm{m}^{-2}$) greatly increased from over-wintering to flowering in CMV, HV and WC and it ranged from 1.66, 0.5 and 1.92 to 12.6, 3.1 and 13.02 g $\textrm{m}^{-2}$, respectively. After wintering, the initial shoot N content (%) was more in CMV. Root N content (%) was constant or slightly decreased in HV and WC. Soil total N in the control plot (clean fallow) was the highest on Mar. 2 then decreased rapidly to flowering. Soil N content was constant in HV plots whereas it was low in WC plots for the entire growth period except just after winter. Maximum nitrogenase activities were 9, 37.8, and 131 mol $\textrm{C}_2\textrm{H}_4$ $\textrm{plant}^{-1}$ $\textrm{hour}^{-1}$. in CMV, HV, and WC, respectively. Nitrogenase activity showed a direct correlation with nodule number, size and fresh weight. As a cover crop preceding a rice crop, CMV is more suited to colder regions due to its earlier ripening characteristics. Hairy vetch and WC are recommended for regions with a mild winter and a long summer owing to their late ripening and great N fixation activity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-428
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze winter cereal crops for harvest time, proper drying time and haylage quality in order to investigate the possibility of the production of good quality haylage substitute for hay. As a result, in case of productivity and feed value, dry matter yield and TDN yield was increased with late harvest and crude protein and NDF, ADF was decreased (p<0.05). To make haylage for whole crop barley, oats, triticale, whole crop wheat need more than 32 hour wilting time in the milk ripe stage, yellow ripe stage need about 8~24 hour, and wilting time did not need the full ripe stage. Rye does not suitable for making haylage because of difficulty pre-wilting time. In case of fermentative quality on haylage, pH was increased with late harvest on all winter cereal crop forage. Lactic acid content was decreased with late harvest (p<0.05), and highest in the milk ripe stage. Acetic acid was also decreased with late harvest, and butyric acid was not detected. In conclusion, to harvest sooner of winter cereal crops could be an efficient way when making haylage in terms of protein content and fermentation quality. Ray can used as fresh and silage, because difficulty for pre-wilting time in Korea. Whole crop barley, oats, triticale, wheat can be used haylage when harvested yellow ripen stage and pre-wilting time for 8~24 hours.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1979

As a preliminary study to estimate the amount of daily calcium intake of Korean people, the present study was conducted investigating the kinds and amount of food among ordinary Korean food considered to be sources of calcium. The author sampled arbitrarily a total of 165 apartment households in Pusan City which were distributed in seven administration sections. Duration of this study was eight months, from June, 1975 to February, 1976. During summer vacation in this period twenty trained students visited these households where they measured the calcium source food at dinner, and three times this amount was regarded as the total daily intake. Also questionairs itemizing the various kinds of food which were considered to be sources of calcium were given to housewives and collected about two months later. The results are summarized as follows: The major sources of calcium food were milk and anchovy, and the total calcium content taken daily was an average 195.06 mg which was far smaller than the recommended standard. Cooking methods varied according to the kinds of food; for anchovy, the boiled water extract or the part remaining after removing bone and head was used, and for chopped cattle bone, the broth from boiling foe 5 to 6 hours was used. For boiled water extract, during extraction the amount of calcium was increased in the water but smaller than foe fresh anchovy. It is, therefore, desirable to cook and eat edible fish bone instead of discarding it after extraction. The amount of calcium of shrimp and whitebait consumed was considerably less than that of milk or anchovy. Most housewives, about 71%, discarded fish bones which contained a lot of calium before or after cooking them. So, it was considered necessary to find a good method of preparing fish so that it can be eaten palatably together with the bones.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.354-362
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• 2018

Objective: Wheat is an alternative to corn silage for ruminant feeding in northern China. This study examined the effects of harvest time and added molasses on nutritional content, ensiling characteristics and in vitro degradation of whole crop wheat (WCW). Methods: Fresh WCW at the milk-ripe stage was harvested at 0700 h (i.e., in the morning [Mo]) and 1700 h (i.e., in the afternoon [Af]), and then immediately used to prepare silage and make hay. Commercial molasses was added to Af WCW at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (fresh weight) proportions. The WCW treated with molasses was mixed thoroughly prior to ensiling. Results: Dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content (p<0.01), accumulative gas production in 72 h ($GP_{72h}$, 77.46 mL/g vs 95.15 mL/g) and dry matter disappearance in vitro (69.15% vs 76.77%) were lower (p<0.05), while crude protein (CP) content was higher for WCW silage (WCWS) compared to WCW (p<0.01). The propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations in WCWS from Mo WCW were 1.47% and 0.26%, respectively. However, the propionic and butyric acid concentrations were negligible, while the ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen ($NH_3-N/TN$, p<0.01) concentration was lower and the rate of gas production at 50% of the maximum (17.05 mL/h vs 13.94 mL/h, p<0.05) was higher for Af WCWS compared to Mo WCWS. The incubation fluid's $NH_3-N$ concentration was lower in WCWS and Af WCW compared to Mo WCW (p<0.05). The CP and WSC content increased with increasing molasses levels (p<0.05). Furthermore, the pH (p<0.01) and time when gas production was 50% of the maximum (2.78 h vs 3.05 h, p<0.05) were lower in silage treated with 4% molasses than silage without molasses. Conclusion: Harvesting wheat crops in the afternoon and adding molasses at 4% level to WCW optimally improved ensiling characteristics, leading to well-preserved silage.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.sup
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2018

A meridic artificial diet, including whole milk powder, wheat bran, maize leaf powder, and sucrose as the main nutrients, was tested for rearing Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). When locusts were supplied with only the artificial diet over their entire life cycle, a second generation was not produced. The same result was observed when the diet was supplied daily and fresh maize leaves were supplied every other day. However, when the diet and fresh maize leaves were supplied alternately every other day, four generations of L. migratoria were produced. Fecundity in adults reared with the alternating diet was higher than that in adults supplied with both the diet and maize leaves daily. These results indicate that this artificial diet could be used as a supplementary food for rearing of L. migratoria.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to study on forage utility of Diplachne fusca L. which live in reclaimed saline land of midwest region of Korea The secondary experiment was conducted to know on growth characteristics, forage yield and forage value of Diplachne fusca L. in order to get a necessary data on possible utilization of native plant as a forage crop and practical use of reclaimed saline land. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The growth of Diplachne fusca L. was neary finished at heading stage. So plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, tillering number, fresh weight and dry weight per plant were 137.5cm, 42.6cm, 4.65mm, 2.48mm, 15.3 tiller, 44.68 and 15.3g respectively. 2. Fresh weight was the highest with 4,460kg/10a at heading stage, dry weight was 1,530kg/10a at heading stage and 1,630kg/10a at 20 day after heading. The fresh weight was significantly difference between cutting height level according to cutting time, but total fresh weight was not significantly difference between cutting height level. Total dry weight was significantly difference between cutting height, so it was a large yield at cutting height of 10cm. 3. The contents of crude protein, available protein, digestible protein and TDN were the range of 12.3~3.7%, 12.3~3.7% 10.8~3.6% and 65.2~60.7% according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of crude protein, available protein, and digestible protein were showed at heading stage, that of TDN showed at 20 day after heading. The contents of ADF and NDF were the range of 36.4~50.0% and 62.7-80.5% according to growth stage. 4. The contents of P, Ca, K and Mg were the range of 0.31~0.20, 0.70~0.52, 1.74~1.28 and 0.19~0.18% according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of P, Ca and K was showed at heading stage, that of Mg showed at 20 day after heading. 5. The contents of ENE, NEL, NEM and NEG were the range of 1.42~1.29, 0.68~0.62, 0.68~0.61 and 0.40~0.35 McaVlb according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of ENE, NEL, NEM and NEG was showed at 20 day after heading by inuease after heading. 6. The grasseating ratio of Diplachne fusca L. of before and after heading by milk cattle was 96.5% and 95.3%, respectively.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.637-653
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study examined the associations between food consumption frequency of Korean adults and self-perceived chewing difficulty, using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ, 112 items) from 2013-2016 of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Subjects were divided into not difficult in chewing (NDC) and difficult in chewing (DC) groups, with 24.17% being classified into DC. Males and females consumed 35 and 37 items less frequently than the other sex, respectively. Due to the remarkable gender difference in food consumption, gender-stratified one-sided survey regression analysis was performed after adjusted for the effect of age, household income, and self-rated health status. RESULTS: Thirty-four items of FFQ were significantly less consumed by the DC group. Females exclusively consumed less beverages and alcohol while males showed the same for fruits and milk·dairy products. Consumption frequency of 8 items such as steamed potatoes·grilled potatoes, stir fried beef, other kimchi·fresh vegetable kimchi, orange, sour pork·pork cutlet, tteokbokki and green tea were significant only in males. In contrast, 17 items including cooked rice with other grains and legumes, boiled egg·steamed egg, Korean cabbage kimchi, banana, and tofu stew·soft tofu stew were significant only for females. Finally, items that showed significance for both were 9 items including loaf bread, ready-to-eat cereal, steamed sweet potatoes·grilled sweet potatoes, stir-fried lotus roots·stir-fried burdock, green laver salad·brown seaweed salads, apples, tomato·cherry tomatoes, squid (raw, dried shredded, boiled, stir-fried), and curd type yogurt. CONCLUSIONS: Findings in this study suggest chewing difficulty may be an important nutritional issue that has to be dealt with for healthful food consumption, with distinct interest of gender.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 1986

Recipients are an integral part of embryo transfer and they are expensive to maintain as a good recipient. Recipient management is one of the most important components in a successful embryo transfer program. Management includes selection and subsequent care of the animals. A good recipient is basically on "open" cows or heffers whose reproductive tract is capable of receiving one or two embryos and incubating it to term. Potential recipients should be always be healthy and cycling normally ranging from 18 to 23 days. A thorough veterinary examination is recommended for candidate of recipients and cattle for questionable health should be eliminated from the recipient herd. Age and size of recipients are particularly important considerations when heifers are used, because of most embryos available for transfer are from large dams and sires. Body condition can influence a recipient's production, reproduction and health. Obese and underconditioned cattle should be avoided for use. Transfer of fresh embryos especially requires precise synchronization of donors and recipients. For estrus synchronization, PGF$_2$$\alpha$ is injected twice 10 to 12 days apart and short4erm progestagen treatment is applied to potential recipient cattle by coil into vagina (PRID) or ear implant (Synchro-Mate-B). The highest pregnancy results are achieved in recipients at exact synchrony with donors or 12 to 24 hr earlier than donors. Estrus detection is a major factor in breeding efficiency. High accuracy can be achieved by use of heat mount detection alds or by obserbing cattle for 30-minute peroids 3 times daily. Assay progesterone in milk can be used to discrIminate between pregnant and nonprenant recipients. Rectal palpation on day 35 to 70 after is an accurate and safe method of pregnancy diagnosis. Embryonic mortality in recipients may be associated with factors such as high environmental temperature and nutritional or lactational stress in early lactation period. Achievement of short calving interval requires concentrated management activity during the first 90 days following calving. Acceptable candidate for a recipient should be routinely vaccinated for infectious diseases. Proper nutritional programs according to NRC requirements and body condition scoring system for recipient cattles are vital to the ultimate success of an embryo transfer program.r program.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.519-525
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date and cutting time on feed value of rye in paddy field at Yesan from Oct. 1990 to June 1991. The field experiment was sown 5 times at 10 day intervals from Oct. 5. The content of crude protein, digestible protein, total digestible nutrient(TDN), minerals(P, K, Ca, Mg), and energy(ENE, NEL, NEM, NEG) were decreased due to earlier sowing, while the content of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) increased. On the other hand, the yields per unit area for crude and digestible protein, TDN, minerals, and energy increased due to earlier sowing, but there was no significant difference among the plots sown on Oct. 5 through Oct. 25. The highest yield of crude protein was shown at late flowering stage, digestible protein and net energy gain (NEG) at heading stage and TDN at milk stage respectively.