• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.154-158
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• 2007

In order to increase the content of germanium in ginseng adventitious roots, the effects of chelating agents on germanium content and root growth were investigated in the submerged cultures of ginseng adventitious roots. Chelating agents such as citric acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) or EGTA (Ethylene glycol-bis $({\beta}-aminoethylether)-tetraacetic$ acid) were administrated in the submerged culture of ginseng root containing 50 ppm $GeO_2$. After 6 weeks of cultivation, fresh weight, germanium and saponin contents in the roots were analyzed. Among chelating agents, addition of 1.0mM phosphoric acid was found to be best for germanium accumulation. Under this condition, germanium content increased 1.4 times as compared to that of the control. The germanium content in the adventitious roots also increased with addition of EDTA or EGTA, while they inhibited the growth of ginseng adventitious root. Citric and oxalic acids were not effective for increasing germanium content in adventitious roots. As the results, it suggests that the phosphoric acid can be proved as the optimal agent for the enhancement of germanium accumulation in ginseng adventitious roots. These results can be served as a guideline for the mass production of ginseng adventitious roots containing germanium by large-scale production.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.572-577
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is cultivated because of its medicinal effects on the immune system, blood pressure, and cancer. Major ginsenosides in fresh ginseng are converted to minor ginsenosides by structural changes such as hydrolysis and dehydration. The transformed ginsenosides are generally more bioavailable and bioactive than the primary ginsenosides. Therefore, in this study, hydrothermal processing was applied to ginseng preparation to increase the yields of the transformed ginsenosides, such as 20(S)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5, and enhance antioxidant activities in an effective way. Methods: Ginseng extract was hydrothermally processed using batch reactors at $100-160^{\circ}C$ with differing reaction times. Quantitative analysis of the ginsenoside yields was performed using HPLC, and the antioxidant activity was qualitatively analyzed by evaluating 2,2'-azino-bis radical cation scavenging, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, and phenolic antioxidants. Red ginseng and sun ginseng were prepared by conventional steaming as the control group. Results: Unlike steaming, the hydrothermal process was performed under homogeneous conditions. Chemical reaction, heat transfer, and mass transfer are generally more efficient in homogeneous reactions. Therefore, maximum yields for the hydrothermal process were 2.5-25 times higher than those for steaming, and the antioxidant activities showed 1.6-4-fold increases for the hydrothermal process. Moreover, the reaction time was decreased from 3 h to 15-35 min using hydrothermal processing. Conclusion: Therefore, hydrothermal processing offers significant improvements over the conventional steaming process. In particular, at temperatures over $140^{\circ}C$, high yields of the transformed ginsenosides and increased antioxidant activities were obtained in tens of minutes.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.207-210
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• 2008

It is very important factors to control optimal light transmission ratio and soil moisture content in order to produce good quality of ginseng seedling. To study the effect of light transmission ratio (LTR) and soil moisture content(SMC) on growth characteristics and yield of ginseng seedling, LTR was controlled by three level such as 21.2, 24.8% and 30.3%, and SMC was plotted by four level of 11.0%, 12.5%, 15.3% and 18.9% at the greenhouse. Chlorophyll content was gradually decreased in the low LTR (21.2%), while it was distinctly decreased by the decrease of SMC in excessively high LTR (30.3%). The decrease of SMC in the high LTR increased heat injury ratio distinctly, while heat injury ratio in the low LTR was only increased when SMC was very low such as 11.0%. All of fresh root weight per Kan (3.3$m^2$), root weight per plant, and the number of usable seedling were distinctly decreased by the increase of LTR and the decrease of SMC. Excessive increase of LTR in optimal SMC (18.9%) hadn't a great effect on the decrease of root weight, while root weight in low SMC was distinctly decreased by the increase of LTR. Ratio of rusty root was distinctly increased in the condition that both of LTR and SMC were high. Ratio of rusty root in the excessively high LTR was gradually fallen off by decrease of SMC, but its ratio in low SMC didn't changed distinctly by the decrease of SMC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.135-135
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented ginseng extract by mushroom mycelia on antiproliferation of cancer cells. Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Hericium erinaceum mycelia were inoculated to ginseng. The effects of fermented ginseng extract on antiproliferation of stomach (MKN-45), colon (HCT116), mammary (MCF-7), lung (NCIH460), prostate (PC-3), and liver (HepG2) cancer cells were investigated by MTT assay. Fermented ginseng extract showed significant antiproliferation effects compared with fresh ginseng extract. Fermented ginseng extract by P. linteus, G. lucidum, and H. erinaceum mycelia showed growth-inhibitory effect of 44.50, 17.75 and 43.98% viability at 1.5 mg/mL on the MKN-45 cell line, 62.86, 3.73, and 54.55% at 1.5 mg/mL on the HCT116 cell line, 41.81, 7.01, and 37.84% at 1.5 mg/mL on the MCF-7 cell line, 53.52, 5.31, and 35.27% at 1.5 mg/mL on the NCIH460 cell line, 35.05, 3.07, and 44.29% at 1.5 mg/mL on the PC-3 cell line, and 59.57, 6.34, and 4.97% at 1.5 mg/mL on the HepG2 cell line, respectively. These results indicated that fermented ginseng by G. lucidum mycelium showed the highest antiproliferation effect against various cancer cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.191-195
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• 2004

An investigation was conducted to ascertain the basic information on characteristics of embryonic tissue development among Korean Ginseng, American ginseng, $F_{1}$ hybrids and $BC_{1}F_{1}(F_{1}$ pollen back cross to $BC_{1}=Korean\;Ginseng)seeds$. The specific activities of lipoxygenase (LOX) and the protein assays were made during the above embry­onic growth period at 5 or 25 degree C. The results are summarized as follows: The fresh weights(mg) of germinating seeds were significantly different among species. Ginseng seeds were stratified at $5^{\circ}C\;for\;60\;days$ the ratios of embryo/endosperms in $P.g.,\;P.q\;or\;F_{1}\;were\;about\;90{\%}$. The ratio was in $BC_{1}F_{1},\;79.2{\%}$ during the same period. The ratios of embryo/endosperms of seeds of P.g. or P.q. germinated at $5^{\circ}C$ showed rather higher values as compared to that at $25^{\circ}C$ LOX specific activity the highest in the $F_{1}$ and decreased in the order of P.g., P.q., and $BC_{1}F_{1}$. The highest LOX specific activity was shown at 80 days after sowing, followed by 70 days sowing, the least LOX activity was shown at 60 days.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.1 s.46
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• pp.31-36
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• 1981

These experiments were conducted to investigate some effects of the soil fumigants Dow-fume MC-2, Cylone, TeloneC-17, and D-D on the growth response of the Korea ginseng(two-year old), Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, and the chemical composition of the plants. Fumigant treatment increased growth of roots, stems, and leaves. The increase of root growth rates ranging from 2.8 to $58.7\%$ in fresh weight and 8.1 to $63.8\%$ in dry weight were observed in the 2-year old ginseng plants grown in the old ginseng soil treated with the different soil fumigants. The chemical analysis of inorganic elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn was made for the roots, stems and leaves of the 2-year old plants. The increases or decreases of content of the elements were observed, and their contents of each of the elements were changed with the kind of fumigants, part of the plants, and soil depth of the fumigant treatments, but their changing tendencies were not steady.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2005

This study was initiated to investigate the impacts of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on adventitious root growth of Panax ginseng, the production of secondary metabolites, such as ginsenosides and phenolic compounds, and antioxidative activity. Among various concentrations of MeJA, $100\;{\mu}M$ MeJA increased the ginsenosides accumulation to 26.6 mg/g dry wt, about 8 times higher than the control in ginseng adventitious roots (GAR). In addition, $50\;{\mu}M$ MeJA increased the accumulation of phenolic compounds to 0.38 mg/g dry wt, about 3 times higher than control in GAR. This MeJA treatment was more effective in conditioned medium (CM) which obtained in bioreactor after 40 days of culture than in fresh medium (FM). Treatment of $100\;{\mu}M$ MeJA in CM increased the accumulation of ginsenosides (1.7 times) and phenolic compounds (1.2 times) more than in FM, respectively. Consequently, these high accumulation of ginsenosides and phenolic compounds by MeJA led to increase the antioxidative activities expressed to the DPPH scavenging activity (over $78.3\%$). The DPPH scavenging activity in control was $45.5\%$.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.623-628
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• 2012

The study was about to produce red ginsengs easily, using a household microwave oven to promote the consumption of fresh ginsengs in the home. Producing red ginsengs with a household microwave oven 'defrost function' takes 13 minutes (A), 'cook function' 6 minutes (B), and finally, 'defrost function' 44 minutes (C). For characteristics of microwave-produced red ginsengs, total saponin loss, color of powder, polyphenol content and saponin composition were compared with common red ginsengs. The color test for red ginseng powder showed that the color of household microwave-produced 6-minute cooked red ginseng (B) or 44-minute defrosted red ginseng (C) was closer to that of the common red ginsengs (E). The total saponin content in water eluted during red ginseng production showed that the saponin loss in microwave red ginseng was negligible compared to the common red ginsengs. Microwave red ginsengs showed no difference in phenol content that of the and higher total ginsenoside content than common red ginsengs. The ginsenoside $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rg_2+Rh_1$, $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd and $Rg_3$ contents of microwave red ginsengs (A, B) were higher compared to that of the common red ginsengs; the ginsenoside Re, Rc, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rd and $Rg_3$ contents of 44-minute defrosted red ginseng (C) were higher compared to the common red ginsengs. It is considered that red ginseng production, using microwave oven at home, can be a fast and convenient way to produce highly functional red ginsengs with high ginsenoside content.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-68
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• 1988

This study was conducted to define the optimal conditions for embryo growth during seed stratification and for breaking dormancy as well as seed germination of stratified ginseng seeds. The experiments were also carried out to detect some materials which were expected to induce seed dormancy in the ginseng seeds. The results summarized as follows; 1. The growth of embryo during seed stratification was significantly inhibited by the existence of endocarp. The fastest embryo growth was resulted at $15^{\circ}C$ and an estimated optimal temperature for embryo growth was about $18^{\circ}C$. 2. There was no significant difference between the embryo growth and germination ratio of ginseng seeds which were sown in seed bed at Aug-5 without seed stratification and that of artificial seed stratification. 3. Embryo growth and germination ratio was significantly inhibited by high temperature treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours or respiration stress by immersing seeds in water for 10 days or more. 4. When the seed stratification was started at $10^{\circ}C$, growth of embryo in the ginseng seeds were almost stopped. But, when the seeds were stratified first at $20^{\circ}C$ for 50 days and next at $10^{\circ}C$ for 50 days, the embryo growth was significantly promoted compared with the embryo growth in the seeds which were stratified at $20^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. 5. The successive embryo growth after seed stratification was significantly accelerated at $10^{\circ}C$ but the seeds chilled at $5^{\circ}C$ for 100 days were resulted in the highest germination ratio as well as the shortest days for germination. 6. The successive embryo growth during chilling treatment and seed germination were significantly inhibited by immersing seeds in water just before chilling treatment or during chilling treatment and by interruption of chilling treatment with raising temperature to $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days during chilling treatment. 7. The germination ratio of ginseng seeds which finished chilling treatment was highest at $10^{\circ}C$ and 62.5% was the estimated soil moisture for the best germination of ginseng seeds. The ginseng seeds were found to require high amount of oxygen for germination. 8. Only water soluble material in homogenized ginseng seeds showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seed germination of sesame, millet and soybean. Water soluble material dissolved from undehisced ginseng seeds showed stronger inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame than material from dehisced ginseng seeds. Extraction temperature did not influence the inhibiting effect of the material dissolved from ginseng seeds on the seedling growth of sesame. 9. Water soluble materials dissolved from the berry pulps, leaves, fresh roots and dried roots also showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame. 10. Water soluble materials dissolved from the ginseng seeds, leaves and fresh roots showed a significant inhibiting effect on the germination of true fungi and the growth of spawn but the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria was not. 11. Among the water soluble materials dissolved from ginseng seeds, the materials of low molecular weight less than 3,000 were resulted a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame and the materials of high molecular weight also showed an inhibiting effect.