• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.174-177
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• 1989

The ovipositional preferences of Holotrichia morosa were investigated to defermine several environmental factors related to its incidence in ginseng fields. H. moroia paid no eggs in naked soil without ground color plants, and shouted ovipositional preference among weed plants in the order to Aurmisin prinrcps var oripntnlis, Epigrren canadensis Diuitarin sanguinalis, and Porttulaca oleracea. More oviposition was observed in the denser vegetation of D. sanguinalis and in soft soil. The egg-laying females were seldom attracted to fresh rice straw mulched on soil surface or decayred rite straw mixed into soil. The number of eggs laid by a female decreased considerably when the soil moisture content was below 5% or above 35%.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 1987

Grown-gall tumor was induced from the infection of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer by Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 and the tumor calli were formed on the phytohormone free MS medium. The calli were friable and rough in appearance. Calli obtained from crown gall tumor were similar to and indistinguishable from each other. The tumor callus was quite different from normal callus. Tumor callus grew rapidly, whereas mal callus appeared late. The growth of tumor callus was better in the dark than in the light. In suspension culture, the fresh weight of tumor callus was twice as much in comparison with normal callus.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2002

Gibberellic acid (GA) was applied to field-grown 3-year-old North American ginseng (Panax quinqueiolius L.) between 1 and 4 times, before and during bloom in 1999. Applications of both GA$_3$ and GA$\sub$4+7/ four times (x4) to the developing inflorescences increased maximum pedicel length, and seed head diameter and height. Treatment with GA$\sub$4+7/ increased mean and total root fresh weight linearly, whereas those treated with GA$_3$ did not show similar increases. Both GA$_3$ and GA$\sub$4+7/ at 50, 100 and 200 mg L$\^$-1/ (x4) increased the incidence of breaking of dormancy of perennating buds with GA$_3$ being twice as effective as GA$\sub$4+7/. Both GA$_3$ and GA$\sub$4+7/ treatments resulted in an increased number of new bud initials forming per root, with the number of new initials per root increased two-fold by the GA$_3$ sprays compared to GA$\sub$4+7/.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2012

This study was carried out to have the basic and applied informations relating to increase the productivity and quality of ginseng. 2 years-old ginseng was cultivated under hydroponic culture with the controlled environment conditions in a greenhouse. Major growth characters and yields were investigated with two different temperatures and several growth stages. The plant height and stem diameter were higher at low temperature than those at high temperature. They were not clearly different with six different growth stages. The root length was not clearly different between two temperatures; however it was continuously grown from June until August. The root diameter was higher at low temperature than that at high temperature. It was rapidly increased from June until August. The length, width, and area of leaf were higher at low temperature than those at high temperature. The fresh and dry weights of different plant tissues were also heavier at low temperature than those at high temperature. The moisture content of ginseng root was continuously decreased from June until August. The yield of ginseng was higher at low temperature compared to that at high temperature. The cultivating conditions in hydroponic culture of ginseng, especially temperature, would be an important factor to have better growth and production.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.408-423
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• 2013

As the word 'creation and innovation' has been the keyword in success, there has been an increasing interest in TRIZ (Theory of inventive problem solving). So far, TRIZ has been applied to electronics and mechanics as the prime mover of product innovation. This study is to explore the applicability of TRIZ to the biotechnology sector, a future emerging technologies, especially to problem solving and innovative research and development. This study was focused on red ginseng processing. Problem causes and contradictions were identified with regard to processing-related problems, and 'the 40 principles of invention' were applied to problem solving. Steamed fresh ginseng is called 'Red ginseng'. Cracks in red ginseng cause the loss of active ingredients and also are not of merchantable quality. In the 40 principles of invention, applicable ones were finally selected through contradiction matrix and brainstorming, the tools of TRIZ. With experiments, effective methods were suggested to prevent red ginseng from cracking in a steaming process.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents of 7 and 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. The results of growth characteristics such as rhizome length, root length, fresh weight, cross-section area, surface area and volume were shows significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compare to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. In the case of 11 ginsenoside contents, the contents of G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2 were shows significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compare to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. In addition, in the comparative analysis of ginsenoside contents between wild-simulated ginseng and cultivated ginseng, 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng was shows significantly higher G-Rb1, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1 ginsenoside contents compare to 4-year-old and 5-year-old cultivated ginseng. In the result of correlation analysis between growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents, the G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 ginsenoside was shows significantly positive correlation with rhizome length, fresh weight, cross-section area, surface area, volume, while as the contents of G-Rb1, Re, Rf, Rg2 was shows significantly negative correlation with shoot diameter. The results of this study was might be help to provide useful information on the establish quality standard by the investigate correlation analysis between growth characteristics and ginsenoside content of wild-simulated ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1986

Influnces of Fuiarium solani and Phytophthora cactorum infection on the changes in saponin components of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)roots and some of the biology of those fungi in relation to ginseng root were investigated. Mycelial growth of F. solani was decreased as increasing concentration of the water extracts of fresh ginseng roots, while that of P. cactorum was increased as increasing the concentration of the water extracts and crude saponin. Mycelial growth of F. solani, however, was increased as increasing concentration of crude ginseng saponin upto 20 ppm, while it was tended to be decreased when the concentration was higher than 50 ppm. Nystatin also suppresed the growth of F. solani as increasing its concentration, but it did not affected on the growth of p. cactorum. Ginsenoside Ra and Ro components were not detected in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum. Panaxadiol gisenosides were increased by 3.0%, whereas panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 34.9% in ginseng roots inoculated with F. iolani. In ginseng roots inoculated with P. cactorum panaxadiol ginsenosides were increased by 21.1%, but panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 23.5%. PD/PT ratio in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were equally increased by 58.4% in spite of differences in the change of panaxadiol and panaxatriol ginsenosides. The total saponin components of ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were decreased by 17.8% and 2.5%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2019

Background: The ginseng ginsenosides, which have various physiological activities, are known to be more abundant in the leaves than in the roots, and the consumers' interest in ginseng sprout as a functional vegetable has been increasing. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of growth period on growth properties, active ingredients and rheology of ginseng sprouts cultivated in a non-heated greenhouse equipped with a shade net for 60 days, starting from the end of May to the middle of July. The chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased, but their length and width increased with increasing cultivation days. In particular, growth increased significantly until 40 days, but only slightly after 50 days. The stem length did not increase greatly from the 20 th to the 30 th day of cultivation, but increased significantly from the 30 th to the 40 th day, and then further increased gradually. The weight of the leaves, stems, and roots increased slightly, but not change significantly. After 40 days of cultivation, the total ginsenoside content increased by 1.07 times in the leaves and decreased by 0.80 times in the roots with increasing cultivation days. The leaf contents of ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, Rc, $F_3$ and $F_4$ increased with increasing cultivation days. The rheological properties of ginseng sprout showed the greatest influence on stem hardening with increasing cultivation days. Conclusions: Therefore, based on the growth characteristics, active ingredients and physical properties, 40 days after sowing was considered to be an appropriate harvesting time for ginseng sprouts.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.642-649
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• 2011

Ginseng growth is largely affected by characteristics of soil in Ginseng field. In this study, we determined the critical ranges of physico-chemical properties of soil for optimization of ginseng growth by analyzing the soils from Anseong and Pocheon regions in Gyeonggi province. Fresh weight of ginseng was 2 to 5 fold higher in good growth field compared to poor growth field within Anseong region. In the case of Pocheon region, 1.5 to 2 fold differences of fresh weight of ginseng was observed between good and poor growth field. These results indicate the difference of ginseng growth even in the same region. Based on these results, critical ranges of physico-chemical properties of soils were determined by comparing the good and poor growth field of each regions, which are follows; more than 50% of soil porosity, 2.0~2.8 g/kg of total nitrogen, 500~900 mg/kg for Av. $P_2O_5$, 2.3~3.5 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Ca in Anseong; less than 13% of liquid phase, 400~650 mg/kg for Av. $P_2O_5$, 4.0~4.7 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Ca, less than 0.8 and 0.5 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Mg and K, respectively, in Pocheon. Interestingly, we found that ginseng growth was affected by exchangeable base ratio (Ca:Mg:K) especially in Anseong region, which were 6:2:1 in good growth field while 4:2:1 in poor growth field. Critical ranges for nutrient contents of ginseng leaves were also characterized, which are less than 0.2% and 0.22% of each P and Mg, respectively, in Anseong, while less than 1.8% and 0.18% of each N and P, respecively, and 1.5~3.0% of K in Pocheon. In addition, we determined critical ranges for inorganic nutrient contents in the current study.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.279-282
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the aerial parts growth, yield of fresh ginseng roots, quality of red ginseng roots, and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm, PSII) in leaves between non-irrigation plot and furrow irrigation plot during the ginseng growing seasons. The aerial part growth in furrow irrigation plot was higher than non-irrigation plot in all including the emergency rate, leafing rate and relatively growth rate. Root yield per 10a in irrigation plot was increased about 50% as compared with that of non-irrigation, also heaven and earth grade of red ginseng roots yield in irrigation plot was higher (40.3%) compared with that (30.6%) of non-irrigation plot in 6-years-old ginseng plant. Furrow irrigation markedly improved the ginseng quality and yield in comparison to non irrigation condition. Therefore it needs to control the soil moisture during the growing season for high yield and good qualities of ginseng roots.