• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6397-6403
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• 2014

Background: Aberrant promoter hypermethylation has been recognized in human breast carcinogenesis as a frequent molecular alteration associated with the loss of expression of a number of key regulatory genes and may serve as a biomarker. The E-cadherin gene (CDH1), mapping at chromosome 16q22, is an intercellular adhesion molecule in epithelial cells, which plays an important role in establishing and maintaining intercellular connections. The aim of our study was to assess the methylation pattern of CDH1 and to correlate it with the expression of E-cadherin, clinicopathological parameters and hormone receptor status in breast cancer patients of Kashmir. Materials and Methods: Methylation specific PCR (MSP) was used to determine the methylation status of CDH1 in 128 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs) paired with the corresponding normal tissue samples. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of E-cadherin, ER and PR. Results: CDH1 hypermethylation was detected in 57.8% of cases and 14.8% of normal adjacent controls. Reduced levels of E-cadherin protein were observed in 71.9% of our samples. Loss of E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with the CDH1 promoter region methylation (p<0.05, OR=3.48, CI: 1.55-7.79). Hypermethylation of CDH1 was significantly associated with age at diagnosis (p=0.030), tumor size (p=0.008), tumor grade (p=0.024) and rate of node positivity or metastasis (p=0.043). Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest that abnormal CDH1 methylation occurs in high frequencies in infiltrating breast cancers associated with a decrease in E-cadherin expression. We found significant differences in tumor-related CDH1 gene methylation patterns relevant to tumor grade, tumor size, nodal involvement and age at diagnosis of breast tumors, which could be extended in future to provide diagnostic and prognostic information.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-68
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to survey the influence of the culture change on the dress and personal adornments, and to survey the change of factors from the August 15. 1945 to 1960, in connection with the social and cultural background, applying B. Malinowski′s "Theory of Culture Change" which means an acculturation is the change′s elements of the dress and its ornaments. It is remarkable that the dress and personal adornments of Korean women after August 15, 1945 has great change from the traditional dress of the thousands years. Through the Liveration on August 15, 1945, American military government and the establishment of the Korean government, American democracy has brought many changes on Korean society. Advancement of education, an society with developed economic life, and introduction of scientific skill have influenced on the women′s way of thinking and a style of behavior and the view of value. The acculturation, the supply of mass communication, introduction of new institution and the reorganization of the old institution, the change of the economic situation, the change of the educational system, the change of the point of value, the development of scientific skill have greatly influenced on the dress and personal adornments. Modern dress and personal adornments of Korean women has the following developing procedure. The Liberation from Japan on the 15th, of August, 1945, the stationing of American Soldiers during hte Koran War, returning of the oversea′s brethern, and the mass communication have the direct and indirect contact with western civilization, and bring the occasion of development of the modern dress of Korean women. The increase of mass communication, such as radio, TV, newspaper, magazines and the frequent fashion shows showed fine design and practical western style dress to the women. This was the real beginning of the western style dress in Korea. By the increase of employment and the improvement of the economic situation, the consumption of clothing and the adornments was increased, so that a wide variety of fashions was set, and numerous kind and form of dress came in. As the increase of the number of women students, their practical and free dress life demanded western style dress. After the Liberation from Japan, the open-door policy of sex, public morals and traditional ethics became lax, and in this disordered society, indecent expose of the body was common. By the different kind of technological development, the form, fabrics, colors and patterns in clothes were much influenced and the hair style, make up, shoes and adornments were much influenced too. As shown above, the change of the dress has the same connection with that of society and culture. This shows that the dress and personal adornments represent clearly the cultural phenomenon of the society and cultural change of the society.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the position of impacted mandibular third molars in different skeletal facial types among a group of Iranian patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 mandibular third molars in 200 subjects with different types of facial growth were radiographically investigated for their positions according to their types of facial growth on the basis of the ${\beta}$ angle. The subjects were divided into three groups (class I, II, and III) according to ANB angle, representing the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla to the mandible. Meanwhile, the subjects were also divided into three groups (long, normal, and short face) according to the angle between the stella-nasion and mandibular plane (SNGoGn angle). ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean ${\beta}$ angle showed no significant difference among class I, II, and III malocclusions (df=2, F=0.669, p=0.513). The same results were also found in short, normal, and long faces (df=1.842, F=2, p=0.160). The mesioangular position was the most frequent one in almost all of the facial growth patterns. Distoangular and horizontal positions of impaction were not found in the subjects with class III and normal faces. In the long facial growth pattern, the frequency of vertical and distoangular positions were not different. Conclusion: In almost all of the skeletal facial types, the mesioangular impaction of the mandibular third molar was the most prevalent position, followed by the horizontal position. In addition, ${\beta}$ angle showed no significant difference in different types of facial growth.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.412-421
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• 2009

Due to the physical characteristics of NAND flash memory, overwrite operations are not permitted at the same location, and therefore erase operations are required prior to rewriting. These extra operations cause performance degradation of NAND flash memory file system. Since it also has an upper limit to the number of erase operations for a specific location, frequent erases should reduce the lifetime of NAND flash memory. These problems can be resolved by delaying write operations in order to improve I/O performance: however, it will lower the cache hit ratio. This paper proposes a policy of page management using double cache for NAND flash memory file system. Double cache consists of Real cache and Ghost cache to analyze page reference patterns. This policy attempts to delay write operations in Ghost cache to maintain the hit ratio in Real cache. It can also improve write performance by reducing the search time for dirty pages, since Ghost cache consists of Dirty and Clean list. We find that the hit ratio and I/O performance of our policy are improved by 20.57% and 20.59% in average, respectively, when comparing them with the existing policies. The number of write operations is also reduced by 30.75% in average, compared with of the existing policies.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and visiting patterns of traffic accident outpatients Methods : In this study, we reviewed the medical charts of 2,048 traffic accident patients who visited Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine from January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2012. Results : In the distribution of gender and of age patients, the male percentage was 52.3% and the majority of patients were in their thirties(47.2%). In the distribution of the patient's initial visit, most patients visited our clinic from Monday to Wednesday. By monthly distribution, the more patients visited the clinic at the latter half of the year. In the duration of treatment, 1,389 patients(67.8%) finished treatment within four weeks. The most frequently cited sites of pain were neck(82.0%), followed closely by low back(74.0%). In the access route, 746 patients(36.4%) visited our traffic accident clinic as a first choice for primary treatment. We referred patients for radiologic examination in 159 patients(7.9%), of which the exams were mainly lumbar spine MRIs(3.6%) and cervical spine MRIs(2.8%). The most frequent diagnosis were herniated nucleus pulposus. Conclusions : This study shows that most of the patients who visited the traffic accident clinic of a Korean Medical Hospital presented neck and low back pain, and the majority showed improvement without surgical treatment. Following the increasing minor injury rate caused by traffic accidents, we expect the role of Korean Medicine Hospital to become more prominent.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1968

Epidemiological and statistical observations were made of fire hazards that occurred during the past 18 years, 1948 to 1965. Injury and mortality rates for all ages were computed chronologically. For the years of 1955, 1961 and 1965, all fire accidents were epidemiologically analysed to draw characteristic patterns in relation to the seasonal and 24 hour distribution, causes and sites of accidents etc.. Fire hazards observed herein are the categorys E 916 of the International Classification of Causes of Death, 1955, and includes all accidents caused by fire and explosion of combustible materials. The following conclusion was made: 1. The average number of annual deaths due to fire was 183 and the number of the in jured due to the same cause was 335. The mortality rate per 100,000 population was 0.8 and the ratio of injuries per death was 1.83. 2. The casually rate including both the dead and injured was 5.0 per 100,000 in Seoul, the highest among the provinces and followed by 3.4 in Cheju -Do, 2.1 in Kangwon-Do, 1.7 in Kyunggi-Do accordingly. The other provinces had a range of 0.6 to 1.2. 3. The monthly distribution of fro accidents showed that the winter months, December through February, had more frequent accidents, while the summer season, June through August had less. The 24 hour distribution of accidents showed more cases from 12:00 to 18:00 and less from 4:00 to 10:00 hours. 4. The per cent distribution of causes of accidents showed; 90.0% for careless, 10.0% for arson. The cause of carelessness was further breakdown into; 15.0% for kitchen fire places, 13.8% for fire playing, 9,4% for electrical heating and wires, 8.3% for fuels, 6.3% for matches, 5.2% for ash dumps and the remaining for others. 5. The accidents as classified by place revealed that 56.8% of the total occurred at the common dwelling houses, 11.3 at various industrial workshops, 9.3% at the street shops and the remaining at the miscellaneous places.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.481-498
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• 2017

Travel time reduction benefit is the most important benefit item in the feasibility study of transportation infrastructure investment projects and calculated by using the value of travel time. The current feasibility study guideline (5th edition) calculate the value of non-business ravel time in a metropolitan area, using the ratio of the value of non-business travel time to business travel time calculated based on the nationwide inter-regional traffic survey data of 1999. The characteristics of metropolitan trips are different from those of nationwide regional trips. Metropolitan trips have frequent transfers between multiple public transits and long-time commuter trips. Therefore, this research aims to calculate the value of travel time reflecting traffic characteristics in a metropolitan area by improving the limitation of current calculation methods. To reflect these characteristics, this research extracts commuter trips from non-business trips and calculates the value of travel time for commuter trips. The results of the likelihood ratio test for the commuter trip model and the non-business trip model are found to be statistically significant. An integrated public transportation model was also estimated in this study to reflect the trip conditions of the Seoul metropolitan area integrated fare system. The results of comparing coefficients between bus and subway in the integrated public transit model indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the two modes.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.213-220
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• 2005

Objective : Thyroid diseases are one of the most common endocrine disorders. However, the first chosen-treatments including anti-thyroidal and hormone-supplement therapy in western medicines, sometimes have failed to improve abnormal thyroid hormone secretions and clinical symptoms. Therefore, there has been a growing expectation for Oriental Medicine to take the role of alternative therapy. However, there has been little analysis of clinical characteristics. In this study, clinical characteristics of thyroidal disease patients who visited Kyung-Hee oriental hospital from January to July 2004 were analyzed. Methods : A total 86 patients diagnosed as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or thyroid nodule were selected. Clinical history, including sex, age, symptoms, disease duration and methods of previous therapy and thyroidal test, such as thyroid function test (TFT), thyroid scan and other thyroid examinations. Results : In distribution of onset age and sex, the patients who have visited oriental hospital with thyroidal diseases showed similar characteristics with typical patients. In clinical symptom, the most frequent clinical sign was fatigue in both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which differs from the classical characteristics of those diseases. Most patients complained the unresolved symptoms, some of which are attributable to abnormal thyroid hormone secretions, in spite of western therapy with anti-thyroidal and hormone supplement agents. Conclusions : In oriental therapy, it will be necessary to consider the unique clinical features of thyroidal diseases different from classical patterns, and this study suggests that oriental therapy is a good alternative method for patients whose first treatment with western agents failed. Furthermore, more public information to these patients about oriental medicine would be helpful to increase cure rates, and give various choices to patients with thyroid diseases.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.138-147
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• 2016

As services for citizens' security and protection offered at the national and social levels become more widely recognized across society, the more frequent use of ambulances by patients with both minor and major injuries is being observed. However, the number of safety accidents during transport by ambulances, which are responsible for the prompt transport of patients, has been rising in tandem with the increase in their use. This is due not only to their inconspicuousness both on the road and in other environments where these vehicles are exposed, but also to the high chance of secondary accidents, putting the lives of both patients and emergency responders at risk. It is important to study and develop designs that guarantee protection against safety accidents, noting that ambulances are completely exposed and unprotected on the road on cloudy days and at night-time. In addition, by identifying colors and design motives that enhance the conspicuity of ambulances from a distance and increase their security, emergency responders and patients can be safely protected, the identity of the ambulances can be reinforced and modernized, and the sense oppression which can be visually imposed on patients in a psychologically unstable condition can be eased. Against this backdrop, this study presents the process involved in deriving the exteriors of ambulances in Korea, including their colors and patterns, by examining the established global best practices and identifying the need for more studies into colors, even unconventional ones, that improve their safety.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2010

In this study, we evaluated the performance of Korea Land Data Assimilation System (KLDAS) for the estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) by comparing the modeled against the observed ET at Gwangneung deciduous forest of KoFlux site (GDK) from 2006 to 2008. Although the magnitudes of ET by KLDAS overestimated the observed ET, the seasonal patterns of KLDAS ET were comparable with the correlation coefficient of 0.78. The difference between the KLDAS ET and the observed ET was larger in spring and summer due to rapid plant growth and frequent rainfalls with high cloud cover, respectively. Compared to the ET estimated by NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) with $0.25^{\circ}$ and $1^{\circ}$ resolution, the ET by KLDAS with 10 km resolution showed better agreement with the observation at the GDK site. Albeit further improvement is necessary, our results suggest that KLADS can be used as a practical tool to map ET and to examine its spatiotemporal variability over the Korean Peninsula.