• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.1413-1418
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• 2012

Background: Previous studies generally indicate that synchronous bilateral breast cancers (SBBC) have an equivalent or moderately poorer survival compared with unilateral cases. The prognostic characteristics of SBBC would be relevant when planning adjuvant therapies and follow-up medical surveillance. The frequency of SBBC among early breast cancers in clinical settings in Australia and New Zealand was investigated, plus their prognostic significance, using the Breast Cancer Audit Database of the Society of Breast Surgeons of Australia and New Zealand, which covered an estimated 60% of early invasive lesions in those countries. Design: Rate ratios (95% confidence limits) of SBBC were investigated among 35,370 female breast cancer cases by age of woman, histology type, grade, tumour diameter, nodal status, lymphatic/vascular invasion and oestrogen receptor status. Univariate and multivariable disease-specific survival analyses were undertaken. Results: 2.3% of cases were found to be SBBC (i.e., diagnoses occurring within 3 months). The figure increased from 1.4% in women less than 40 years to 4.1% in those aged 80 years or more. Disease-specific survivals did not vary by SBBC status (p=0.206). After adjusting for age, histology type, diameter, grade, nodal status, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and oestrogen receptor status, the relative risk of breast cancer death for SBBC was 1.17 (95% CL: 0.91, 1.51). After adjusting for favourable prognostic factors more common in SBBC cases (i.e., histology type, grade, lymphatic/vascular invasion, and oestrogen receptor status), the relative risk of breast cancer death for SBBC was 1.42 (95% CL: 1.10, 1.82). After adjusting for unfavourable prognostic factors more common in SBBC cases (i.e., older age and large tumour diameter), the relative risk of breast cancer death for SBBC was 0.98 (95% CL: 0.76, 1.26). Conclusions: Results confirm previous findings of an equivalent or moderately poorer survival for SBBC but indicate that SBBC status is likely to be an important prognostic indicator for some cases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4247-4250
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• 2016

Background: Pax8 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 1 gene (Pax8-$PPAR{\gamma}1$) are important factors in tumors. Several studies have suggested that follicular thyroid cancer may arise from Pax8- $PPAR{\gamma}1$ rearrangement. In order to have a better understanding of the association between Pax8-$PPAR{\gamma}1$ rearrangement and follicular thyroid cancer, we conducted the presenmt meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: The information was extracted from PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Statistic analysis was performed with Stata12.0 software. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a fixed-effects model. We also performed heterogeneity and publication bias analyses. Results: Nine studies including 198 follicular thyroid cancer patients and 268 controls were considered eligible. The frequency of Pax8-$PPAR{\gamma}1$ rearrangement was significantly higher in the follicular thyroid cancer group than in the control group, with a pooled OR of 6.63 (95%CI=3.50-12.7). In addition, through subgroup analysis, the OR between Pax8-$PPAR{\gamma}1$ rearrangement and follicular thyroid cancer was 6.04 (95%CI = 3.18-11.5) when using benign tumor tissues as controls. The OR for the method subgroup was 9.99 (95% CI =4.86-20.5) in the RT-PCR. Conclusions: The final results demonstrated that Pax8-$PPAR{\gamma}1$ rearrangement has significant association with follicular thyroid cancer.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.317-322
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• 1995

속간교잡에 의한 신품종 육성을 위한 기초 연구로서 유자와 탱자를 정역교잡한 후 배주배양하였고, 자웅배우체 형성 및 수정현상을 조사하였다. 속간교잡의 결과율은 유자$\times$탱자가 16.6%, 탱자$\times$유자는 11.7%이었다. 수분후 6주된 배주를 MT 기본배지에 Zeatin 0.5 mg/L에 NAA 1 또는 3.0 mg/L에 배양했을 때 callus형성율이 높았지만, 14~15주된 배주를 2,4-D 0.1 mg/L 또는 0.5 mg/L이 첨가된 배지에 배양했을 때는 식물체 유기가 잘 되었다. 20주된 배주배양시 발아율은 유자 $\times$ 탱자의 경우 54.5%, 행자 $\times$ 유자는 48.6%이었다. F$_1$식물의 삼엽형 출현율은 유자$\times$탱자는 56.7%, 탱자$\times$유자는 100%이었다. 유자와 행자의 염색체수는 모두 n=9 (2n=18)이었고 화분립의 크기는 각각 33.75 $\mu$, 25.0 $\mu$이었다. 유자와 탱자 배낭의 길이와 폭은 69.38~79.23 $\mu$, 27.50~38.56 $\mu$, 난세포의 길이와 폭은 17.50~41.50 $\mu$, 6.25~8.12 $\mu$이었다. 수분 후 72시간이면 수정이 끝났다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권9호
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• pp.99-112
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• 2008

The increasing rate of obesity in school aged children has become a conspicuous social phenomenon in Korea. This has been linked to greater economic growth, increasingly westernized dietary habits, and a consumer driven society. Given that obesity can lead to social exclusion or unfavorable attention by other students in a school setting, the design of plus-size garments have become important for effective appearance management skills. This research aimed to establish a somatotype database for obese school boys, aged 10 to 12, in order to develop a sizing system for plus-size upper garments. In order to measure somatotype of average and obese school boys, five categories were recorded; height, obesity, length of trunk, thickness of neck and chest. For obese boys, subcutaneous fat thickness and position of B.P/shoulder point factors were recorded. Obesity factor was subdivided into overall and specific ones, and while the deviation of obese body types was severe compared to the average type. Obese body type showed significantly higher measurements in width, girth, thickness. This is linked to the fact that the frequency ratio of obesity increases with age. Stature and chest were chosen as control dimensions for boys' wear. As crosstabulation of stature(5cm interval) and chest girth(2, 3 and 4cm), and stature(5cm interval)/chest girth(3cm interval) sizing system showed, the most effective cover ratio and adaptability to the data distribution $25{\sim}75$ quartile. Based on the findings, 10 sizes were formulated for average body type, while 18 sizes were formulated for obese type, whose size cover ratios were 48% and 62.9%, respectively. The primary ranges of stature were $145cm{\sim}150cm$, while those of chest girth were $79{\sim}82cm$. Each size was declared as "chest-somatotype{A(average)/O(obesity)-stature". This study proposed a plus-size upper garment sizing systems for obese boys, accompanied with reference measurements for suit, casual wear and underwear. The finding showed that the two systems were totally separate and not overlapping, meaning that plus-size sizing system is essential for obese school boys. The obesity type system had more size and wider range specs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.5721-5726
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• 2015

Lung cancer is the leading contributor to cancer deaths in the developing world. Within countries, significant variability exists in the prevalence of lung cancer risk, yet limited information is available whether some of the observed variability is associated with differences in the consumption pattern of local tobacco products with differing potency. We recruited 606 lung cancer cases and 606 controls from the B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital in Nepal from 2009-2012. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lung cancer risk associated with different tobacco products, using unconditional logistic regression. Unfiltered cigarettes tended to be the most frequently used products across ethnic subgroup with about 53.7% of Brahmins, 60.1% of Chettris, and 52.3% of Rai/Limbu/Magar/others. In contrast, about 39.9% of Madishe/Tharu smokers reported using bidi compared with only 27.7% who smoked unfiltered cigarettes. Among those who only smoked one type of product, choor/kankat smokers had the highest lung cancer risk (OR 10.2; 95% CI 6.2-16.6), followed by bidi smokers (OR 5.6; 95% CI 3.6-8.7), unfiltered cigarettes (OR 4.9; 95% CI 3.4-7.2), and filtered cigarettes (OR 3.4; 95% CI 2.2-5.3). A clear dose-response relationship was observed between increased frequency of smoking and lung cancer risk across all ethnic subgroups. These results highlight the important role of traditional tobacco products on lung cancer risk in the low income countries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.819-823
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• 2014

Objective: The aim was to evaluate roles of vitamin D3 (VD3) and beta-carotene (BC) in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a high-risk area, Huai'an District, Huai'an City, China. Methods: 100 new ESCC diagnosed cases from 2007 to 2008 and 200 residency- age-, and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Data were collected from questionnaires, including a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to calculate the BC intake, and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to measure the serum concentrations of BC and VD3. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in conditional logistic regression models. Results: The average dietary intake of BC was $3322.9{\mu}g$ (2032.4-5734.3) in the case group and $3626.8{\mu}g$ (1961.9-5827.9) in control group per capita per day with no significant difference by Wilcoxon test (p>0.05). However, the levels of VD3 and BC in the case group were significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.05). The OR values of the highest quartile and the lowest quartile of VD3 and BC in serum samples were both 0.13. Conclusion: Our results add to the evidence that high circulating levels of VD3 and BC are associated with a reduced risk of ESCC in this Chinese population.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2004

The zinc intake and status of South Koreans from rural, urban and metropolitan areas were compared to evaluate the zinc nutritional status in different regional areas in South Korea. The dietary habits of 721 healthy adult subjects (271 from rural, 240 from urban, 210 from metropolitan city) with an age range 30 ∼ 64 (mean age 54$\pm$18) were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Mean daily Zn intake for rural, urban, and metropolitan areas was 6.5 mg, 7.3 mg, and 11.4 mg (p<0.05), respectively, which was 54%,61% and 95% of the Korean RDA for man (12 mg/d). Mean phytate: zinc molar ratios for rural, urban, and metropolitan city were 41, 34, and 30, respectively (p < 0.05), which were higher than the cutoff level of 20 for poor zinc status. The zinc intake and phytate: Zn molar ratio in the rural area were 0.5 and 1.3-fold compared to those of the metropolitan city, which can cause poor zinc nutriture in the rural area. Most of the zinc biomarkers were lower in the rural area than in the metropolitan city (p < 0.05) (mean rural and metropolitan values for plasma Zn: 80.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL and 119.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL, respectively; RBC Zn: 7.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL and 8.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL, respectively; plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity: 87 mU/mL and 100.4 mU/mL, respectively). It seems that a lower zinc intake in the rural area decreased zinc biomarker levels, such as plasma and RBC zinc, and plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, and caused the poor zinc nutritional status in this area. Most of the zinc biomarkers, such as RBC zinc and urinary and plasma zinc levels, in the subjects from the three localities, were within the normal range even when zinc intake of rural and urban subjects was low. The exception was plasma ALP activity in the rural area, which was lower than the reference level. Thus, marked zinc deficiency in these subjects were not observed, however, the potential for marginal zinc deficiency should be considered, especially for the rural area, because of the low zinc intake and the biomarker levels for marginal zinc deficiency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.340-350
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$(PPAR${\gamma}$ is involved in the regulation of weaning to estrus of primiparous sows. Twelve sows composed of 6 groups of 2 full-sibs in a similar age (325.2 d), body weight (BW; 152.4 kg) and backfat thickness (BFT; 27.0 mm) at start of lactation, were allocated to accept 31 MJ (restricted group, R-group) or 53 MJ (control group, C-group) DE/d treatment, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the low energy intake resulted in excessive losses of BW and BFT during lactation in R-group sows, which may be related to decrease of serum 15-deoxy-${\Delta}^{12,14}$-prostaglandin $J_2$ (15d-$PGJ_2$), a ligand of PPAR${\gamma}$ The obvious peak and the frequency of LH, FSH and estradiol ($E_2$) were only observed in C-group sows. Except for $E_2$ at d 1 and 2, serum FSH, LH and $E_2$ concentrations in R-group were lower than those in C-group sows after weaning. However, the serum progesterone ($P_4$) level in R-group sows was always more than that in C-group. The expression abundances of PPAR${\gamma}$and GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) in pituitary, FSH receptor (FSH-R), LH receptor (LH-R), estrogen receptor (ES-R) and aromatase in ovary of anestrous sows were lower than those of estrous sows. Neither the BFT nor the BW was associated with the mRNA abundance of PPAR${\gamma}$in hypothalamus during lactation. Expressions of PPAR${\gamma}$in pituitary and ovary were affected evidently by the BFT changes and only by the loss of BW of sows during and after lactation. Furthermore, PPAR${\gamma}$mRNA level in ovary was significantly related to the expression abundances of GnRH-R, FSH-R, ES-R and aromatase, and GnRH-R was obviously associated with PPAR${\gamma}$expression in pituitary. However, PPAR${\gamma}$expression in hypothalamus likely has no effects on these genes expression and no obvious difference for all sows. Not serum $E_2$ or $P_4$ alone but the ratios of $E_2$ to $P_4$ and 15d-$PGJ_2$ to $P_4$, and serum FSH and LH were evidently related to PPAR${\gamma}$expression in pituitary and ovary. It is concluded that PPAR${\gamma}$is associated with body conditions, reproduction hormones and their receptor expression, which affected the functions of pituitary and ovary and ultimately the estrus after weaning of primiparous sows.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.446-453
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 잡음에 의해 열화된 오디오 신호를 가변 임계값을 이용한 적응 지각 필터를 사용하여 음질을 개선하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 적응 지각 필터는 신호 구간마다 달라지는 신호의 세기와 잡음의 영향 정도를 고려하여 임계값을 가변적으로 조정함으로써 잔여 잡음을 효과적으로 제어하는 방식으로 지각적으로 개선된 음질의 신호를 얻을 수 있다 제안한 방식은 잡음에 의해 열화된 오디오 신호를 주파수 영역으로 변환한 후 임계 대역 기반의 임계 대역 에너지 (Critical intensity energy)와 마스킹 영향이 고려된 청각 자극 에너지 (Excitation energy)를 계산한 다음, 지각 필터를 기반으로 한 적응 지각 필터 알고리즘으로 각 단계별 지각 필터 응답을 임계값으로 이용하여 가변 임계값이 재조정되는 단계를 결정하게 된다. 신호의 구간별 에너지 크기에 의한 잡음에 의해 열화된 정도의 차이를 가변 임계값을 이용하여 고려함으로써 잔여 잡음의 효과적인 제어가 가능하게 된다. 제안한 방법은 다양한 신호대 잡음비에서 열화된 오디오 신호를 입력으로 사용하였다. 입력 신호대 잡음비가 15dB, 20dB, 25dB와 30dB의 각각의 경우에 대하여 잡음대 마스킹비 (Noise-to-mask ratio, NMR)와 청감 테스트 (Mean opinion score, MOS Test)를 시행하였다. 그 결과, 잡음대 마스킹비의 개선 측면에서 각각의 경우에 대해 17.4dB, 15.3dB, 12.8dB, 9.8dB의 개선을 확인할 수 있었고, 청감 테스트의 개선 측면에서는 각각 2.9, 2.5, 2.3, 1.7의 개선된 음질을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 hybrid 기법을 이용하여 INMARSAT 위성의 상향 주파수인 L-HAND(1.6265∼1.6465 GHz)에서 동작하는 위성단말기용 25 Watt C급 고출력증폭기를 설계 ·제작하였다. 제작의 간편성을 위해서 전력증폭기를 크게 구동증폭단과 전력증폭단으로 나누어 구현하였으며, 전력증폭단을 구동하기 위한 구동단은 Motorola사의 MRF-640을 사용하여 2단으로 구성하였고, 전력증폭단은 MRF-16006과 MRF-16730을 사용하였다. 또 각 부에 직류 전원을 공급하기 위해 바이어스 회로부를 같은 하우징 내에 장착하여 무게 및 부피를 최소화하였다. 제작된 고출력증폭기는 20 MHz 대역폭 내에서 이득이 30 dB 이상, 입 ·출력 정재파비는 1.7 이하의 특성을 가졌다. 1.635 GHz 주파수에 대해 1 dB 압축점의 출력전력은 44 dBm 으로서 설계시 목표로 했던 출력전력 25 Watt를 상회하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 SSPA(Solid State Power Amplifier) 제작 기법은 각종 Radar 및 SCPC(Signal Channel Per Carrier)용 전력증폭기 설계 및 제작에도 적용할 수 있다.