• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.247-254
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• 2021

Objective : The subaxial cervical pedicle screwing technique shows powerful biomechanical properties for posterior cervical fusion. When applying a pedicle screw using the freehand technique, it is essential to analyse cervical computed tomography and plan the surgery accordingly. Normal cervical computed tomography is usually performed in the supine position, whereas during surgery, the patient lies in a prone position. This fact leads us to suppose that radiological evaluations may yield misleading results. Our study aimed to investigate whether there is any superiority between preoperative preparation on computed tomography performed in the prone position and that performed in the supine position. Methods : This study included 17 patients (132 pedicle screws) who were recently operated on with cervical vertebral computed tomography in the prone position and 17 patients (136 pedicle screws) who were operated on by conventional cervical vertebral computed tomography as the control group. The patients in both groups were compared in terms of age, gender, pathological diagnosis, screw malposition and complications. A screw malposition evaluation was made according to the Gertzbein-Robbins scale. Results : No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding age, gender and pathological diagnosis. The screw malposition rate (from 11.1% to 6.9%, p<0.05), mean malposition distance (from 2.18 mm to 1.86 mm, p <0.05), and complications statistically significantly decreased in the prone position computed tomography group. Conclusion : Preoperative surgical planning by performing cervical vertebral computed tomography in the prone position reduces screw malposition and complications. Our surgical success increased with a simple modification that can be applied by all clinicians without creating additional radiation exposure or additional costs.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제37권5_1호
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• pp.989-998
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• 2021

구름의 영향을 크게 받는 광학위성영상의 활용에 있어 일정 주기 합성은 구름의 영향을 최소화할 수 있는 유용한 방법이다. 최근 주기 합성 시 구름과 구름 그림자 정보가 직접 입력되어 일정 주기 시 두 인자의 영향을 가장 덜 받는 최적의 화소를 선택하는 기법이 제시되었다. 최적의 합성 결과를 도출하기 위해서는 구름과 구름 그림자의 정확한 추출이 필수적이다. 또한 농작물과 같이 분광정보가 중요한 대상의 경우 주기 합성 시 분광정보의 손실이 최소화되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 구름과 구름 그림자의 높은 탐지정확도를 유지하면서 분광정보의 손실이 적은 탐지 기법을 도출하기 위해, 강원도 고랭지 배추밭을 대상으로 두 분광척도(Haze Optimized Tranformation; HOT, MeanVis)를 이용한 방법과 Sentinel-2A/B에서 제공되는 구름 정보를 비교 분석하였다. 2019년~2021년까지 자료를 분석한 결과 Sentinel-2A/B위성의 구름 정보는 F1값이 0.91인 탐지 정확도를 보이나, 밝은 인공물이 구름으로 오탐지되었다. 이에 비해 HOT에 임계치(=0.05)를 적용해 획득한 구름 탐지 결과는 상대적으로 낮은 탐지 정확도(F1=0.72)를 보였으나, 오탐지가 적어 분광정보의 손실을 최소화하였다. 구름 그림자의 경우, Sentinel-2A/B 부가 레이어에서는 최소한의 그림자만이 탐지된 결과를 볼 수 있었으나, MeanVis에 임계치(= 0.015)를 적용했을 시 지형적으로 발생한 그림자와 구별 가능한 구름 그림자만을 탐지할 수 있었다. 분광척도 기반 구름 및 그림자 정보를 입력해 안정된 월별 합성된 식생지수결과를 획득하였으며, 향후 Sentinel-2A/B의 높은 정확도의 구름 정보를 주기 합성에 입력해 비교할 예정이다.

• Composites Research
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2001

인장 및 압축 하중하에서 electro-pullout 시험법과 음향방출법을 이용하여, 표면 처리된 steel fiber. 탄소 그리고 유리 섬유/시멘트복합재료의 계면 물성과 미세파괴구조를 평가하였다. 기계적 interlocking을 증가시킨 steel fiber 복합재료의 계면전단강도가 미처리 또는 neoalkoxy zirconate (Zr) 처리된 steel fiber 복합재료보다 더 향상되었음을 보여주었다. 이것은 존재 가능한 수소결합 또는 공유결합에 비해 기계적 interlocking이 계면 물성에 더 많은 영향을 주기 때문으로 고찰된다. 시멘트복합재료를 경화하는 동안에, 접촉 저항도는 초기에는 급격히 감소하였으나, 이후 증가치가 둔화되는 현상을 보였다. Zr-처리 및 기계적 interlocking을 향상시킨 steel fiber 복합재료의 접촉저항은 미처리의 경우에 비해 더 나중 단계에서 무한대로 증가하였다. 기계적 interlocking이 향상된 steel fiber 복합재료의 계면 파괴에 의한 음향방출 신호의 수가 미처리 또는 Zr 처리된 복합재료에 비해 휠씬 많이 나타났다. 기계적 맞물림이 향상된 복합재료의 pullout과 마찰신호에 대한 응향방출 파형이 미처리에 비해 크게 나타났다. Dual matrix composite (DMC)에서, 압축하중 하에서의 음향방출 에너지와 파형이 인장하중 하에서의 에너지와 파형에 비해 더 크게 나타났는데, 이것은 시멘트 복합재료가 압축응력을 잘 견디는 세라믹 성질에 기인한 것으로 고찰된다. 유리섬유 복합재료의 인장 시험에서는 수직균열이 나타났고, 반면에 압축 시험에서는 buckling 균렬현상이 관찰되었다. Electro-micromechanical 시험법과 음향방출법은 전도성 섬유가 보강된 불투명한 취성기지 복합재료의 계면 물성과 미세 파괴구조를 평가하기 위한 효율적인 비파괴시험법으로 사용될 수 있다.5}$ 이상의 수준으로 가장 높게 나타났고, 그 외 다른 나라들의 경우는 $10^{4}$이상의 수준으로 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 대장균군의 경우 미국산과 한국산, 중국산이 다소 높은 경향을 보였다.다.농도와 세포의 건조질량이 각각 $0.98$\times$10^{6}$ / cell /mL 와 0.2 g/L astaxanthin의 농도는 1.92 mg/L 단위 세포당 astaxanthin 농도는 9.6 mg/g cell 로 관찰되었다결론적으로 질소원과 peptone이 고갈되면 세포의 생장은 억제되나 astaxanthin의 생산은 촉진됨을 알수 있었으며 세포 생장을 촉진하는 광도 60$\mu$E/($\m^2$s)와 HKM 배지 이용의 1단계와 높은 광도와 MBBM배지를 이용한 색소 생산의 2단계 배양을 최적조건으로 수립하였다.내어 생채내의 free radical에 의한 간보호 작용이 있는 생리활성 물질을 함유하고 있음이 추정되며, 아울러 이 분획물을 더욱 분리하여 물질의 구조와 반응 기전 제시와 함께 간 손상의 예방 및 치료에 도움이 될 수 있는 물질을 개발할 가치가 있다고 사료된다을 공급한 대조구에 비해 높았다. 어미의 성 성숙 및 산란은 두 번의 실험에서 대조구보다 저염분구에서 원만히 이루어졌다. 암컷 성숙 개체의 경우 1차 실험은 대조구 6마리, 저염분구 12마리였으며, 2차 실험은 대조구 5마리, 저염분구 12마리였으며, 2차 실험은 대조구 5마리, 저염분구 14마리로서 성숙유도에 있어 염분의 조절에 의한 성숙이 이루어진 것을 알 수 있다. 산란 시기는 1차 실험에서 대조구나 저염분구의 산란 개시 시점이 거의 동일한 데 비해, 2차 실험에서는 저염분구가 대조구에 비해 대략 20일 정도 빠르게 나타났다. 또한 산란에 가입한 암컷 어미의 개체수도 두 차례의

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.84-91
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• 2006

In this study, the effect of EGR and fuel injection pressure on the characteristics of combustion and emission performance of the common-rail diesel engine is investigated using DME fuel as a smoke-free alternative fuel. Because the heating value and density of DME fuel are lower than those of diesel fuel, the injection duration of the DME engine is relatively longer than the injection duration of the diesel engine with the same injection pressure. However, the higher injection pressure can shorten the injection duration for the DME engine. Although the smoke level of the DME engine is much lower than that of the diesel engine, the NOx is at a level similar to that of the diesel engine. As a proposed solution for this, the EGR technique is empirically applied to the DME engine. In the experiments, the injection pressure was changed from 200bar to 400bar, and the EGR rate was limited under 40%. With the same injection timing and fuel amount, the experiment results indicated that the increase of injection pressure led to the increase of IMEP while decreasing HC and CO emissions. However, the NOx emission tends to increase as the injection pressure becomes higher. On the other hand, as the EGR rate was increased, NOx emission and A/F were reduced while the HC and CO emissions were increased. Because HC and CO emissions have the critical A/F point where the emissions of HC and CO are rapidly increased, it is proposed that the EGR rate must be limited under the critical EGR rate.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.780-783
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• 2006

Purpose: Rupture of a collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint is rare except in the thumb. The injured digit became flexed and deviated toward ulna side by the hypothenar intrinsic musculature. Incomplete rupture of a collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint can be often managed by splinting the affected digit in flexion position, however, in the case of complete tears that distraction of the ends of the ruptured collateral ligament is too great to allow repositioning by splinting. Primary repair of the ruptured collateral ligament or reattachment to bone by a pull-out wire, or tendon graft technique appears to be adequate. Methods: We report a case of instability of fifth metacarpophalangeal joint due to complete rupture of radial collateral ligament. This 18-year-old male presented pain in his right outstretched hand after trauma. The diagnosis was obtained by physical examination and simple radiography. Because of persistent instability after the initial conservative treatment, open reduction and repair surgical treatment was required. Results: The fifth metacarpophalangeal joint became free of pain and stable under forced lateral deviation. Postoperative results showed good metacarpophalangeal joint function and stability during 8 months follow-up period. Conclusion: Because of the interposition of the sagittal band between the ruptured ends of radial collateral ligament such as Stener-like lesion of the thumb, surgical repair of metacarpophalangeal joint collateral ligament of the finger was justified in case of complete laxity in full flexion.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2008

Surgical treatment of compressive ulnar neuropathy at the elbow has been performed with a wide variety of techniques. Among these techniques, anterior submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve has been regarded as the method of choice by many authors. It has many advantages including a low recurrence rate, scar-free vascular bed, and protection from repeated trauma to the nerve. However, anterior submuscular transposition is technically demanding and requires more extensive soft tissue dissection. On the other hand, anterior subfascial transposition is less invasive, requires a relatively shorter operation time than the submuscular technique, and also can be done safely even in patiensts with elbow arthritis. We evaluated the clinical results of anterior submuscular transposition compared with anterior subfascial transposition. Fifteen patients underwent anterior submuscular transposition and ten patients underwent anterior subfascial transposition of the ulnar nerve. The mean follow-up time was 15 months (range 10 to 38 months) in the anterior submuscular transposition group and 7 months (range 6 to 15 months) in the anterior subfascial transposition group. According to the outcome status determination algorithm devised by Mowlavi, 3 patients (20%) showed total relief, 10 patiensts (66.7%) improvement and 2 patients (13.3%) no changes in the anterior submuscular transposition group. In the anterior subfascial transposition group, 2 patients (20%) showed total relief, 7 patients (70%) improvement and 1 patient (10%) displayed no changes. Statistically there was no significant difference of the clinical results between the two surgical techniques. Therefore we would suggest anterior subfascial transposition of the ulnar nerve as a preferred method for treatment of cubital tunnel syndrome.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.140-144
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• 2006

We fabricated the YBCO films on single crystal $LaAlO_3$ substrates via a metal organic deposition (MOD) process. In the process, $Y_2Ba_1Cu_1O_x$ and $Ba_3Cu_5O_8$ powders were dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) followed by calcining and firing heat treatments. To evaluate the effects of the firing temperature on YBCO phase formation and critical properties, the films were fired at $750^{\circ}C,\;775^{\circ}C\;and\;800^{\circ}C$ after calcining at $430^{\cric}C$. Microstructure observation indicated that a crack-free surface formed and a strong biaxial texture was developed. The FWHM of out-of-plane texture was measured to be in the range of $4.3^{\cric}-7.0^{\circ}$ for all the films. When the YBCO film was fired at $775^{\cric}C$, it had the highest critical properties: 88.5 K of critical temperature and 16 A/cm-width of critical current ($1MA/cm^2$ as critical current density). On the other hand, those properties were degraded as firing at $750^{\circ}C\;and\;800^{\circ}C$. It is considered that the improved critical values are partly owing to dense and homogeneous microstructure, strong texture, and high oxygen content.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.435-460
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• 2017

The main objective of this study is to investigate the turning and zig-zag maneuvering performance of the well-known naval surface combatant DTMB (David Taylor Model Basin) 5415 hull with URANS (Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) method. Numerical simulations of static drift tests have been performed by a commercial RANS solver based on a finite volume method (FVM) in an unsteady manner. The fluid flow is considered as 3-D, incompressible and fully turbulent. Hydrodynamic analyses have been carried out for a fixed Froude number 0.28. During the analyses, the free surface effects have been taken into account using VOF (Volume of Fluid) method and the hull is considered as fixed. First, the code has been validated with the available experimental data in literature. After validation, static drift, static rudder and drift and rudder tests have been simulated. The forces and moments acting on the hull have been computed with URANS approach. Numerical results have been applied to determine the hydrodynamic maneuvering coefficients, such as, velocity terms and rudder terms. The acceleration, angular velocity and cross-coupled terms have been taken from the available experimental data. A computer program has been developed to apply a fast maneuvering simulation technique. Abkowitz's non-linear mathematical model has been used to calculate the forces and moment acting on the hull during the maneuvering motion. Euler method on the other hand has been applied to solve the simultaneous differential equations. Turning and zig-zag maneuvering simulations have been carried out and the maneuvering characteristics have been determined and the numerical simulation results have been compared with the available data in literature. In addition, viscous effects have been investigated using Eulerian approach for several static drift cases.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.227-237
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• 2002

A numerical technique for simulating the aggregation of charged particles was presented with a Brownian dynamic simulation in the free molecular regime. The Langevin equation was used for tracking each particle making up an aggregate. A periodic boundary condition was used for calculation of the aggregation process in each cell with 500 primary particles of 16 nm in diameter. We considered the thermal force and the electrostatic force for the calculation of the particle motion. The electrostatic force on a particle in the simulation cell was considered as a sum of electrostatic forces from other particles in the original cell and its replicate cells. We assumed that the electric charges accumulated on an aggregate were located on its center of mass, and aggregates were only charged with pre-charged primary particles. The morphological shape of aggregates was described in terms of the fractal dimension. In the simulation, the fractal dimension for the uncharged aggregate was D$\_$f/ = 1.761. The fractal dimension changed slightly for the various amounts of bipolar charge. However, in case of unipolar charge, the fractal dimension decreased from 1.641 to 1.537 with the increase of the average number of charges on the particles from 0.2 to 0.3 in initial states. In the bipolar charge state, the average sizes of aggregates were larger than that of the uncharged state in the early and middle stages of aggregation process, but were almost the same as the case of the uncharged state in the final stage. On the other hand, in the unipolar charge state, the average size of aggregates and the dispersion of particle volume decreased with the increasing of the charge quantities.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.108-109
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• 2013

Mitochondria play key roles in the production of cell's energy. Their dominant function is the synthesis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate (Pi) through the oxidative phosphorylation. Evaluation of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity has become increasingly important since mitochondrial dysfunction has recently been implicated in numerous diseases including cancer and diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial functions have been monitored via oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and more importantly via ATP synthesis since ATP synthesis is the most essential function of mitochondria. Various analytical methods have been employed to investigate ATP synthesis in mitochondria, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), bioluminescence technique, and pH measurement. However, most of these methods are based on destructive analysis or indirect monitoring through the enzymatic reaction. Infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) is one of the useful techniques for real-time, label-free, and direct monitoring of biological reactions [1,2]. However, the strong water absorption requires very short path length in the order of several micrometers. Transmission measurements with thin path length are not suitable for mitochondrial assays because solution handlings necessary for evaluating mitochondrial toxicity, such as rapid mixing of drugs and oxygen supply, are difficult in such a narrow space. On the other hand, IRAS in the multiple internal reflection (MIR) geometry provides an ideal optical configuration to combine solution handling and aqueous-phase measurement. We have recently reportedon a real-time monitoring of drug-induced necrotic and apoptotic cell death using MIR-IRAS [3,4]. Clear discrimination between viable and damaged cells has been demonstrated, showing a promise as a label-free and real-time detection for cell-based assays. In the present study, we have applied our MIR-IRAS system to mitochondria-based assays by monitoring ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria from rat livers. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis and hydrolysis were in situ monitored with MIR-IRAS, while dissolved oxygen level and solution pH were simultaneously monitored with O2 and pH electrodes, respectively. It is demonstrated that ATP synthesis and hydrolysis can be monitored by the IR spectral changes in phosphate groups in adenine nucleotides and MIR-IRAS is useful for evaluating time-dependent drug effects of mitochondrial toxicants.