• Title/Summary/Keyword: Framing Effect

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Re-examination of Response Compatability Hypothesis in Decision-Making (결정에서 반응 조화설의 재검증)

  • Ahn, Sang-Ji;Lee, Young-Ai
    • Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.197-223
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    • 2009
  • Three studies re-examined Shafer's(1993) response compatibility hypothesis in decision making. This hypothesis proposes that participants choose or reject an option when its features are compatible with either a selection or a rejection response. By changing the description of options into sentences and by the prior presentation of either a selection or a rejection question, we obtained results fairly consistent with the predictions of the response compatibility hypothesis. Based on the analysis of both previous and present results, we discussed the importance of preference elicitation methods when constructing options. Our results were compared to those of recent studies.

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A Study on the Visual Effect of the Viewing -Window based on Psychology -focused on residential environment- (전망창의 시각효과에 대한 심리학적 고찰- 주거공간을 중심으로)

  • 함정도
    • Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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    • no.8
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    • pp.58-64
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    • 1996
  • People live in an environment which affects the human b by way of ‘Affordance’ .. And the interaction between h human and the surrounding environment arises ‘the sense of place' through adoptation. Considering the human emo¬t tional and psychological needs, besides the functionalones, for the design of environment gives ‘the place’ the h humanized atmosphere. Then the viewing-window, re¬f fleeting the dweller’s sensibility and aesthetic aspect, be¬c comes an important design element for the human interi¬o or atmosphere. G Generally, the view has the character of the Panorama a and sometimes of the Picture. And the viewing - window t transfigures the visual effects by ways of ‘Framing’, at t taching the ’Screen’ and ‘Successive development' of the views through openings on the wall. Hence this study w was developed from the aesthethic view-points of archi t tecture, cinema, picture and photography etc., and the c conclusions are as follows. T The ‘Frame’ limits the boundary of the view into a p particular area, while the ‘Screen’ changes the clear view t to an obscure one. And the wall-openings located with i intervals show the fragments of the outer view in a suc¬c cessive way. And these techniques applied to the viewing window make the viewer have the associated meanings d derived from the ‘Guided Projection'. So, the associative p psychology of the viewer complements the partiality, ob¬s scurity and brokenness of the view into a complete one, a and finally the view comes to be an aesthetic one to the v vIewer.

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Effects of Stud Spacing, Sheathing Material and Aspect-ratio on Racking Resistance of Shear Walls

  • Jang, Sang Sik
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.97-103
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    • 2002
  • This study was carried out to obtain basic information on racking resistance of shear walls and the factors affecting racking resistance of shear walls. Shear walls constructed by larch lumber nominal 50 mm × 100 mm framing and various sheathing materials were tested by applying monotonic and cyclic load functions. Shear walls with various stud spacing such as 305 mm, 406 mm, and 610 mm were tested under both of monotonic and cyclic loads and shear walls with various aspect (height-width) ratios were tested under cyclic load functions. The effect of hold-down connectors in shear walls was also tested under cyclic load functions. Racking resistance of shear walls has very close linear relation with stud spacing and width of shear walls. The ultimate racking strength of shear walls was reached at around or before the displacement of 20 mm. It was proposed in this study that the minimum racking strength and minimum width for shear wall be 500 kgf and 900 mm, respectively. Load-displacement curves obtained by racking tests under monotonic load functions can be represented by three straight line segments. Under cyclic load functions, envelope curves can be divided into three sections that can be represented by straight lines and the third section showed almost constant or decreasing slope.

Using Two-Dimensional Chemiluminescence Images to Study Inhomogeneity in Mixture Gas in the Combustion Chamber for HCCI Combustion (이차원발광화상계측에 의한 예혼합압축자기착화연소의 연소실내 혼합기의 불균질성에 관한 연구)

  • Lim, Ock-Taeck;Iida, Norimasa
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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    • v.34 no.12
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    • pp.1043-1050
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    • 2010
  • Fuel stratification and thermal stratification occur in the HCCI combustion chamber on a microscopic scale. They affect the ignition and combustion processes. In this study, the effect of the inhomogeneity in the mixture gas on the HCCI combustion process was investigated. Two-dimensional chemiluminescence images were captured using a framing camera to evaluate the flame structure. DME was used as the test fuel. First, the effect of inhomogeneity in the fuel distribution in the premixture was investigated for the four-stroke optically accessible engine. Then, by comparing the combustion of the homogeneous mixture in the rapid compression machine, which does not contain any residual gas, with the combustion in the four-stroke engine, the effect of inhomogeneity in temperature due to the residual gas was analyzed. The results showed that a time lag appears spatially in combustion under inhomogeneous conditions in the four-stroke engine. The spatial variation in the combustion without the residual gas in the rapid compression machine is less than that in the combustion in the four-stroke engine.

The Effects of Price Salience on Consumer Perception and Purchase Intentions (개격현저대소비자감지화구매의도적영향(价格显著对消费者感知和购买意图的影响))

  • Martin-Consuegea, David;Millan, Angel;Diaz, Estrella;Ko, Eun-Ju
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.149-163
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    • 2010
  • Previous studies have shown that retail price promotion change consumers' purchase behavior and that retailers use price promotion more frequently. Keeping constant the benefits received by consumers, there are several ways for retailers to communicate a price promotion. For example, retailers can present a price reduction in absolute terms ($, ${\euro}$), percentage terms (%), or some combinations of these two methods (Della Bitta et al. 1981). Communicating a price promotion in different ways is similar to the framing of purchase decisions (Monroe 1990). Framing effects refers to the finding that subjects respond differently to different descriptions of the same decision question (Frisch 1993). Thus, the presentation of the promotion has an impact on consumer deal evaluation and hence retail sales. In fact, much research in marketing attests to the effects of price presentation on deal perception (Lichtenstein and Bearden 1989; Urbany et al. 1988; Yadav and Monroe 1993). In this sense, a number of marketing researches have argued that deal perceptions are also determined by the degree to which consumers are able to calculate the discounts and final purchase prices accurately (Estelami 2003a; Morwitz et al. 1998), which suggests that marketers may be able to enhance responses to discounts by improving calculation accuracy. Consequently, since calculation inaccuracies in the aggregate lead to the underestimation of discounts (Kim and Kramer 2006), consumers are more likely to appreciate a discounted offer following deeper processing of price information that enables them to evaluate a price discount more accurately. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of different presentations of discount prices on consumer price perceptions. To be more precise, the purpose of this study is to investigate how different implementations of the same price promotion (semantic and visual salience) affect consumers' perceptions of the promotion and their purchase decisions. Specifically, the analysis will focus on the effect of price presentation on evaluation, purchase intentions and perception of savings. In order to verify the hypotheses proposed in the research, this paper will present an experimental analysis dealing with several discount presentations. In this sense, a2 (Numerical salience presentation: absolute and relative) x2 (Worded salience presentation: novel and traditional) x2 (Visual salience: red and blue) design was employed to investigate the effects of discount presentation on three dependent variables: evaluation, purchase intentions and perception of savings. Respondents were exposed to a hypothetical advertisement that they had to evaluate and were informed of the offer conditions. Once the sample finished evaluating the advertisement, they answered a questionnaire related to price salience and dependent dimensions. Then, manipulation checks were conducted to ensure that respondents remembered their treatment conditions. Next, a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ MANOVA and follow-up univariate tests were conducted to verify the research hypotheses suggested and to examine the effects of the individual factors (price salience) on evaluation, purchase intentions and perceived savings. The results of this research show that semantic and visual salience presentations have significant main effects and interactions on evaluation, purchase intentions and perception of savings. Significant numerical salience interactions affected evaluation and purchase intentions. Additionally, a significant worded salience main effect on perception of savings and interactions on evaluation and purchase intentions were found. Finally, visual salience interactions have significant effects on evaluation. The main findings of this research suggest practical implications that firms should consider when planning promotion-based discounts to attract consumer attention. Consequently, because price presentation has important effects on consumer perception, retailers should consider which effect is wanted in order to design an effective discount presentaion. Specifically, retailers should present discounts with a traditional style that facilitates final price calculation. It is thus important to investigate ways in which marketers can enhance the accuracy of consumers' mental arithmetic to improve responses to price discounts. This preliminary study on the effect of price presentation on consumer perception and purchase intentions opens the line of research for further research. The results obtained in this research may have been determined by a number of limiting conceptual and methodological factors. In this sense, the research deals with a variety of discount presentations as well as with their effects; however, the analysis could include additional salience dimensions and effects on consumers. Furthermore, a similar study could be carried out including a larger, more inclusive and heterogeneous sample of consumers. In addition, the experiment did not require sample individuals to actually buy the product, so it is advisable to compare the effects obtained in the research with real consumer behavior and perception.

The Magnitude of the Third-person Effect by Comparison Target: A Study on the Effects of Relation of Perceivers to the Comparison Targets and Their Involvement in the Issue (지각대상자에 따른 제3자 효과 지각 변화의 원인: 수용자와 지각대상자의 관계와 관여도를 중심으로)

  • Jeong, Ir-Kwon
    • Korean journal of communication and information
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    • v.35
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    • pp.362-393
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this manuscript was to investigate the effects of issue involvement and relation of perceivers to comparison targets on the magnitude of third person perceptions. The investigation was expected to help us to understand the underlying process of third person effect hypothesis. Data was collected from adult residents in Ohio, United States by telephone survey in 2003(n=524). Like most other third person effect studies, this study supported the hypothesis: Respondents perceived more media effects on others than themselves for both 'Negative media portrayals of smokers' and 'News coverage of Roman Catholic priest's sexual scandals'. Results of five hypothesis tests suggest that when relationship between a perceiver and a particular comparison target is present third person perception is explained more by cognitive components than motivational components. In this case, third person perception varies with comparison target's issue involvement while it is independent of social distance between the perceivers and the comparison target. Also, perceivers' issue involvement positively correlates with the magnitude of third person effect. Based on the results, it is concluded that when perceives or a comparison target is involved in a message cognitive processes accounting for the relationship can impact the magnitude of third person effect. An important theoretical implication of the study is that third person effect is, to some extent, related with framing effect and priming effect.

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Exploring Cognitive Biases Limiting Rational Problem Solving and Debiasing Methods Using Science Education (합리적 문제해결을 저해하는 인지편향과 과학교육을 통한 탈인지편향 방법 탐색)

  • Ha, Minsu
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.935-946
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    • 2016
  • This study aims to explore cognitive biases relating the core competences of science and instructional strategy in reducing the level of cognitive biases. The literature review method was used to explore cognitive biases and science education experts discussed the relevance of cognitive biases to science education. Twenty nine cognitive biases were categorized into five groups (limiting rational causal inference, limiting diverse information search, limiting self-regulated learning, limiting self-directed decision making, and category-limited thinking). The cognitive biases in limiting rational causal inference group are teleological thinking, availability heuristic, illusory correlation, and clustering illusion. The cognitive biases in limiting diverse information search group are selective perception, experimenter bias, confirmation bias, mere thought effect, attentional bias, belief bias, pragmatic fallacy, functional fixedness, and framing effect. The cognitive biases in limiting self-regulated learning group are overconfidence bias, better-than-average bias, planning fallacy, fundamental attribution error, Dunning-Kruger effect, hindsight bias, and blind-spot bias. The cognitive biases in limiting self-directed decision-making group are acquiescence effect, bandwagon effect, group-think, appeal to authority bias, and information bias. Lastly, the cognitive biases in category-limited thinking group are psychological essentialism, stereotyping, anthropomorphism, and outgroup homogeneity bias. The instructional strategy to reduce the level of cognitive biases is disused based on the psychological characters of cognitive biases reviewed in this study and related science education methods.

How to Increase the Usability of a Subway Commuter Pass Using Nested Logit Model (Nested logit model을 이용한 정기권 이용범위 확대에 관한 연구)

  • Jung, Hun Young;Shin, Jong Jin;Ko, Sang Seon
    • Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.389-400
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    • 2014
  • This study finds a way to increase the usability of a subway commuter pass. Usability of the commuter pass on a probabilistic statistical model is calculated when the pass is allowed to used in a different mode(bus). A sunk cost of commuter pass is used to reduce the vehicle travels from public transit. 324 people aged 25 to 35 were surveyed and utilized to build a Nested Logit Model on STRADA 3.5 platform. Main results are as follows. First, commuter passes were issued in various forms. Second, the model turns out to be statistically significant in four explanatory variables (discount rate, inter-usablity between modes, forms of payment and periods). Lastly, the more valid on different modes, the more increased of the rail commuter pass.

Research Trends of Korean Journalism and Communication Studies Using a Semantic Network Analysis (언어 네트워크 분석을 통해 살펴본 한국 언론학 분야 연구의 연구동향 분석)

  • Lee, Sungjoon
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.16 no.7
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    • pp.179-189
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    • 2016
  • This aim of this study is identify research trends and intellectual structure in the field of Korean journalism and communication studies. For this purpose, a semantic network analysis was employed to analyze keywords in the abstracts of published articles in the Korean Journal of Journalism and Communication Studies from 2005 to 2015. The results showed that "frame", "Twitter", "content analysis" and "social media" are among the most frequently used keywords in the abstracts during this period. With regards to degree and eigenvector centrality, "social capital", "trust" and "twitter" were among the highest. The findings of the periodic characteristics of research trends revealed that there are more studies that employ the traditional media effect theories including Uses and Gratification Theory, Agenda Setting Theory, and Framing Theory before the year of 2010 while those that focus on the specific new media such as smartphones and twitter after 2011. This study has implications in the sense that it can be used as guidelines for making a curriculum or establishing the research system for Korean journalism and communication studies in the future.

Effects of Needle Response on Spray Characteristics In High Pressure Injector Driven by Piezo Actuator for Common-Rail Injection System

  • Lee Jin Wook;Min Kyoung Doug
    • Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.1194-1205
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    • 2005
  • The common-rail injection systems, as a new diesel injection system for passenger car, have more degrees of freedom in controlling both the injection timing and injection rate with the high pressure. In this study, a piezo-driven injector was applied to a high pressure common-rail type fuel injection system for the control capability of the high pressure injector's needle and firstly examined the piezo-electric characteristics of a piezo-driven injector. Also in order to analyze the effect of injector's needle response driven by different driving method on the injection, we investigated the diesel spray characteristics in a constant volume chamber pressurized by nitrogen gas for two injectors, a solenoid-driven injector and a piezo-driven injector, both equipped with the same injection nozzle with sac type and 5-injection hole. The experimental method for spray visualization was based on back-light photography technique by utilizing a high speed framing camera. The macroscopic spray propagation was geometrically measured and characterized in term of the spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray tip speed. For the evaluation of the needle response of the above two injectors, we indirectly estimated the needle's behavior with an accelerometer and injection rate measurement employing Bosch's method was conducted. The experimental results show that the spray tip penetrations of piezo­driven injector were longer, on the whole, than that of the solenoid-driven injector. Besides we found that the piezo-driven injector have a higher injection flow rate by a fast needle response and it was possible to control the injection rate slope in piezo-driven injector by altering the induced current.