• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.269-274
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• 2018

Objectives: The incidence and patterns of mandibular fractures vary by country and population age. This retrospective study evaluated the etiologies and patterns of mandibular fractures in children. Materials and Methods: The clinical records of 89 children (45 males and 44 females) aged 0 to 12 years who presented with mandibular fractures from July 2012 to June 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The sex, patient age, site of fracture, etiology of trauma, and monthly variations of the fractures were recorded. Descriptive statistics, the z-test and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis and the P-value was set at <0.05. Results: Eighty-nine children (male-to-female ratio 1.02:1) sustained 131 mandibular fractures. Within the study sample, the 6 to 9 year age group most frequently experienced fractures (47.3%). Falls and road traffic accidents (RTA) were the two most common etiological factors that accounted for 44.9% and 24.7% of cases. The condylar fracture was the most common anatomical location (38.9%) followed by the angle (20.6%), parasymphysis (18.3%), body (15.3%), and symphysis (5.3%). A single fracture (51.7%) was more common than multiple fractures (48.3%). The month-wise distribution of mandibular fractures was fairly constant. Conclusion: The condylar region was the most common anatomic site for fractures; in addition, a fall and RTA were the major etiological factors for mandibular fractures. A single fracture was observed in 51.7% of patients while multiple fracture lines accounted for 48.3% of cases.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2010

Purpose: To research about maxillofacial traumatic injuries of children in aspects of gender difference, various incidence rates between age, trauma type, cause, monthly and daily incidence rate, type of tooth damage, gingival damage, soft tissue damage, and type of facial bone fracture. Materials and methods: Study group consisted of children under 15 years of age who visited Dental Hospital, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University from 2004/7/1 to 2007/6/30 with chief complaint of oral and maxillofacial traumatic injuries. 1,559 cases of traumatic injuries were studied from 1,556 (1,004 male, 552 female) children. Conclusion: 1. There were slightly more boys than girls, giving a male-to-female ratio of 1.82:1.0. The 1-3 year old boys and girls had the highest number of traumatic injuries. 2. Of the 1,556 patients, 68.63% had soft tissue injuries, 50.22% had periodontal injuries, 29.89% had teeth injuries, and 3.85% had maxillofacial bone fractures. 3. Falling down was the most common cause of injury in both sexes. 4. The months with the highest incidence rates were in order May (12.12%), June (11.74%), and October (11.13%). Most of the injuries occurred on weekends. 5. The most common tooth injury was uncomplicated crown fracture, and the most common periodontal injury was subluxation. The majority of traumatizes teeth were the upper central incisors. 6. The most common soft tissue injury was intraoral lacerations. 7. Mandibular fractures were most frequent in facial bone fractures; symphysis, condylar head, and angle fractures were most frequent in mandibular fractures; maxillary and nasal bone fractures were most frequent in midfacial bone fractures.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

The management of mandibular condylar fractures in children has long been a matter of controversy. The fracture, if not treated appropriately, may result in complications such as disturbance of mandibular growth and temporomandibular joint ankylosis. They are usually treated nonsurgically, which has been proved to be satisfactory in the long term results. Nineteen children with 25 condylar fractures experienced during their growth period (age at trauma from 10 months to 12 years, mean 7.0 years) were studied. All patients were treated by arch bars and intermaxillary fixation for $7{\sim}14$ days. They have been evaluated with clinical and radiographic examination. The maximum mouth opening and lateral movement of the mandible were within normal limits. There was no malocclusion or ankylosis. Beginning of remodelling was evident at postoperative $1{\sim}3$ months. Remodelling of the condyle was good in 21, while partial adjustment occured in the other 4 condyles. These results suggest that the conservative treatment of condylar fractures in growing children results in good functional results and good remodelling of the condyle.

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.121-124
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• 2009

소아에서의 슬개골 골절은 성인을 포함한 전체 슬개골 골절의 약 2% 미만에서 발생하고, 모든 소아 골절의 약 1% 정도로 매우 드물게 발생한다. 성장중인 슬개골은 성인에서의 슬개골 골절과는 달리 골연골 골절 또는 견열 골절의 형태로 흔히 발생하며, 그 형태는 주로 소매형 골절로 나타난다. 소아 슬개골의 견열 골절 또는 소매형 골절은 슬개골의 상단부 혹은 하단부에서 발생하나, 대부분 슬개골 하단부가 주를 이루며, 상단부에 생긴 경우는 드물다. 저자들은 16세 소아에서 슬개골 상단부의 소매형 골절 1례를 경험하여 이를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제81권4호
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• pp.806-831
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• 2020

근골격계의 외상은 소아가 응급실로 내원하는 가장 흔한 원인 중에 하나이다. 소아에서 뼈는 아직 완전히 골화가 되지 않았기 때문에 불완전 골절(소성변형, 생나무 골절, 죔쇠 골절)과 같이 성인과는 다른 영상의학적 특성을 보이기도 하며, 성장판의 손상으로 인해 성장 장애를 유발하기도 한다. 소아는 연령에 따라서 활동 범위나 활동 양상이 다르기 때문에 분만 손상에서부터 낙상, 교통사고에 이르기까지 다양한 기전에 의해서 골절이 발생하며, 각각의 손상기전에 따라 특징적인 골절의 발생 부위 및 골절의 형태를 보이기도 한다. 본 종설에서는 소아의 다양한 근골격계 외상 중 소아에서 흔하게 볼 수 있는 사지 골절의 영상의학적 특성에 대해서 고찰해보고자 한다.

• 치과방사선
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.471-482
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• 1995

Bony remodeling pattern of condyle fractures in children are different from in adult for growing of condyle, also might affect treatment and prognosis of the condyle fracture. Subjects of this clinical and radiologic study were 26 temporomandibular joints diagnosed as condyle fracture in 23 patients under 15 years old age. They were treated with conservative method at Dental Hospital of Yonsei University from Jan., 1986 to Oct., 1994. Bony remodeling related with fracture pattern was evaluated. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The ratio of male to female in patients with condyle fracture was 1 : 0.9 and the difference of sex ratio was not noted. Comparing with preschool-age group and school-age group, age frequency was higher in preschool-age group(83％). 2. Fallen down(54％) was the most frequent cause of condyle fractures. Traffic accident and slip down were followed. 3. The most common clinical sign of condyle fractures was tenderness to paipation09 cases). Mouth opening limitation07 cases), swelling(7 cases), malocclusion(3 cases) were next in order. 4. According to sites of condyle fractures, unilateral fractures were in 20 patients and bilateral fractures in 3 patients, therefore total 23 patients-26 cases of condyle fracture were observed. According to fracture distribution, condyle fractures were in 10 patients(44％). Condyle fractures with symphysis fracture(9 patients, 39％), condyle fractures with ascending ramus fracture(2 patients, 9％), condyle fracture with mandibular body fracture(1 patient, 4％), and condyle fractures with mandibular angle fracture(1 patient, 4％) were followed. 5. In displacement pattern of fractured fragment of mandibular condyle, dispiacement(17 cases, 66％) was most common. Dislocation(5 cases, 19％) and deviation (4 cases, 15％) were next in order. 6. During the observation period of fractured condyles, remodeling patterns of fracture sites related with articular fossa were observed with usual condylar shape in 23 cases and with prominently different shape in 3 cases.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.606-611
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• 2012

Background Facial fractures are infrequent in children and adolescents and have different clinical features from those in adults. The low incidence in children and adolescents reflects the flexibility and underdevelopment of their facial skeletons, as well as their more protected environments. Only a few reports have reviewed such patients in Korea. The authors performed a retrospective study to analyze the characteristics of facial fractures in the Korean pediatric population. Methods We conducted a retrospective review on a series of 741 patients, aged <18 years, with facial fractures who had been treated at our hospital between 2006 and 2010. The following parameters were evaluated: age, sex, cause, location and type of fractures, associated injuries, treatment and complications. Results A total of 741 consecutive patients met the inclusion criteria. The ratio of boys to girls was 5.7:1. Facial fractures most commonly occurred in patients between 13 and 15 years of age (36.3%). The most common causes of injury was violence. The nasal fracture was the most common type of fracture (69%) and the blowout fracture was the second most common (20%). Associated injuries occurred in 156 patients (21%). Conclusions The incidence of pediatric facial fractures caused by violence is high in Korea. Our results show that as age increases, etiological factors and fracture patterns gradually shift towards those found in adults. This study provides an overview of facial fractures in these age groups that helps illustrate the trends and characteristics of the fractures and may be helpful in further evaluation and management.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was the long-term clinical and radiological evaluation of conservatively treated condylar fractures in children. This study was therefore undertaken to analyze the long-term effects of treating condylar fractures in children with conservative therapy in order to resolve the controversial question of whether complete remodeling occurs in this age or, if not, whether it is more likely to be associated with certain types of fracture or with other factors. This study was based on a series of 11 consecutive children and adolescents, aged between 3 and 15 years, with fractures of the condylar process who had been treated with conservative therapy at the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Inha University Hospital, Inchon, Korea. All patients underwent a clinical investigation with special emphasis on Temporomandibular joint function and facial asymmetry. The patients also underwent a radiologic investigation, focusing on fracture remodeling and symmetry of mandible. It consists of panoramic radiograph, PA & lateral cephalogram and 3-D CT. No patient described impaired temporomandibular joint(TMJ) function or pain on the affected side. 2 of 8 (25%) unilateral and 1 bilateral fractures show slight facial asymmetry. Despite apparently excellent recovery of function, there were marked remodeling changes evident on the CT scan. Such changes are not usually evident on panoramic radiograph. Radiologic investigation showed incomplete remodelling(54.5%) and asymmetry of the mandible (27.3%) in some patients. Conservative treatment of condyle fracture in children results in satisfactory long-term outcome of jaw function despite a relative high frequency of radiologically noted aberrations.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.228-232
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• 2019

Background: The epidemiology of nasal fractures varies according to factors such as the era and area of the study, as well as the age of the patient. We compared the characteristics and causes of pediatric nasal fractures. Methods: A total of 2,321 patients with nasal fractures from 2010 to 2017 were examined. The patients were divided into age groups using the Korean school system of age classification. The causes of injury were divided into five groups: violence, fall or slip down, sports, road traffic accidents, and others. Fractures were classified using the Stranc and Robertson standard: vector of force and plane of fracture. Results: Violence was the most common cause of nasal fracture in patients older than 12 years. Violence was a significantly less frequent cause among patients younger than 12 years old than among adolescent and adult patients. Nasal fractures due to violence were not observed in patients younger than 10 years. Plane 2 and lateral force fractures were the most common; however, in patients younger than 12 years, frontal force fractures were significantly more frequent than were lateral force fractures. Conclusion: As children may simply be injured due to a fall or slip down, it is important for the parents and guardians to ensure their safety. As they become older, children should abstain from violence and be monitored. It is therefore very important to ensure that the environment is free of violence in order to prevent such injuries.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.429-437
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• 1995

Of all facial fractures in children, condylar fractures have the greatest propensity to produce a growth disturbance. This risk appears to be greatest when the injury is during the first 3 years of during adolescence. Yet, the ability of a child to undergo compensatory growth that decrease the effects of the injury is also the greatest. Fracture dislocation of the condyle in the preadolescent often results in excellent remodeling and function. Because of this factor and the higher risRs of avascular necrosis and ankylosis open reduction of a condylar fracture in a child is not widely recommended. This retrospective study analyzed mandibular condyle fractures in the children who admitted in dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pusan paik hospital from 1984 to 1993 clinically and radiologically.