• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.57-67
• /
• 2019

Water-induced strength reduction is one of the most critical causes for rock deformation and failure. Understanding the effects of water on the strength, toughness and deformability of rocks are of a great importance in rock fracture mechanics and design of structures in rock. However, only a few studies have been conducted to understand the effects of water on fracture properties such as fracture toughness, crack propagation velocity, consumed energy, and microstructural damage. Thus, in this study, we focused on the understanding of how microscale damages induced by water saturation affect mesoscale mechanical and fracture properties compared with oven dried specimens along three notch orientations-divider, arrester, and short transverse. The mechanical properties of calcite-cemented sandstone were examined using standard uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) tests. In addition, fracture properties such as fracture toughness, consumed energy and crack propagation velocity were examined with cracked chevron notched Brazilian disk (CCNBD) tests. Digital Image Correlation (DIC), a non-contact optical measurement technique, was used for both strain and crack propagation velocity measurements along the bedding plane orientations. Finally, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was employed to investigate the microstructural damages produced in calcite-cemented sandstone specimens before and after CCNBD tests. As results, both mechanical and fracture properties reduced significantly when specimens were saturated. The effects of water on fracture properties (fracture toughness and consumed energy) were predominant in divider specimens when compared with arrester and short transverse specimens. Whereas crack propagation velocity was faster in short transverse and slower in arrester, and intermediate in divider specimens. Based on ESEM data, water in the calcite-cemented sandstone induced microstructural damages (microcracks and voids) and increased the strength disparity between cement/matrix and rock forming mineral grains, which in turn reduced the crack propagation resistance of the rock, leading to lower both consumed energy and fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$).

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제19권1E호
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2007

The fracture energy evaluated from the previous experimental results can be simulated by using the modified singular fracture process zone (S-FPZ) model. The fracture model has two fracture properties of strain energy release rate for crack extension and crack close stress versus crack width relationship $f_{ccs}(w)$ for fracture process zone (FPZ) development. The $f_{ccs}(w)$ relationship is not sensitive to specimen geometry and crack velocity. The fracture energy rate in the FPZ increases linearly with crack extension until the FPZ is fully developed. The fracture criterion of the strain energy release rate depends on specimen geometry and crack velocity as a function of crack extension. The behaviors of micro-cracking, micro-crack localization and full development of the FPZ in concrete can be explained theoretically with the variation of strain energy release rate with crack extension.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.52-59
• /
• 2003

동적 하중이 작용하는 콘크리트 CLWL-DCB 시험편에 대해 변위제어 파괴실험이 실시되었다. 381mm의 균열성장 동안 측정된 균열속도는 0.80mm/sec ~ 215m/sec이었다. 측정된 하중과 하중점-변위로부터 외부일 및 운동에너지와 변형에너지가 유도되었고, 에너지 균형에 필요한 파괴에너지가 각 균열속도의 균열성장에 대해 계산되었다. 실험의 결과에 요구되는 파괴에너지의 회귀식으로부터 연속적으로 성장하는 균열의 파괴저항이 계산되었다. 실험에 요구되는 파괴에너지에 대한 최대 표준오차는 3.2% 이하였다. 균열속도에 관계없이 약 28mm의 초기 균열성장 또는 미소균열의 성장에 대한 파괴저항의 증가율은 상대적으로 작았으며, 이후의 균열성장 또는 미소균열의 국부화에 대해 파괴저항의 기울기는 급격히 증가하여 균열속도에 따라 90∼145mm의 균열성장에서 최대 파괴저항이 되었다. 평균 185mm의 균열성장 동안 최대 파괴저항을 유지한 후 파괴저항은 균열속도가 빠를수록 급속히 감소하였다. 최대 파괴저항은 균열속도가 0.273m/sec보다 빠른 경우에 균열속도의 대수 값에 비례하여 142N/m에서 217N/m까지 증가하며, 균열속도가 빠를수록 관성력이 포함되지 않은 평균 파괴에너지율 215N/m와 유사한 값을 보였다. 콘크리트의 균열성장에 대한 파괴저항을 측정하기 위해서는 균열속도에 따라 최소한 90∼145mm의 안정 균열성장이 필요하다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.179-187
• /
• 2024

In this paper, a unified time-dependent constitutive model of Darcy flow and non-Darcy flow is proposed. The influencing factors of flow velocity are discussed, which demonstrates that permeability coefficient is the most significant factor. Based on this, the dynamic evolution characteristics of water inrush during tunneling through fault fracture zone is analyzed under the constant permeability coefficient condition (CPCC). It indicates that the curves of flow velocity and hydrostatic pressure can be divided into typical three stages: approximate high-velocity zone inside the fault fracture zone, velocity-rising zone near the tunnel excavation face and attenuation-low velocity zone in the tunnel. Furthermore, given the variation of permeability coefficient of the fault fracture zone with depth and time, the dynamic evolution of water flow in the fault fracture zone under the variable permeability coefficient condition (VPCC) is also studied. The results show that the time-related factor (α) affects the dynamic evolution distribution of flow velocity with time, the depth-related factor (A) is the key factor to the dynamic evolution of hydrostatic pressure.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.511-520
• /
• 2004

이 연구에서는 기존의 콘크리트 실험에서 평가된 파괴에너지를 수정 특이-파괴진행대 이론에 대해 해석하였다. 수정 특이-파괴진행대 이론은 균열성장에 대한 에너지해방률과 균열면의 파괴진행에 대한 균열면응력-균열폭 관계의 두 파괴특성을 필요로 한다. 해석결과 균열면응력-균열폭 관계는 시험편의 형상과 균열속도에 민감하지 않았다. 파괴진행대에서 파괴에너지율은 파괴진행대가 완전히 형성될 때까지 균열성장길이에 선형으로 증가하였으며, 이후에는 파괴에너지밀도로 일정한 값을 유지하였다. 변형에너지방출률은 시험편의 형상과 균열속도에 큰 변화를 보였으며, 균열속도에 대해서는 선형의 대수함수로 표현될 수 있다. 균열성장에 대한 변형에너지방출률의 변화는 다른 실험의 미세균열의 성장과 국부화 그리고 완전 파괴진행대의 형성에 대한 이론적인 근거를 보여준다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.182-192
• /
• 2022

취성파괴는 구조물의 파괴거동 중 하나로서 구조재료의 내진성능에 큰 영향을 미친다. 하중속도는 취성파괴의 주요 발생원인 중 하나로 작용하며, 특히 지진과 같은 상황에서 건축물에 높은 하중속도가 작용하게 된다. 하지만 현재 국내·외 강구조 보-기둥 접합부의 내진성능평가는 대부분 정적실험을 통해 수행되고 있다. 따라서 기존 내진성능평가에서는 지진 시의 높은 하중속도에 의한 재료 인성 저하 및 최대변형률 감소 등의 요소에 따른 취성파괴가 충분히 고려되지 않았을 가능성이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 기존 실험방법에 따른 낮은 하중속도에서의 정적실험과 진동대를 이용한 높은 하중속도에서의 동적실험을 각각 실시한다. 각 실험결과에 따른 파괴형상 및 구조성능 등을 비교·분석하고 최종적으로 하중속도의 크기가 접합부의 내진성능에 미치는 영향을 분석한다.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.47-57
• /
• 2016

Results from multiple high profile experiments on the parameters influencing the impacts that cause skull fractures to the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones were gathered and analyzed. The location of the impact as a binary function of frontal or lateral strike, the velocity, the striking area of the impactor, and the force needed to cause skull fracture in each experiment were subjected to statistical analysis using the JMP statistical software pack. A novel neural network model predicting skull fracture threshold was developed with a high statistical correlation ($R^2=0.978$) and presented in this text. Despite variation within individual studies, the equation herein proposes a 3 kN greater resistance to fracture for the frontal bone when compared to the temporoparietal bones. Additionally, impacts with low velocities (<4.1 m/s) were more prone to cause fracture in the lateral regions of the skull when compared to similar velocity frontal impacts. Conversely, higher velocity impacts (>4.1 m/s) showed a greater frontal sensitivity.

• 대한기계학회논문집
• /
• 제5권2호
• /
• pp.110-121
• /
• 1981

In order to study on the fracture behavior and the fracture thoughness of combined structure, the specimens, structural steel (SM28C) and 6:4 brass are annealed for ductility and investigated for the befavior of fracture and the absorbed energy at the variation of the impact velocity. The results obtained by this study are as follows: (1)The maximum load increases with the impact velocity, but in the condition of constant impact velocity it decreases as the ductility increases. (2)The absorbed energy increases with the impact velocity, but in the condition of constant impact velocity it is constant as the ductility increases. (3)In the case of the combined structure of peralite and ferrite, the microcracks initiates and propagates mainly in the ferrite structure intergranular in accompany with the slip, and the slip concentration phenomena occur in the boundary of pearlite structure However, in case of the combined structure of .alpha. and ..betha. phase, the microcracks initiates and propagares mainly in the .alpha. phase intergranularly, and slip concentration phenomena not ocur in the boundary of .betha. phase.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.3-9
• /
• 1996

In this study, comparison of theoretical solutions with experimental results is examined through fracture conditions for the case of float glasses subjected static loading. The range of fracture generation limits and critical penetration energies are solved according to the impactor mass under the high velocity, and analytical method of fracture strength and penetration strength are presented. Also, fracture patterns are investigated according to impact velocities. The results obtained from this study are as follows ; 1) Radial cracks are generated from the loading point regardless of plate thickness in the case of the plate subjected to the static loading. In the case of high-speed impact, dimensions of ring cracks become to smaller and length of radial cracks becomes shorter with the rapidity of impact velocity. 2) Kinetic change volume of collision after/before is constant regardless of velocities over the range of critical penetration velocity. 3) Although the same impact energy is working, the critical penetration energy is increased with the shorter of impactor mass. 4) Although the same impact energy is working, the penetration fracture of lighter Impactor mass is generated more than that of heavier impactor mass, and the impulse of lighter impacter mass appear more than that of heavier impactor mass. Therefore, the penetration fracture in the case of greater impulse is generated earlier regardless of the of the dimensions of Impact loading.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.312-318
• /
• 1992

Two kinds of alumina specimens with different grain size (1 and 51 $\mu\textrm{m}$) but same density were prepared by hot-pressing. Fracture strength and fracture toughness of these specimens at low strain rate, sonic velocity, and elastic property were evaluated. Ballistic performance against Cal. 50 AP projectile was characterized by thick-backing method by using A16061-T6 reference block. Mechanical properties measured at low strain rate showed that the specimen with samll grain (SG) were better than specimen with large grain (LG). Fracture strength and fracture toughness of LG specimen were 131 MPa and 3.01 MPa{{{{ SQRT { m} }}, but those of SG specimen were 349 and 4.23, respectively. Sonic velocity and elastic properties of these specimen were similar, but bulk velocity and bulk modulus were different at amount of 4 and 9%. The tendency of ballistic performance was not consistent with the mechnaical properties at low strain rate. The ballistic performance based on quantitative efficiency revealed that the LG specimen (5.13) was ballistically better than the SG specimen (4.00) in spite of their lower mechanical properties.