• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 1992

Five buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$) showed no significant changes in the heart rate, respiratory rate, packed cell volume, plasma constituents and renal hemodymics during intravenous infusion of urea for 4 h. The rate of urine flow, fractional urea excretion, urinary potassium excretion and osmolar clearance significantly decreased while the renal urea reabsorption markedly increased during urea infusion. The decrease of fractional potassium excretion was concomitant with the reduction of the rate of urine flow and urine pH. In animals exposed to heat ($40^{\circ}C$) the rectal temperature heart rate and respiratory rate significantly increased while no significant changes in GFR and ERPF were observed. An intravenous infusion of urea in heat exposed animals caused the reduction of the rate of urine flow with no changes in renal urea reabsorption, urine pH and fractional electrolyte excretions. During heat exposure, there were marked increases in concentrations of total plasma protein and plasma creatinine whereas plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration significantly decreased. It is concluded that an increase in renal urea reabsorption during urea infusion in buffaloes kept in normal ambient temperature depends on the rate of urine flow which affect by an osmotic diuretic effect of electrolytes. The limitation of renal urea reabsorption in heat stressed animals would be attributed to an increases in either plasma pool size of nitrogenous substance or body metabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 1990

Forty-two outbred female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 145 g were used to study the effects of a beta-agonist, cimaterol, on growth, body composition and urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine (MH) at 3, 6 and 18 d. Cimaterol (CIM) was administered in the feed at 10 mg/kg. The growth promoting effect of CIM was most evident during the initial part of the feeding period, followed by a gradual decrease in the magnitude of the response with no significant effect at 18 d. The action of CIM was confined to skeletal and cardiac muscles with no stimulating effect on other organs. The amount of urine excretion and urinary MH excretion was reduced (p<.01) at 3 d in the CIM group. No difference was found at 6 d, followed by an increased urine excretion (p<.05) and MH excretion (p<.01) at 18 d. An inverse relationship between growth rate and urinary MH excretion suggested that the increased growth rate of CIM-fed rats during the initial part of the feeding period is primarily attributed to the decreased protein degradation rate. It was further suggested that both fractional synthesis rate and fractional degradation rate increased during the later part of the feeding period.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2001

Objectives ; This study was undertaken to determine if Salviae Radix herb-acupuncture (SRA) exerts protective effect against alterations in membrane transport function in rabbits with mercury chloride (Hg)-induced acute renal failure. Methods and Results ; The administration of Hg at a subcutaneous single dose of 10mg/kg caused a reduction in GFR to 9.4% of the basal value and an increase in fractional Na+ excretion to 10-fold, indicating generation of acute renal failure. When animals were acupunctured with $0.5m{\ell}$ of SRA extract (0.1%) in both sides of Shinsu(BL23) for 7 days prod to Hg administration, such changes were significantly attenuated. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate was increased to approximately 132-fold and 7-fold, respectively, in rabbits treated with Hg alone, but the fractional excretion of glucose was increased to 26-fold and that of phosphate was not different from the basal value in SRA-pretreated rabbits. Uptakes of glucose and phosphate in purified isolated brush-border membrane and $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in microsomal fraction were inhibited in rabbits treated with Hg alone, suggesting that impairment in proximal reabsorption of glucose and phosphate is resulted from a direct damage of membrane transport carriers and disruption of the normal $Na^+$ gradient. Conclusions ; Such changes were prevented by SRA. Uptakes of organic ions, PAH and TEA, in renal cortical slices were inhibited by the administration of Hg, which was prevented by SRA. Pretreatment of an antioxidant DPPD attenuated the increase in the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate induced by the administration of Hg.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.742-747
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• 2007

In order to investigate the mechanism of adaptation to long-term heat stress, six female buffalo calves of about 7 to 8 months age, were exposed to the cool-comfort environment (THI 65) for 21 days to obtain normal values of blood acid-base. An adaptive response of acid-base regulation was determined to long term (21 days) exposure of buffalo calves to hot-dry (THI 80) and hot-humid (THI 84) conditions. Higher rectal temperature and respiratory rate was recorded under hot-humid exposure compared to hot-dry. Significant reduction in the rectal temperature and respiratory rate on day 21 of hot-dry exposure indicated early thermal adaptation compared to hot-humid. Decreasing rectal temperature and respiratory rate from day 1 to 21 was associated with concurrent decrease in blood pH and pCO2. Increased plasma chloride concentration with low base excess in blood and in extracellular fluid suggested compensatory response to respiratory alkalosis. Reduced fractional excretion of sodium with increased fractional excretion of potassium and urine flow rate indicated renal adaptive response to heat stress.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1985

One of most frequently used anesthetic agents is barbiturate derivatives. Pentobarbital or thiopental sodium have been used most frequently in the laboratory or clinical practice. There have been reports on the renal effects of barbiturate anesthesia in human and laboartory animals. Renal effects of thiopental sodium anesthesia, however, are still controversial. One of the discrepancies may be derived from the doses used. It has been reported that subanesthetic small dose of thiopental sodium influences the renal function directly. To clarify possible central effects of very small amounts of thiopental sodium on the renal function, experiments have been done in conscious rabbits. Thiopental sodium was infused into the lateral cerebroventricle for 10 minutes. Intracerebroventricular thiopental sodium induced increased urinary volume, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow by doses of $0.1{\sim}1.0\;mg/10 min/rabbit$. Filtration fractions were not changed. Sodium, chloride and potassium excretions were increased by 0.065 mg/10 min/rabbit of thiopental sodium without significant changes of renal hemodynamics. Higher doses of thiopental sodium $(0.1{\sim}1.0\;mg/10 min/rabbit)$ induced greater increases of electrolytes excretion and renal hemodynamics. Free water clearance was not changed by thiopental sodium, but the fractional excretion of free water showed a tendency of decrease. Fractional excretion of sodium was increased by doses of 0.065 to 1.0 mg of thiopental sodium . Highly significant correlation between the changes of glomerular filtration rate and the changes of sodium excretion were found in the higher doses. Plasma renin concentration (activity) was not changed by the centrally administered thiopental sodium. Intravenous thiopental sodium, 1.0 mg/rabbit, induced no changes of renal function in conscious rabbit. These data suggest that intracerebroyentricular thiopental sodium can increase urinary sodium excretion directly by inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules and/or indirectly by increasing the renal hemodynamics.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.63-67
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• 1981

Effect of acetazolamide on the diuretic action of furosemide was investigated in rabbits. The rates of urine flow and excretion of salts were significantly reduced when furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) was administered with acetazolamide (10 mg/kg) compared to the diuretic response of the single furosemide (0. 5 mg/kg) administration. Reduction in the fractional excretion rate of urine volume was more pronounced than the fractional excretion rate of salts. The results suggest that reduction of diuretic action on furosemide by combined administration of acetazolamide is probably due elevated urinary pH and interference in the mechanism of inhibition of chloride transport in the ascending Henle's limb.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.41-54
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to determine if Plantaginis Semen Herbal Acupuncture(PSA) has a protective effect against glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. Rats were dehydrated for 24hr and then injected with 8 ml/kg of $50\%$ glycerol, one-half of dose in each hindlimb muscle. In experiments for PSA effect, rats received 0.1 ml of PSA extraction in both sides of corresponding Shenso($BL_{23}$) of human body for 3 days after injection of glycerol. The experimental group were di vided into the Normal group, the Control group, the PSA group. Glycerol injection decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased urine volume, serum creatinine, BUN level and fractional excretion of glucose, $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $CI^-$. These result show that glycerol injection result in acute renal failure. PSA significantly increased glomerular filtration rate and significantly decreased serum creatinine, BUN level and fractional excretion of glucose, $Na^+$ and $CI^-$ as compared Control group. This suggests that PSA could be used in prevention and treatment of acute renalfailure. However, the precise mechanisms of PSA protection remain to be determined.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

Objectives : The present study was carried out to determine if Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Glycyrrhizae Radix was known to reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish Qi, remove heat and counteract toxicity, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate spasmodic pain, and to moderate drug actions. It's indications are weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; cough with much phlegm: spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs: carbuncles and sores. It is often used for reducing the toxic or drastic actions of other drugs. Methods : Antioxidative effect of 3% concentration of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract was measured. Rabbits were treated with Glycyrrhizae Radix extract via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and the changes of urine volume, serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate(GFR), fractional Na+ excretion$(FE\;Na^+)\;and\;K^+\;excretion(FE\;K^+)$ in ischemia/reperfusion induced acute renal failure were measured. Results : Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of serum creatinine level, which was accompanied by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate(GFR). The fractional excretion of $Na^+\;and\;K^+$ increased in ischemia-induced animals, which was partially prevented by Glycyrrhizae Radix extract treatment. Conclusions : These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and its effect may be attributed to an antioxidant action.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.1
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• pp.55-80
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• 1992

In order to examine that the effect of Sam Hwa San, circulating the vital energy of Sam Cho and controlling body fluid metabolism, gives any influence on renal function, changes in the urine flow, eletrolytes excretion, plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity were observed after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract in rabbit. Also in vitro effect of the herb extract on oxygen consumption in renal cortical slices and ATPase activity in kidney microsomes was measured. The following results were obtained : 1. The urine flow was markedly increased at 10 min after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract($0.134{\pm}0.015$ vs. $0.433{\pm}0.046ml/min.kg$), but return ed to normal value after 40 min of infusion. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was significantly increased at 10 min after in travenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, and the renal plasma flow at 10 and 20 min after infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, following return to normal value. 3. $Na^+$ excretion was significantly increased during 10-40 min after intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract, although showed the maximal rate at 10-20 min. The fractional $Na^+$ excretion was also increased during 10-40 min. $K^+$ excretion was rapidly increased at 10 min after the intravenous Infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract and then gradually decreased to normal level at 40 min. The fractional $K^+$ excretion was significantly increased during 10-40 min after the intravenous infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract. 4. The plasma aldosterone concentration and renin activity were not altered by the infusion of the Sam Hwa San extract. 5. The ouabain-sensitive oxygen consumption of renal cortical slices was significantly reduced by the Sam Hwa San extract(0.5 and 1.0 vol.%). 6. The Na-K-ATPase activity of renal microsomes was strongly inhibited by the Sam Hwa San extract(0.5 and 1.0 vol.%). These results suggest that the Sam Hwa San causes a strong diuretic effect which results from reduction of Na reabsorption in renal tubule by a direct inhibition of Na-pump and, in part, from all increase in renal blood flow. In clinic, it is considered to obtain the therapeutic effect in body fluid metabolism disharmony to cause the circular disorder of vital energy.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.119-128
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine if Salviae Radix extract (SRE) exerts protective effect against alterations in membrane transport function in rabbits with rhabdomyo lysis-induced acute renal failure. Acute renal failure was induced by intramuscular administration of glycerol (50%, 10 ml/kg). GFR in the glycerol-injected animals was reduced to 11% of the basal value and the fractional $Na^{+}$ excretion was increased to 7.8-fold, indicating generation of acute renal failure. When animals received SRE pretreatment for 7 days prior to glycerol injection, such changes were significantly attenuated. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate was increased more than 43-fold and 27-fold, respectively, in rabbits treated with glycerol alone. However, they were increased to 17-and 4.3-fold, respectively, in SRE-pretreated rabbits, and these values were significantly lower than those in rabbits treated with glycerol alone. Uptakes of glucose and phosphate in purified isolated brush-border membrane, the $Na^{+}-K^{+}-ATPase$ activity in microsomal fraction, and cellular ATP levels all were reduced in rabbits treated with glycerol alone. Such changes were prevented by SRE pretreatment. Uptakes of organic ions, PAH and TEA, in renal cortical slices were inhibited by the administration of glycerol, which was prevented by SRE pretreatment. Pretreatment of an antioxidant DPPD significantly attenuated the increase in the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate induced by rhabdomyolysis. These results indicate that rhabdomyolysis causesimpairment inreabsorption of solutes in the proximal tubule via the generation of reactive oxygen species, and SRE pretreatment may provide the protection against the rhabdomyolysis-induced impairment by its antioxidant action.