• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 2001

Fatigue is the decline in force produced as a result of prolonged muscle activity. Localized muscle fatigue can be identified by a shift toward low in the frequency components of the EMG signal, typically represented by a fall in the median frequency. Previous studies show that a shortened muscle develops a higher fatigue than elongated muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the time-related change of median frequency and torque during maximal isometric back extension exercises at different exercise angles ($0^{\circ}$, $12^{\circ}$, $36^{\circ}$, $72^{\circ}$). Twenty healthy subjects (mean age = $24.35{\pm}2.70$) were evaluated in this study. Median frequency was extracted from the EMG signals by fast Fourier transform (FFT). Initial median frequency and the slope of median frequency change over time were computed from linear regression analysis. Pearson's product moment correlation was used to quantify the relationship between slope of median frequency and torque. The results were as follows: 1) Significant differences in y-intercepts of torque regression equation with respect to exercise angle were shown. However, there were no differences in the slopes of the median frequency and torque, and y intercept of the median frequency among exercise angles. 2) There was no significant correlation between slope of median frequency and torque. 3) But there was moderate correlation between median frequency and torque at each exercise angle. In conclusion, the exercise angle during maximal isometric back extension exercise is not a direct effect on slope of median frequency and torque. But results showed that median frequency and torque shift were highly correlated in all subjects.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제34권2호
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2009

In the working population, muscle fatigue and musculoskeletal discomfort are common, which, in the case of insufficient recovery may lead to musculoskeletal pain. Workers suffering from musculoskeletal pains need to be rehabilitated for recovery. Isokinetic testing has been used in physical strengthening, rehabilitation and post-operative orthopedic surgery. Frequency analysis of electromyography (EMG) signals using the mean frequency (MNF) has been widely used to characterize muscle fatigue. During isokinetic contractions, EMG signals present strong nonstationarities. Hilbert-Haung transform (HHT) and autoregressive (AR) model have been known more suitable than Fourier or wavelet transform for nonstationary signals. Moreover, several analyses have been performed within each active phase during isokinetic contractions. Thus, the aims of this study were i) to determine which one was better suitable for the analysis of MNF between HHT and AR model during repetitive maximum isokinetic extensions and ii) to investigate whether the analysis could be repeated for sequential fixed epoch lengths. Seven healthy volunteers (five males and two females) performed isokinetic knee extensions at $60^{\circ}/s$ and $240^{\circ}/s$ until 50% of the maximum peak torque was reached. Surface EMG signals were recorded from the rectus femoris of the right thigh. An algorithm detecting the onset and offset of EMG signals was applied to extract each active phase of the muscle. Following the results, slopes from the least-square error linear regression of MNF values showed that muscle fatigue of all subjects occurred. The AR model is better suited than HHT for estimating MNF from nonstationary EMG signals during isokinetic knee extensions. Moreover, the linear regression can be extracted from MNF values calculated by sequential fixed epoch lengths (p> 0.0I).

• 대한한의진단학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.42-62
• /
• 2008

연구배경과 목적: 지첨용적맥파는 광학기술을 이용하여 손가락 끝에서 혈액용적의 변화를 측정하여 맥파를 검출하는 기술로서, 지첨용적맥파에 대한 시간영역 파형분석을 통해 혈관의 노화정도를 파악할 수 있음은 이미 잘 알려진 사실이다. 이에 본 연구자는 시간영역 파형분석을 통해 혈관노화지표를 얻을 수 있다면, 주파수영역분석법을 통해서도 혈관노화지표를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 가정하였다. 본 연구에서는 주파수영역에서 혈관노화지표를 찾기 위해 건강한 성인들을 대상으로 지첨용적맥파를 측정하고 주파수영역에서 분석하여 고조파가 혈관노화 지표로서 활용될 수 있는가 여부를 결정하고자 한다. 연구방법: 건강인 390명(남자 174명과 여자 216명)을 대상으로 안정 후 앙와위에서 30초 동안 지첨용적맥파를 검출하였다. 검출한 맥파신호에서 기저선이 비교적 안정된 5-6개의 맥파주기를 선택하여 시간영역 파형분석을 통해 얻어지는 혈관노화지표인 승각시간, 경화지수, 반사지수, 가속도맥파를 구하였다. 주파수영역분석을 위해서는 빠른 퓨리에변환(FFT)를 실시하여 고조파 성분을 추출하였다. 특정점 검출을 위해서는 AcqKnowledge software의 peak detector 기능을 이용하였다. 연구결과: 표준화된 고조파 파워는 연령증가에 따라 유의하게 감소하였다; nPWR2 (r=-0.286, p<0.0001), nPWR3 (r=-0.482, p<0.0001), nPWR4 (r=-0.564, p<0.0001), nPWRS (r=-0.467, p<0.0001) 및 nPWR6 (r=-0.263, p<0.0001). 표준화된 고조파 파워의 logarithmic scale에서 연령증가에 따라 보다 강한 선형적인 감소가 나타났다; Ln(nPWR2) (r=-0.281, p<0.0001), Ln(nPWR3) (r=-0.492, P<0.0001), Ln(nPWR4) (r=-0.621, P<0.0001), Ln(nPWRS) (r=-0.487, P<0.0001) 및 Ln(nPWR6) (r=-0.273, P<0.0001). 승각시간, 반사지수, 경화지수를 독립변수로 한 중회귀분석에서 Ln(nPWR2) (R-squared=0.451), Ln(nPWR3) (R-squared=0.471) 및 Ln(nPWR4) (R-squared=0.432)는 비교적 잘 설명되었으나, Ln(nPWRS) (R-squared=0.232) 및 Ln(nPWR6) (R-squared=0.183)는 비교적 잘 설명되지 않았다. 결론: 건강인의 지첨용적맥파에서 기준 주파수로 표준화한 고조파 파워는 연령증가에 따라 감소였으며, 주파수영역분석이 가지는 특성을 고려해 볼 때 표준화된 고조파 파워는 기존의 시간영역 파형분석을 통해 얻어지는 혈관노화지표에 비해 잡음에 의한 오차가 보다 적을 것으로 기대된다. 따라서 우리는 표준화된 고조파 파워가 간편하고 용이하게 혈관노화를 반영하는 새로운 지표로서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권11호
• /
• pp.1530-1540
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic parameters of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and acetone concentration in milk by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy along with test-day milk production traits including fat %, protein % and milk yield based on monthly samples of milk obtained as part of a routine milk recording program in Korea. Additionally, the feasibility of using such data in the official dairy cattle breeding system for selection of cows with low susceptibility of ketosis was evaluated. A total of 57,190 monthly test-day records for parities 1, 2, and 3 of 7,895 cows with pedigree information were collected from April 2012 to August 2014 from herds enrolled in the Korea Animal Improvement Association. Multi-trait random regression models were separately applied to estimate genetic parameters of test-day records for each parity. The model included fixed herd test-day effects, calving age and season effects, and random regressions for additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Abundance of variation of acetone may provide a more sensitive indication of ketosis than many zero observations in concentration of milk BHBA. Heritabilities of milk BHBA levels ranged from 0.04 to 0.17 with a mean of 0.09 for the interval between 4 and 305 days in milk during three lactations. The average heritabilities for milk acetone concentration were 0.29, 0.29, and 0.22 for parities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. There was no clear genetic association of the concentration of two ketone bodies with three test-day milk production traits, even if some correlations among breeding values of the test-day records in this study were observed. These results suggest that genetic selection for low susceptibility of ketosis in early lactation is possible. Further, it is desirable for the breeding scheme of dairy cattle to include the records of milk acetone rather than the records of milk BHBA.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.309-320
• /
• 1985

한반도 남한 지역의 지각구조를 연구하기 위하여 USAMSFE(1961~1962) 중력자료를 분석하였다. 이들 중력측정치를 IGSN 71중력치로 환산하기 위하여 -14.7mgal 보정을 실시하였으며, 중력이상의 계산에서는 GRS 67식을 사용하였다. 자료처리과정에 있어서는 polynomial fitting을 이용하여 지역중력이상과 잔류중력이상을 분리하였고, 지각의 평균두께와 지각기저면의 깊이분포를 구하기 위해 FFT(Fast Fourier Transform)를 이용한 power spectrumqnstjr과 하향연속을 실시하였다. 하향연속을 위한 필터링 과정에서 고주파수차단 필터링과 동시에 자료간의 간격을 넓히는 효과를 낼 수 있는 2차원에서의 high-cut filtering and resampling법을 개발적용하였다. 분석의 결과로는 (1) 부우게 이상이 대체로 이 지역의 지체구조선의 방향과 같은 NE-SW방향의 분포를 보이고 있으며, (2) 지각의 평균두께는 약 32km로 나타났고, (3) 지각기저면의 깊이분포는 26km~36km의 범위로서 지표면의 광역적인 지형고도를 반영하고 있으며, 동해안의 지각이 서해안보다 더 얕은 것으로 나타났다. (4) 지각평형정도를 지시해주는 측정점의 고도와 중력이상 사이의 선형회귀방정식을 계산해본 결과, 우리 나라의 지각은 다소 보상이 덜되어 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.17-40
• /
• 2000

Resin cements are used for cementing indirect esthetic restorations such as resin or porcelain inlays. Because of its limitations in curing of purely light cured resin cements due to attenuation of the curing light by intervening materials, dual cured resin cements are recommended for cementing restorations. The physical properties of resin cements are greatly influenced by the extent to which a resin cures and the degree of cure is an important factor in the success of the inlay. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of porcelain thickness and exposure time on the polymerization of resin cements by measuring the microhardness and the degree of conversion, to investigate the nature of the correlation between two methods mentioned above, and to determine the exposure time needed to harden resin cements through various thickness of porcelain. The degree of resin cure was evaluated by the measurements of microhardness [Vickers Hardness Number(VHN)] and degree of conversion(DC), as determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR) on one light cured composite resin [Z-100(Z)] and three dual cured resin cements [Duo cement(D), 3M Resin cement(R), and Dual cement(DA)] which were cured under porcelain discs thickness of 0mm, 1mm, 2mm, 3mm with light exposure time of 40sec, 80sec, 120sec, and regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between VHN and DC. In addition, to determine the exposure time needed to harden resin cements under various thickness of porcelain discs, the changes of the intensity of light attenuated by 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm thickness of porcelain discs were measured using the curing radiometer. The results were obtained as follows ; 1. The values of microhardness and the degree of conversion of resin cements without intervening porcelain discs were 31~109VHN and 51~63%, respectively. In the microhardness Z was the highest, followed by R, D, DA. In the degree of conversion, D and DA was significantly greater than Z and R(p<0.05). 2. The microhardness and the degree of conversion of the resin cements decreased with increasing thickness of porcelain discs, and increased with increasing exposure time, D and R showed great variation with inlay thickness and exposure time, whereas, DA showed a little variation. 3. The intensity of light through 1mm, 2mm, and 3mm porcelain inlays decreased by 0.43, 0.25, and 0.14 times compared to direct illumination, and the respective needed exposure times are 53 sec, 70 sec, and 93 sec. In D and R, 40 sec of light irradiation through 2mm porcelain disc and 80 sec of light irradiation through 3mm porcelain disc were not enough to complete curing. 4. The microhardness and the degree of conversion of the resin cements showed a positive correlationship(R=0.791~0.965) in the order of R, D, Z, DA. As the thickness of porcelain discs increased, the decreasing pattern of microhardness was different from that of the degree of conversion, however.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.451-460
• /
• 2023

Objective: This program aimed to reveal the association of feed intrinsic molecular structure with nutrient supply to animals from canola feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing. The special objective of this study was to quantify the relationship between molecular spectral feature and nutrient availability and develop nutrient prediction equation with vibrational molecular structure spectral profiles. Methods: The samples of feedstock (canola oil seeds) and co-products (meals and pellets) from different bio-oil processing plants in Canada (CA) and China (CH) were submitted to this molecular spectroscopic technique and their protein and carbohydrate related molecular spectral features were associated with the nutritional results obtained through the conventional methods of analyses for chemical and nutrient profiles, rumen degradable and intestinal digestible parameters. Results: The results showed that the spectral structural carbohydrates spectral peak area (ca. 1,487.8 to 1,190.8 cm^-1) was the carbohydrate structure that was most significant when related to various carbohydrate parameters of canola meals (p<0.05, r>0.50). And spectral total carbohydrate area (ca. 1,198.5 to 934.3 cm^-1) was most significant when studying the various carbohydrate parameters of canola seeds (p<0.05, r>0.50). The spectral amide structures (ca. 1,721.2 to 1,480.1 cm^-1) were related to a few chemical and nutrient profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) fractions, truly absorbable nutrient supply based on the Dutch protein system (DVE/OEB), and NRC systems, and intestinal in vitro protein-related parameters in co-products (canola meals). Besides the spectral amide structures, α-helix height (ca. 1,650.8 to 1,643.1 cm^-1) and β-sheet height (ca. 1,633.4 to 1,625.7 cm^-1), and the ratio between them have shown to be related to many protein-related parameters in feedstock (canola oil seeds). Multi-regression analysis resulted in moderate to high R² values for some protein related equations for feedstock (canola seeds). Protein related equations for canola meals and carbohydrate related equations for canola meals and seeds resulted in weak R² and low p values (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be a useful resource to predict carbohydrate and protein-relates nutritional aspects of canola seeds and meals.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.121-126
• /
• 2012

한지기록물의 상태를 평가하는 데 있어 기록물의 훼손을 방지하는 것은 필수적인 요소이다. 사용된 공시재료는 1900년대 생산된 한지기록물을 사용하였다. 이 종이 기록물의 상태를 평가하기 위하여 비파괴적 분석기인 12,500~4,000 $cm^{-1}$ 파장영역을 가진 푸리에변환(FT) 근적외선 분광 분석기를 이용하였다. 푸리에변환 방식의 간섭계는 뛰어난 정밀도와 정확도를 가지며, 신호-대-잡음비가 가장 우수 하여 정량 분석에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있다. 한지기록물의 산성도와 함수율을 적분구(integrating sphere)의 확산반사로 사용하여 측정하였다. 산성도(pH)의 경우에 전처리를 하지 않았을 때의 상관계수($R^2$)는 0.92, 표준예측오차(SEP)는 0.317이었고, 전처리를 하였을 때의 $R^2$는 0.98, SEP는 0.208 이었다. 그리고 함수율의 경우 산성도와 달리 전처리를 하지 않았을 경우에도 $R^2$와 SEP는 각각 0.99와 0.458로 확인 되었다. 전처리 중 다산란 보정방법(MSC)의 경우에는 $R^2$가 0.97, SEP가 0.558로 증가하는 것을 확인 할 수 있어 함수율은 전처리를 하지 않았을 때가 좋은 결과가 나오는 것으로 확인 되었다. 이러한 결과를 통해 비파괴적인 분석방법으로 한지기록물을 적분구와 FT 근적외선 분광 분석기를 이용하여 한지의 상태를 정확히 평가할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.