• 제목/요약/키워드: Four-Seven Theory

검색결과 55건 처리시간 0.034초

학교다문화분위기 척도개발 연구 (Development of a School Multicultural Climate Scale)

  • 고경은
    • 사회복지연구
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    • 제41권4호
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    • pp.345-368
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 학교다문화분위기의 개념을 모색하고, 다문화가정아동을 포함한 초등학교 4,5,6학년 학생들을 대상으로 학교안의 다문화 분위기를 평가할수 있는 신뢰도와 타당도가 검증된 척도를 개발하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구결과 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하여 동등한 지위, 상호협력, 지지적 규범, 친밀한 교류 4개요인 24개 문항을 추출하였다. 척도의 신뢰도는 Cronbach's α값과 측정의 표준오차값을 통해 검증하였다. 타당도 검증에서 기준관련 타당도는 학교의 다문화 지원정책여부에 따른 학교다문화분위기 인식의 차이가 유의미하게 나타남으로 검증되었고, 학교다문화분위기와 이론적으로 관련이 있는 학교적응 및 자존감 변수와 유의미한 정적상관을 보여 수렴타당도가 검증되었다. 이상의 검증결과를 통해서 본 척도가 다문화가정의 학생들과 비다문화가정의 학생들이 혼합된 초등학교의 학생들을 대상으로 적용 가능한 척도임을 제시하였다.

School Phonetics and How to Teach Prosody of English in Japan

  • Tsuzuki, Masaki
    • 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한음성학회 1997년도 7월 학술대회지
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    • pp.11-25
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    • 1997
  • This presentation will focus on building basic English Prosodic Skills which are very useful and helpful for Japanese learners of English. The focus first will be on recognizing the seven basic nuclear tones, analysing intonation structures, distinguishing intonation patterns and then on the way of improving speaking ability using sufficient verbal contents of intonation (mini-dialogue). My presentation deals mainly with some difficulties which Japanese learners of English have in the field of RP intonation, It is chiefly concerned with identifying, describing and analysing tone-group sequences. It sometimes happens that Japanese learners of English can pronounce isolated bounds correctly and read phonetic symbols sufficiently, bet have difficult problems in carrying out accurate prosodic features. The use of wrong intonation is sometimes the cause of misunderstanding of speaker's attitude, connotation and shades of meaning, etc.. However accurately students can pronounce the nuclear tone or tone-group of English, they have to learn how to connect tone-groups properly for suitable sequences in respect to meaning or implication. We are faced with the complicated theory of RF intonation on the one hand and difficult realization of it on the other. Japanese learners of English have special difficulties in employing "rising tune" and "falling + rising tune". If students are taught pitch movements by indicating dots graphically between two horizontal lines, they can easily understand the whole shape of pitch movements. In this presentation, I illuminate several tone-group sequences which are very useful for Japanese learning English intonation. Among them, four similar Pitch Patterns, such as, (1) (equation omitted)- type, (2) (equation omitted) - type, (3) (equation omitted) - type and (4) (Rising Head) (equation omitted)- type are clarified and other important tone-group sequences aye also highlighted from the point of view of teaching English as a foreign language. The intonation theory, tone marks and technical terms are, in all essentials, those of Intonation of Colloquial English by O'Connor, J. D. and Arnold, G. F., Longman, 2nd ed., 1982. The changes of tone are shown graphically between two horizontal lines representing the ordinary high and low zones of the utterance. A.C.Gimson (1981:314) : The intonation of English has been studied in greater detail and for longer than that of any other language. No definitive analysis, classifying the features of RP intonation, has yet appeared (though that presented by O'Connor and Arnold (1973) provides the most comprehensive and useful account from the foreign learner's point of view).

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보건진료원의 지역사회 몰입과정 (Community Health Practitioner's Commitment into Community : on the Aspect of Primary Health Care)

  • 윤순녕;김영임;최정명
    • 지역사회간호학회지
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.173-182
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    • 1995
  • Primary health care(PHC) has been established since A Health Law for rural residents has been legislated in 1980 following the WHO declaration, 'Health for All 2000'. in 1978. PHC services are presently assumed to be provided by 2038 Community Health Practitioners(CHP) to about 28% out of rural population in Korea. Most CHPs have confronted the adaptation process to the community being practiced although a CHP's role is to evoke community participation for the improvement of their health by themselves. So the purpose of this study is to describe and explain of the commitment of CHPs into the community. Data were collected by direct interview and tape-recording under subjects' permission till theoretical saturation were occured from 6 CHPs. The subjects were 41 years old and have served in the community for 9 years in average. Main questions and concepts were explored from data according to the procedure of the grounded theory methodology. The results are as follows. 1) The number of the main concepts were twenty four that identified Motive, Desire, Personal characteristics, Unfamiliarity, Denial, Feeling of isolation, Self-sacrifice, Kindness, Patience, Assimilation, Respect for the residents, Support by the family, Support by the residents, Achievement, Acceptance of realities, Use of resources, Inducement of cooperation from the residents, Changes of the difference from time orientation between CHP and residents, Attitude as a official, Technical support, Cost management, Satisfaction level, Acknowledgement by the residents and discrepancy. 2) The twenty four concepts were categorized to seven groups such as Motivation, Feeling of Heterogeneity, Self-discipline, Social support, Induced changes in the attitudes of residents, Familarity and Persistent discrepancy. 3) The categorized groups were analyzed on the base of the Causal Conditions, Central Phenomena, Contexts, Intervening Conditions, Action / Interaction Strategies, and Consequences. Central phenomenon in this study was identified to be the feeling of heterogeneity. Community health practitioners experienced unfamiliarity and denial from the community and felt themselves isolated in the first. In time, they won the trust of residents by their efforts including self-sacrifice, kindness, patience, and assimilation. Afterward, practitioners got self-confidence and familiarity with lesser feeling of heterogeneity. Nevertheless, practitioners could not commit themselves completely because of the persistent discrepancy between CHP and residents. 4) On the commitment process, the CHPs' feeling of heterogeneity were decresed and social support increesed and newly evolved induced change of residents through the continuous interaction between CHP and them The contribution of this study would be concluded as follows. 1) It is expected that effective strategies for more rapid committment into the community can be developed based on this study. 2) More easy committment would be possible for the newly appointed CHP through understanding of the committment process identified on this study.

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중국의 사지서목에 대하여 -육사예문$\cdot$경적지의 분류 및 편목체재 비교를 중심으로- (On the Bibliographies of Chinese Historical Books - Classifying and cataloguing system of six historical bibliographies -)

  • 강순애
    • 한국문헌정보학회지
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    • 제24권
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    • pp.289-332
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    • 1993
  • In china, six bibliographies of offical historical books are evaluated at the most important things among the systematically-editing bibliographies. These bibliographies would be usful to study the orign of classical sciences and their development, bibliographic research of Chinese classics, bibliographic judgement on genuine books, titles, authors, volumes. They could be refered to research into graving, correcting, and existence of ancient books. therefore, these bibliographies would be applied to estimation the phase of scientific and cultural development. The study of these bibliographies has been not yet made in Korea. This thesis lays its importance on the background of their appearance, their classification norms, organizing system of their catalogue, and comparison between their difference. 1. Editing and compiling of Chilyak (칠약) by Liu Chin (유흠) and official histories played an important role of entering an apperance of historical book's bibliographies. Chilyak has been lost. However, its classification and compiling system of classical books would be traced by Hansoyemunji(한서예문지) of which basic system is similar to Chilyak. It classified books according to their scientific characteristic. If a few books didn't have their own categories, they were combined by the circles parallel to the books' characteristic. With the books classified under the same scientific characteristic, they were again divided into the scientific schools or structures. It also arranged the same kinds of books according to the chronology. The some books wi th duplicate subjects were classified multiplely by their duplicate subject. 2. Ssu-ma Chon's (사마천) The Historical Records (Saki, 사기) and Pan Ku's (반고) The History of the Former Han Dynasty (Hanso, 한서) has also took effects on appearance of historical books' bibliographies. Covering overall history, Saki was structured by the five parts: The basic annals(본기), the chronological tables (표), the documents (서), the hereditary houses (세가), biographies (열전). The basic annals dealt with kings and courts' affairs according to the chronology. The chronological tables was the records of the annals. The documents described overall the social and cultural systems. The hereditary houses recorded courts' meritorious officials and public figures. The biographies showed exemplars of seventy peoples selected by their social status. Pan Ku(반구)'s The History of the Former Han Dynasty(한서) deserved to be called the prototype for the offical histories after Saki's (사기; The Historical Records) apperance. Although it modelled on Saki, it had set up its own cataloguing system. It was organized by four parts; the basic annals (본기), the chronological tables (표), treatises(지), biographies (열전). The documents in the Hanso(한서) was converted into treatises(지). The hereditary houses and biographies were merged. For the first time, the treatise with The Yemunji could operate function for historical bibliographies. 3. There were six historical bibliographies: Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), Susokyongjeokji (수서경적지), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지), Shindangsoyemunji (신당서예문지), Songsayemunji (송사예문지), Myongsayemunji (명사예문지). 1) Modelling on Liu Chin's Chilyak except Chipryak(집략), Hansoyemunji divided the characteristic of the books and documents into six parts: Yukrye(육예), Cheja(제자), Shibu(시부), Pyongsoh(병서), Susul(수술), Pangki(방기). Under six parts, there were thirty eight orders in Hansoyemunji. To its own classification, Hansoyemunji applied the Chilyak's theory of classification that the books or documents were managed according to characteristic of sciences, the difference of schools, the organization of sentences. However the overlapped subjects were deleted and unified into one. The books included into an unsuitable subject were corrected and converted into another. The Hansoyemunji consisted of main preface (Taesoh 대서), minor preface (Sosoh 소서) , the general preface (Chongso 총서). It also recorded the introduction of books and documents, the origin of sciences, the outline of subjects, and the establishment of orders. The books classified by the subject had title, author, and volumes. They were rearranged by titles and the chronological publication year. Sometimes author was the first access point to catalogue the books. If it was necessary for the books to take footnotes, detail notes were formed. The Volume number written consecutively to order and subject could clarify the quantity of books. 2) Refering to Classfication System by Seven Norms (칠분법) and Classification System by Four Norms(사분법), Susokyongjeokji(수서경적지) had accomplished the classification by four norms. In fact, its classification largely imitated Wanhyosoh(완효서)'s Chilrok(칠록), Susokyongjeokji's system of classification consisted of four parts-Kyung(경), Sa(사), Cha(자), Chip(칩). The four parts were divided into 40 orders. Its appendix was again divided into two parts, Buddihism and Taiosm. Under the two parts there were fifteen orders. Totally Susokyongjeokji was made of six parts and fifty five orders. In comparison with Hansoyemunji(한서예문지), it clearly showed the conception of Kyung, Sa, Cha, Chip. Especially it deserved to be paid attention that Hansoyemunji laied history off Chunchu(춘추) and removed history to Sabu(사부). However Chabu(사부) put many contrary subjects such as Cheja(제자), Kiye(기예), Sulsu(술수), Sosol(소설) into the same boundary, which committed errors insufficient theoretical basis. Anothor demerit of Susokyongjeokji was that it dealt with Taiosm scriptures and Buddism scriptures at the appendix because they were considered as quasi-religion. Its compilation of bibliographical facts consisted of main preface(Taesoh 대서), minor preface(Sosoh 소서), general preface (Chongsoh 총서), postscript (Husoh 후서). Its bibliological facts mainly focused on the titles. Its recorded authors' birth date and their position. It wrote the lost and existence of books consecutive to total number of books, which revealed total of the lost books in Su Dynasty. 3) Modelling on the basis of Kokumsorok(고분서록) and Naewaekyongrok(내외경록), Kudangsokyongjeokji(구당서경적지) had four parts and fourty five orders. It was estimated as the important role of establishing basic frame of classification by four norms in classification theory's history. However it had also its own limit. Editing and compling orders of Kudangsokyongjeokji had been not progressively changed. Its orders imitated by and large Susokyongjeokji. In Its system of organizing catalogue, with its minor preface and general preface deleting, Kudangsokyongjeokji by titles after orders sometimes broke out confusion because of unclear boundaries between orders. 4) Shindangsoyemunji(신당서예문지), adding 28,469 books to Kudangsokyongjeokji, recorded 82,384 books which were divided by four parts and fourty four orders. In comparison with Kudangkyongjeokj, Sindangsoyemunji corrected unclear order's norm. It merged the analogical norms four orders (for instance, Kohun 고훈 and Sohakryu 소학류) and seperated the different norms four orders (for example, Hyokyong 효경 and Noneuhryu 논어류, Chamwi 참위 and Kyonghaeryu 경해류, Pyonryon 편년 and Wisaryu 위사류). Recording kings' behaviors and speeches (Kikochuryu 기거주류) in the historical parts induced the concept of specfication category. For the first time, part of Chipbu (집부) set up the order of classification norm for historical and literatural books and documents (Munsaryu 문사류). Its editing and compiling had been more simplified than Kudangsokyongjeokji. Introduction was written at first part of bibliographies. Appendants except bibliographic items such subject, author, title, volume number, total were omitted. 5) Songsayemunji(송사예문지) were edited in the basis of combining Puksong(북송) and Namsong(남송), depending on Sabukuksayemunji(사부국사예문지). Generally Songsayemunji had lost a lot of bibliographical facts of many books. They were duplicated and wrongly classified books because it committed an error of the incorrectly annalistic editing. Particularly Namsong showed more open these defaults. Songsayemunji didin't include the books published since the king Youngchong(영종). Its system of classification was more better controlled. Chamwiryu(참위류) in the part of Kyongbu(경부) was omitted. In the part of history(Sabu 사부), recordings of kings' behaviors and speeches more merged in the annals. Historical abstract documents (Sachoryu 사초류) were seperately arranged. In the part of Chabu(자부), Myongdangkyongmaekryu(명당경맥류) and Euisulryu(의술류) were combined. Ohangryu(오행류) were laied off Shikuryu(시구류). In the part of Chipbu(집부), historical and literatural books (Munsaryu 문사류) were independentely arranged. There were the renamed orders; from Wisa(위사) to Paesa(패사), Chapsa (잡사) to Pyolsa(열사), Chapchonki(잡전기) to Chonki(전기), Ryusoh(류서) to Ryusa(류서). Introduction had only main preface. The books of each subject catalogued by title, the volume number, and author and arranged mainly by authors. Annotations were written consecutively after title and the volume number. In the afternote the number of not-treated books were revealed. Difference from Singdangsohyemunji(신당서예문지) were that the concept and boundary of orders became more clearer. It also wrote the number of books consecutive to main subject. 6) Modelling on Chonkyongdangsomok (경당서목), Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) was compiled in the basis of books and documents published in the Ming Danasty. In classification system, Myongsayemunji partly merged and the seperated some orders for it. It also deleted and renamed some of orders. In case of necessity, combining of orders' norm was occured particulary in the part of Sabu(사부) and Chabu(자부). Therefore these merging of orders norm didn't offer sufficient theretical background. For example, such demerits were seen in the case that historical books edited by annals were combined with offical historical ones which were differently compiled and edited from the former. In the part of Chabu(자부), it broke out another confusion that Pubga(법가), Meongga(명가), Mukga(묵가), Chonghweongka's(종횡가) thoughts were classified in the Chapka(잡가). Scriptures of Taiosim and Buddhism were seperated from each other. There were some deleted books such as Mokrokryu(목록류), Paesaryu(패사류) in the part of history (Sabu 사부) and Chosaryu(초사류) in the part of Chipbu(집부). The some in the each orders had been renamed. Imitating compiling system of Songsayemunji(송사예문지), with reffering to its differ-ence, Myongsayemunji(명사예문지) wrote the review and the change of the books by author. The number of not-treated books didn't appear at the total. It also deleted the total following main subject.

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이축 및 일축 대칭단면 적층복합 보의 휨과 좌굴해석 (Flexural and Buckling Analysis of Laminated Composite Beams with Bi- and Mono-Symmetric Cross-Sections)

  • 황진우;백성용
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제20권12호
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    • pp.614-621
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    • 2019
  • 이축 및 일축대칭 단면의 적층복합 보의 휨 해석과 좌굴해석을 위해 일반화된 보 요소를 제안하였다. 전단변형보 이론을 사용하여 유도된 보 요소는 휨 전단변형 및 휨 비틀림과 재료 비등방성 성질에 따른 연계성을 고려하였다. 서로 다른 단면에 대해 해석적 기법으로 구한 단면 강성계수와 함께 평면응력과 평면변형률 가정을 사용하였다. 대칭 및 역대칭 적층복합 보의 휨 거동을 조사하기 위해 뒴 변형을 포함하여 절점 당 7개의 자유도를 가진 두 가지 유형의 3절점, 4절점 보 요소를 제안하였다. 전단잠금 현상을 완화하기 위해 본 연구에서는 감차적분 기법을 사용하였다. 또한, 유도된 기하학적 블록강성을 사용하여 축방향 압축력을 받는 적층복합 보의 좌굴하중을 산정하였다. 제시한 보 요소의 정확성과 효율성을 검증하기 위해 3절점 보 요소에 근거한 결과를 다른 연구자와 ABAQUS 유한요소 해석결과와 비교하였다. 적층복합 보의 휨 거동과 좌굴하중에 대한 연계강성과 전단변형, 경계조건, 하중형태, 길이-높이 비, 적층형태의 영향을 조사하였다. 두 개의 다른 보 요소의 수렴성도 제시하였다.

국내문헌(國內文獻)(35)에 나타난 항노화(抗老化) 및 항산화(抗酸化)의 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究)에 대(對)한 검색(檢索) (Search of Experimental Studies(35) on Anti aging and Anti oxidant in Korea)

  • 안상원;이철완
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.373-390
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    • 1998
  • 35 theses conducted in Korea on the topic of senescence or anti-oxidant were classified on the basis of research methods, animals used for the experiments, and research items. Evaluating these research works with respect to the Free Radical Theory, the following conclusions were reached. 1. Of the 17 theses written in the Oriental medicine aspect, three theses used a single herb, nine theses used a complex prescription, four theses concentrated on the usage of the medicinal acupuncture, and one research paper focused on using scientific components. Common objection of these papers were on the verification of the efficacy of herbs. 2. Of the 18 these written in the Western medicine aspect, five theses used a single drug, seven theses conducted a research on the changes due to senescence, and 6 papers were on variety of topics. The main focus of these works were on the mechanism and pathology related to the senescence rather than on the suppression of senescence. 3. Among the theses written in the Oriental medicine perspective, a total of 48 herbs were utilized. 26 of these herbs has a tonification function on the Kidney. Six out of nine complex prescription mentioned above has a function of tonifying the Kidney. 4. With respect to the research subjects used on the experiments, 8 theses have used Senescence-Accelerated mice, 13 theses have used Sprague-Dawley mice, and remaining 7 papers have used human or other animals. 5. These are the categorization of the research items used: the weight (11) and weight changes of the visceral organs (9), the measurement of the content of peroxide-disease (9), the measurement of enzyme vitality (21), the blood and urine test (10), the experiment concerning immune system (3), the influence on the hepatic capability of metabolizing foreign substance (3), the effect on hepatic cell protection (3), the measurement of both the suppression of Free Radical and ability to create Free Radical (2), the measurement of effect of suppresing MDA(malondialdehyde) (4), the effect of eliminating DPPH Radical (2), and experiements about the functions (2). 6. The rate of vitalization of well known anti-oxidants such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Protein-bound SH, Nonprotein-bound SH, Glutathione(GSH), Catalase, and etc. were tested in 17 theses. Considering the conclusions mentioned above, the theses related to the senescence published in Korea elected different animals used for experiments, research items and the methods of research, the end result seems to be a lack of objectivity. Thus, I would argue that research methods to overcome such a deficiency need to be developed systematically.

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맥진(脈診)에 관한 도상(圖像)연구 (A Study on Images of the Pulse Diagnosis)

  • 한봉재
    • 한국한의학연구원논문집
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.101-109
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    • 2009
  • The Pulse diagnosis is in the boundary of the Four Examinations, and it is called 切診, or palpation. It has a great impact on people in reminding of the Traditional Medicine that it is probably the first thing that people think of when they hear about Traditional Medicine. Hu-Jun quoted in the Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine "東醫寶鑑" that the doctor finds out the deficiency and the excess of the meridian of the patiant through the pulse, and that it is of the utmost necessity to know the "deficiency and the excess" of the meridian to decide the formula (君臣佐使) of the herbal medicine and the acupuncture/moxibustion treatment. The research on the studies of pulse diagnosis have been concentrated on the origin, history, and the theory of the pulse diagnosis throughout the years; however, the number of research on the image from the classics on pulse diagnosis have been less. With this in mind, this paper was written to study more on the origin and the history of the pulse diagnosis as well as to study on the image of pulse diagnosis shown on the classics on Traditional Medicine in China and Korea. The history of the pulse diagnosis has its root on the attempt to find out what is happening inside the body through the indication of the small changes of the pulse that is shown on the outer boundaries of the body. There were various kinds of pulse diagnosis including "Three positions and nine indicators method" and "Carotid pulsation and wrist pulse method" in the ancient period, and wrist pulse-taking method became the most popular since the completion of studying on palpation by 初보. The image of the palpation helps the rudimentary practitioners of Traditional Medicine. They are divided into two large categories, which are the area of diagnosis and the shape of the pulse itself. The historical classics including the image of the pulse diagnosis can be found since the Song Dynasty of China. There are various kinds of image of pulse diagnosis in the classic such as "The picture of the hand meridian" from "脈訣指掌病式圖說", "The picture of the image of meridian" from "察病指南", "The picture of the Seven exterior and Eight interior" from "校正圖注脈訣", and "The picture of the six parts of meridian" from Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine "東醫寶鑑". The Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine "東醫寶鑑" have analyzed the basic theories and made up the standards of pulse diagnosis by establishing "The picture of the six parts of meridian" based on "The method of placing the viscera and bowels corresponding to cun-guan-qi, or the meridian".

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전국 간호전문대학 남학생의 제특성에 관한 조사연구 (Characteristics of Male Diploma Nursing Students in Korea)

  • 김혜성
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.63-72
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    • 1979
  • This study was performed to investigated of characteristics of male diploma nursing students. Data were collected by means of a mailed questionnaire. The sample included 29 respondents from 3 diploma nursing colleges during the period of Nov. 1st-15th, 1978. Major findings included. 1 ) Motive by which the objects of this investigation have chosen the science of nursing. Twenty-one (72.4%) responded, “As nursing occupation is a public welfare work, ”the highest rate, eighteen (62.3%) chose on advices of their parents and acquaintances. Seventeen (58.6%) reflected as a means of life with an occupation in hope of employment abroad. 2) Appreciation of nursing occupation. Twenty-two (75.9%) of opinions that the nursing job is called for by society was pre-dominent. While eighteen (62.1%) replied, “It is the job fit for the male sex, too.”“It is admitted as specialized occupation.”, or“It needs various human relation.”3) Degree of satisfaction wilt the science of nursing. Fifteen (51.7%) responded neither satisfied nor dissatisfied, while eight (27.6%) indicated as “satisfied”and four (13.8%) as“dissatisfied.”4) Degree of satisfaction with the faculty. Sixteen (55.2%) replied, “common, ”the highest, while ten (34.5%) indicated as“dissatisfied, ”two (6.9%) as“satisfied.”The reason for dissatisfaction with the faculty; The responses regarding dissatisfaction was twenty-three (79.3%) as insufficiency of the faculty. Thirteen (44.8%) indicated“the lack of personal cultivation of the faculty.”, And eleven (37.9%) indicated as“the quantitive shortage of the faculty, ”or“the vagueness of learning estimation.”5) Degree of satisfaction with the clinical, training. Eight (27.6%) responded as“common, ”or “dissatisfied, ”while seven (24.1%) indicated as“satisfied.”Reason for dissatisfaction with the training ; Twenty (69.0%) indicated“deficiency of personal treatment to the students of the men of business in the hospital”with respect to the reason, eighteen (62.1%) was indicated as gap between theory and practice, while eleven (37.9%) indicated“insufficiency of the equipment and materials of the hospital.”6) Interest in employment after graduation. Twenty-five (86.2%) indicated“going abroad”while fifteen (51.7%) indicated “education of nursing, ”which were the highest responses. Thirteen (44.8%) chose“Community Health Nursing (Health Center, Industrial Health).”7) Interest an employment during clinical nursing. Sixteen (55.2%) was interested in an operating room or the department of anesthesia, while fifteen (51.7%) was indicated “psychiatry, ”Eight (21.6%) chose a intensive care unit or a emergency room.

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여우원숭이속(Lepilemuridae)의 핵형 분석을 통해 나타난 Lepilemur 6종(L. mustelinus, L. edwardsi, L. dorsalis, L. leucopus, L. ruficaudatus, L. septentrionalis)의 종 분화 양상 (Speciation Mode Reconstruction for Lepilemur six species (L. mustelinus, L. edwardsi, L. dorsalis, L. leucopus, L. ruficaudatus, L. septentrionalis) Based on the Lepilemur Karyotype Analysis)

  • 정기윤
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.141-149
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    • 2004
  • 이 연구의 목적은 Lepilemuridae(여우원숭이속) 4종의 핵형은 그들의 선조격인 두 종의 교잡된 핵형으로부터 형성되었음을 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 여우원숭이 속의 가상적인 선조종의 반수체 핵형은 18개의 상염색체와 x염색체로 구성된다. L. mustelinus(LMU)의 핵형은 염색체 4개가 연속적으로 융합된 염색체와 하나의 Robertsonian 전이 염색체 쌍을 가진다. LSS의 핵형은 단지 2쌍의 상호전위된 염색체를 가지고 있다. 우리들은 LMU와 LSS의 조상핵형(anc LMU and ant LSS)을 재구성할 수 있었고, 그로부터 다른 4종의 Lepilemur가 생성될 수 있었다. anc LMU와 anc LSS의 교잡종은 배우자 형성시 환형의 배치를 거치면서 전혀 다른 형태로 융합된 유전적으로 완전한 배우자를 형성할 수 있다. L. dorsalis의 핵형이 구성되기 위해서는 교잡종의 5조의 Trivalent염색체가 감수분열 중기에 환의 모양으로 배열되면서 인접한 단부동원체들이 융합되어 새로운 핵형인 L. dorsalis의 핵형이 만들어진다. L. leucopus의 핵형은 위와 같이 환모양을 구성하기 위해 배열된 Trivalent 염색체 조들 중에서 단지 한 조가 먼저와 다른 방향으로 환속에 위치하게 되므로써 이웃한 단부동원체들이 융합되어 L. leucopus의 핵형을 형성한다. L. ruficaudatus의 반수체 핵형이 만들어 지는 데에는 환으로 배열될 때 7개의 상동염색체 쌍이 배열되고 이웃하는 단부동원체들의 융합에 의해 새로운 조합으로 된 L. ruficaudatus의 반수체 핵형이 형성된다. L. edwardsi의 반수체 배우자가 형성될 때는 LRE가 만들어 질 때의 환형에서 단지 하나의 삼동염색체 쌍이 분리되므로써 LED의 반수체 핵형이 생성된다. 이러한 기전에 의해서 만들어진 새로운 완전한 배우체들은 동일한 형태의 배우자와 수정되므로써 새로운 상동염색체를 가진 종 L. dorsalis, L. leucopus, L. ruficaudatus, L. edwardsi가 형성되었다 이 결과들은 유전적으로 완전한 새로운 종이 교잡종의 군집으로부터 활성화된 염색체들의 융합, 접합기에서 환형으로의 배열 기전을 통해 형성될 수 있다는 이론을 뒷받침한다.

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주돈이와 권근의 천인합일사상 비교 - 『태극도설』과 『입학도설』을 중심으로 - (The Comparison of 'Oneness between Heaven and Man(天人合一)' thoughts between Zhoudunyi(周敦頤) and Kwonkun(權近) - Focusing on "Taijirushuo (太極圖說)" and "Ip-Hak-Do-Seol(入學圖說)")

  • 허광호
    • 동양고전연구
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    • 제66호
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    • pp.251-276
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    • 2017
  • 이 논문은 주돈이가 "태극도설"에서 제시한 천인합일사상과 권근이 "입학도설"에서 제시한 천인심성합일사상을 비교하여 그 차이를 규명하고자 한 시도이다. 수양론 중심의 실천적인 사상으로 발전해 온 천인합일사상은 송대 주돈이가 "태극도설"에서 형이상학적 우주론과 인성론으로 정리하면서 철학적 깊이와 논리적 체계를 갖추게 된다. 그는 천(天)에 상응하는 무극(無極)의 개념을 세워 무극-태극-음양-오행-인간-만물의 일원적 우주론을 제시한다. 그의 우주론은 만물의 창조자인 천(天)은 피조자인 인간과 명(命)과 성(性)을 매개로하여 결부되는 합일의 관계라는 인식이다. 따라서 본성을 회복하여 자기의 본성이 천명(天命)임을 알면 곧 천인합일이 실현되고 성인도 될 수 있다고 말한다. 주돈이의 사상은 약 120년 뒤 주희에게 와서 이기론 으로 융합된 주자학으로 집대성 된다. 이에 따라 주돈이는 주자학의 시조로 후대에 평가된다. 고려 말 권근은 그의 "입학도설"에서 천인심성합일사상을 제시한다. 권근의 천인심성합일사상은 그의 스승인 이색의 천인무간사상에 주자학적 요소를 가미하여 내 마음의 작용과 리(理)가 일체라고 정리함으로써 논리적 정합성을 이룬다. 주돈이가 주로 우주와 만물의 생성원리에 대해 관심을 기진 것에 반해 권근은 주로 심성론적 관점에서 천(天), 인(人), 심(心), 성(性)에 대해 관심을 가진다. 또한 경(敬)중심의 수양으로 천인심성합일을 이룰 수 있다고 제시한다. 권근의 이런 사상은 조선조 주자학이 심성론 중심으로 발전하는 단초가 되었다. 그의 사상은 약 150년후 퇴계 이황에게 와서 사단칠정론과 경(敬)사상으로 집대성 된다. 그러나 주돈이와 달리 권근은 그의 학문적 업적에도 불구하고 제대로 평가 받지 못하고 있다.