• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

Objective : To investigate syndrome identification, herbal prescriptions, acupuncture point and other treatment, this study systematically reviewed case studies on Korean medicine (KM) treatment for urticaria. Method : Literature searches were performed on four Korean database; OASIS, RISS, KTKP and NDSL. Studies published before December 2022 were categorized and analyzed according to the herbal prescriptions. Results : Thirty-three studies including 16 case series and 17 single case reports were included in our review and the total number of patients was 523. Ancient prescriptions (古方) were used in 7 studies and prescriptions of Sasang constitutions were used in 8 studies and 18 studies used prescriptions of posterity (後世方). Wind-Heat (風熱) and syndrome identifications associated with digestive function were used frequently. Nineteen studies used acupuncture combined with herbal medicine and mainly used acupoints were ST36 (足三里), LI4 (合谷), LI11 (曲池), LR3 (太衝), SP6 (三陰交), CV12 (中脘), SP10 (血海). External herbal medicine was used in only 3 studies. Conclusion : To increase the cure rate of KM, various prescriptions should be used according to the symptom and stage of urticaria. Diversification of herbal formulations and the development of new external medicines are also necessary to conduct additional clinical studies with a high level of evidence.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.99-126
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• 2009

1. Objective TS-QSCD (The Two-Step Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Diagnosis) is one of the self-reporting Sasang-Constitutional diagnosis questionnaires and one constituted by a two-step discriminant function. The process of TS-QSCD is as follows. During the first step, the testers are classified into two groups: the Yangin(陽人) group and Eumin(陰人) group. Following this, the Yangin group is divided into the Soyangin group and Taeyangin group likewise the Eumin group is divided into the Taeumin group and Soeumin group. This questionnaire has the merits of an ordinary questionnaire with four discriminant functions and a decision tree method. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and standardize TS-QSCD 2. Materials and Methods TS-QSCD was administered to 352 random informants who were examined by professionals. Reliability was tested by inter-item consistency using cronbach's ${\alpha}$, and validity was tested by a two step discriminant function. Cross tabulation Analysis was also used to look into the distribution of responses among the groups. 3. Result 1) The reliability of TS-QSCD was relatively valid. The internal consistency of TS-QSCD (AB) was cronbach's ${\alpha}$= 0.815, and TS-QSCD (AC) was cronbach's ${\alpha}$= 0.832. 2) There was a significant difference in points between Eumin group teens and other age groups, between those of Soeumin teens and other age groups. 3) TS-QSCD corresponded with the real Sasang constitution at the rate of 65.0%. When using 61 questions and four discriminant function as with ordinary methods, TS-QSCD corresponded with the real Sasang constitution at the rate of 74.9%. 4. Conclusion 1) TS-QSCD that complements the merits of existing questionnaires is effective in diagnosing Sasang constitutions. 2) Deleting duplicate questions is thought to be one of the reasons for the decreased validity rate. 3) The lower the validity of the first step, the more we should build up at each second steps a way to rescue the groups which were assigned wrongly during the first steps. 4) This standardization of TS-QSCD would be helpful in making a program for diagnosing the Sasang Constitution

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.94-109
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• 2001

1. Background and Purpose ${\ulcorner}$DongyiSooseBowon${\lrcorner}$ is the book that was mixed ${\ulcorner}$GaboBon${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$KyungjaBon${\lrcorner}$ which was written by DongMu. But hardly any clause or text of the GaboBon excepting ${\ulcorner}$DongyiSooseBowon${\lrcorner}$ has been described. At the year of 2000, the society of sasang constitutional medicine acqired ${\ulcorner}$HamsanSachon DongyiSooseBowon GaboGubon${\lrcorner}$ which is seen as a written copy of ${\ulcorner}$GaboBon${\lrcorner}$. According to Lee Sung-Su who is the great-grandson of DongMu's older brother, ${\ulcorner}$HamsanSachon DongyiSooseBowon GaboGubon${\lrcorner}$ was worked by Lee Jin-Yoon who is the grandson of DongMu's older brother, and it was copied by Han Min-Gab and now is owned by Lee Sung-Su who is son of Lee Jin- Yoon. 2. Methods This paper was written in order to understand of ${\ulcorner}$HamsanSachon DongyiSooseBowon GaboGubon${\lrcorner}$ through the study to focus on the bibliographical character. 3. Result and Conclusion 1) It is reasonable that ${\ulcorner}$HamsanSachon DongyiSooseBowon GaboGubon${\lrcorner}$ had copied to the original ${\ulcorner}$DongyiSoose Bowon GaboGubon${\lrcorner}$ which was written by DongMu. 2) We can find the character of ${\ulcorner}$HamsanSachon DongyiSooseBowon GaboGubon${\lrcorner}$ as follows. (1) It has the table of contents, the definition of the number of the texts, and the article number of each texts. (2) ${\ulcorner}$KyungJaBon${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$SinchukBon${\lrcorner}$ has different number of the texts about ${\ulcorner}$The general remarks on the Soyangin${\lrcorner}$. (3) It is different with original ${\ulcorner}$GaboBon${\lrcorner}$ because of the extracting marks of the text. (4) It is supposed that it has the pares which was additionally or wrongly amended by someone. 3) We can consider that the character of original ${\ulcorner}$GaboBon${\lrcorner}$ which was written by DongMu from ${\ulcorner}$HamsanSachon DongyiSooseBowon GaboGubon${\lrcorner}$ as follows. (1) ${\ulcorner}$The Discourse on Nature and Order${\lrcorner}$${\sim}$${\ulcorner}$The Discourse on the Four Principles${\lrcorner}$ is original articles of ${\ulcorner}$GaboBon${\lrcorner}$. (2) The head title of${\ulcorner}$The Discourse on the Origin of Oriental Medicine${\lrcorner}$ was not in ${\ulcorner}$GaboBon${\lrcorner}$. (3) It is not clear whether ${\ulcorner}$The Discourse on the General Health Maintenance${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$The Discourse on Identifying Four Constitutions${\lrcorner}$ is original texts or amended texts of ${\ulcorner}$GaboBon${\lrcorner}$. So it is required more study about it.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.9-23
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• 2003

1. Objects of a study Dong-mu emphasized knowing who he or she is to treat disease, so this parer was written to summarize Dong-mu's thought on human 2. Methods of a study ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Suse Bowon Sasang $Choboguon{\lrcorner}$ is Dong-Mu's early writing, is composed of three chapters, which are ${\ulcorner}$Won-in$(原人)${\lrcorner}$ . ${\ulcorner}$Byung-byun(病變)${\lrcorner}$ . ${\ulcorner}$Yak-bang(藥方)${\lrcorner}$ . This is chiefly written on human, so this paper was written by summarizing Dong-mu's general and constitutional thought on human in ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Suse Bowon Sasang $Chobonguon{\lrcorner}$ 3. Results and Conclusion 1. Dong-mu's viewpoint of human in ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Suse Bowon Sasang $Chobonguon{\lrcorner}$ is viewpoint of human in the base of 'Human Nature(人性)-Human Form(人形)' and viewpoint of human in the base of 'Affairs-Mind-Body-Objects(事心身物)'. 2. The general viewpoint of human suggested in ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Suse Bowon Sasang $Chobonguon{\lrcorner}$ is that 'Nature-Emotion(性情)' is a action of mind and 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' is a action of body in human. He emphasized that we should try to become saint through controling 'Nature-Emotion(性情)' and 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' 3. It was thought that The span of lift is different according to the volume of Oi(氣) existed in the smallest organ. To manage the Qi(氣) existed in the smallest organ, it is very important to recover 'Good Qi of each constitution(體質正氣)' through cultivating Heart and body. 4. The constitutional viewpoint of human suggested in ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Suse Bowon Sasang $Chobonguon{\lrcorner}$ is that Human is classified into four constitutions according to 'Natural Principle of Organ(臟腑性理)' of 'Human Nature(人性)' mind and 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' of 'Human Form(人形)' 5. The viewpoint of human suggested in ${\ulcorner}A$ Aphorism in Teaching Children(敎子平生箴)${\lrcorner}$ emphasized 'Heart('心')'. but The viewpoint of human suggested in ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Suse Bowon Sasang $Chobonguon{\lrcorner}$ emphasized' Natural Principle of Organ(臟腑性理)' of 'Human Nature(人性)' mind and 'Knowing-Acting(知行)' of 'Human Form(人形)' and developed the viewpoint of human suggested in ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Suse $Bowon{\lrcorner}$.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.100-117
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• 2003

Background In Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM), human beings are classified into four constitutions: Taeyangin, Taewnin, Soyangin, and Soeumin. SCM presents various lifestyles and treatments for each constitution. The problem of SCM is that its diagnosis is so subjective that the result of the diagnosis depends on the doctor. In order to solve this problem, multiple approaches have been objectively researched. To use a questionnaire is the most common method among the different approaches. Since there are a few problems in the Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II (QSCC II), which in recent days has been used frequently, the necessity of a new questionnaire has arisen. Objective The purpose of this study is to develop a new questionnaire for the objectivity of the Sasang Constitution Classification by complementing the existing questionnaire. Methods In order to search for the existing questionnaire's problems, I first compare the ratio of the amount of questions regarding external appearance to that of questions of mental characteristics and physiologic & pathologic symptoms in QSCCII and QSCCII +. We created the new questionnaires by reinterpreting ${\ulcorner}Dongyi$ Soose $Bowon{\lrcorner}$ through SCM professors' and medical residents' discussion and by adding some items related to the diagnosis about the constitution from other SCM books and clinical experience. Results 1. The new questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification is self-reported questionnaire based on a multiple choice system of 4 questions. 2. The new questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification consists of 28 questions, which include 7 questions about external appearance, 4 questions about mental characteristics, and 17 questions about physiologic & pathologic symptoms. 3. The new questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification consists of 24 questions of Taeyangin, 28 of Taeumin, 28 of Soyongin, 28 of Soeumin. 4. We will have to verify validity and reliability of new questionnaire for rhe Sasang Constitution Classification.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 1996

1. Out of 21 examples on a clinical base Alzheimer type dementia were 8 examples(38%), 11 vascular types(52%), 1 Alzheimer and vascular mixed type and rest 1 was secondary dementia type(NPH).2. Between the genders, there were 5 males and 3 females for Alzheimer types, 6 males and 5 females for the vascular types, 1 male for Alzheimer and vascular mixed type, and 1 female for secondary dementia type(NPH).3. For the degrees of Alzheimer type dementia there were 2 mild dementia, 4 moderate dementia, and 2 severe dementia. 4. Among the Alzheimer types 2 mild dementia were almost recovered back to normal in approximately 2 months, 2of 4 moderate dementia became significantly better in approximately 2 months and recovered to almost normal state in 3 to 5 months. The rest 2 have been under treatment for 3 months, but showed a little improvement. Out of 2 severe dementia examples, one showed a little improvement even if it has been under treatment over 2 years. The other example did not show any improvement, but dementia did not proceed any more.5. Among the 11 vascular examples, 7 recovered in 2 to 3 months, 1 in 5 months, 2 recovered in a year, and the treatment was stopped arbitrary for the last one.6 In the case of Alzheimer and vascular mixed type dementia, even the moderate dementia did not show any apparent result in 6 months.7. For NPHI (Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus), there was an improvement on dementia in 2 months after the treatment, but gait disturbance and urinary incontinence did not show any noticeable difference. As a conclusion, almost all the Alzheimer and vascular type patients recovered, but the treatment periods varied depending on the types of the dementia and the degree of seriousness, especially in the case of the severe Alzheimer patients, the treatment oniy suppression the progression of the dementia. The most important aspect from clinical point of view was even if almost all the patients were almost completely cired, they need to keep being cured for a long period of time. The method with respect to Four Constitutions is thought of the most desirable.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.390-400
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• 2010

This study is aimed to test physiological and hematological actions of Rheum palmatum through clinical pilot study optimized for usual oriental medicine prescription. Thirty-one cases were finally collected and the sample extract 100 $m{\ell}$ of Rheum palmatum (ERP) was administered two times in a day during 3 days and checked with blood CBC test, urinalysis, liver function test, abdominal X-ray as well as general diagnostic process of oriental medicine; pattern identification, assessment of shapes and constitution. The total toxic effective rate of ERP was 9.68% in 3 cases of the whole in case of consistent uneasy state in the subjective symptomatic assessment and aggravation of blood and urine examination. The relevant diagnostic factors were so-eum constitution and essence type subject, carapaces species, lung type in the aspect of Jisan shape theory. On the other hand, the positive effective rate of ERP was 29.03% manifesting improvement of vital signs or present illness and no abnormal changes of blood chemistry and urinalysis and simple abdomen radiology. The relevant diagnostic factors were tae-eum constitution, energy type subject, aves species, heart and liver type in Jisan's shape theory. And the other cases were manifesting no specific change through the administration of ERP. The ratio of the numbers of decrease and increase was 44:5 in the tenderness and hardness of abdominal palpation. But if the pattern identification doesn't comply with the aim of rhubarb application despite of constipation and abdominal pain, the tendeness and biochemical report was shown in abnormal change. The mean number of diarrhea by ERP was $16.77{\pm}6.95$ during 3 days after administration, and the frequent areas of abdominal pain were lower>middle>upper in order, and it meant the target site of ERP too. Besides, the toxic reaction against ERP was expressed highly in case of decrease in blood cell count and hemoglobin, hematocrit having blood deficiency syndrome. Likewise, the toxicity of ERP was influenced by pattern identification manifesting present disease condition and diagnostic factors of four constitutions, Jisan's shape theory collaterally. In conclusion, evaluation of herbal toxicity in order for using as a clinical guideline, various diagnostic pattern information and shape features like the above should be studied together with other pharmacologic toxicology test for the future.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2009

Background : Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) has been widely used to treat respiratory disease in traditional medicine of East Asia for over a hundred years. Despite safety concerns raised by some, the use of ephedra in traditional medicine is documented over more than 1,800 years. It is well established that ephedra is one of the central medicines in Korean 'Seseng constitution' medicine. In Sasang constitution medicine, all humans can be divided into one of four types: Soeumin, Soyangin, Taeumin or Taeyangin, and each constitution type has their own typical characteristics. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that the adverse effects of ephedra differ depending on the Sasang constitution classification. Objectives : The aim of this study was to determine adverse effects of ephedra which is classified as a Taeumin herb, and to observe whether the response differs or not. according to Sasang constitution classification. Methods : The study design was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. The subjects were healthy adults 20 - 50 years old who agreed to participate in this study. They were allocated through randomization to either ephedra group (N=55) or placebo group (N=24). where ephedra extract (6 g of dried ephedra) and placebo with similar opaque capsules were given twice for one day. To compare the adverse events of ephedra according to Sasang constitution classification, we analyzed blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), pulse rate, the morning questionnaire, and patient's global assessment scale score for well known adverse events: palpitation, headache, sweating, tiredness, dyspepsia, and dry mouth. Results : After ingestion of ephedra, the pulse rate had a significant increase in all constitution types. The changes of diastolic pressure in Soeumin and the changes of pulse rate in Soeumin, Soyangin and Taeumin had a significant increase in the ephedra over the control group. In the ephedra group, the palpitation and dyspepsia score of the patients' global assessment scale had a significant increase in Soeumin, with palpitation and sweating score increasing in Soyangin. Others observations were insignificant results. Conclusion : The results of this study may confirm that the physical responses or adverse effects of herbs differ for each type of Sasang constitution. Future studies using other herbs will be required to ascertain the herbal drug reaction of Sasang constitutions.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2004

본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 국내외에서 수집된 아위버섯 4균주(F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4)를 공시하여 우량 균주를 선발한 결과 균사생장이 빠르고 균사밀도가 좋은 F-2 균주를 선발하였다. 선발된 아위버섯균은 MYPA배지에서 균사생장이 가장 좋았으며, 균사생장 최적 온도는 $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$이며 $30^{\circ}C$에서 가장 빨리 자랐다. 그리고 균사배양 최적 산도는 pH 5.0~6.0 이었다. 아위버섯균의 균사생장을 위한 최적배지조성은 탄소원에서는 다당류인 soluble starch이고 그 다음으로는 maltose였으며, 최적 탄소원인 soluble starch의 적정농도는 1%(w/w)였다. 질소원에서는 yeast extract 0.25%(w/w), malt extract 0.25%(w/w)를 혼합하였을 때 가장 빠른 생장속도를 보여주었으며, malt extract 만을 첨가하였을 때는 균사생장이 극히 부진하였다. 아위버섯균의 현미경 관찰 결과 일부 세포벽의 박벽화와 침식 현상이 관찰되었지만, 이 같은 현상이 광범위하게 관찰되지 않았다는 점에서 아위버섯균에 의한 리기다소나무재의 분해는 매우 미미한 것으로 사료된다. 아위버섯균에 의해 분해된 리기다소나무재의 편광현미경 관찰 결과 일부 세포의 S3에서 복굴절성이 감소하는 것으로 나타나 아위버섯균이 부분적으로 셀룰로스를 분해하고 있음이 관찰되었다. 그러나 이 같은 복굴절성이 소멸되는 가도관은 많지 않아 아위버섯균에 의한 리기다소나무재의 셀룰로스의 분해 역시 크지 않았음을 보여주고 있다. 아위버섯균의 졸참나무재의 분해결과 리기다소나무재에 비하여 방사조직과 축방향유세포에서 분해가 상당히 이루어졌고, 목섬유에서도 부분적으로 침식과 박벽화가 상당히 진행되었음을 알 수 있었다. Bavendam Test결과 아위버섯균은 탄닌산을 분해하여 갈색의 대사물질을 형성하여 전형적인 백색부후균의 부후형태를 나타내었다.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.95-117
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• 1999

1. 연구목적 동서양과 고금을 통해 많은 체질 이론들이 있었지만 그 중에서도 이제마의 사상의학은 이론과 임상이 체계적으로 연계되어 있어서 널리 사용되고 있다. 이제마는 동의수세보원의 사단론(四端論), 변증론(辨證論) 등에서 체질진단의 근거로 외형(外形), 심성(心性), 증(證)의 세 가지를 제시하였으나 세 가지 기준별 임상적 중요도에 대한 연구가 이루어진 바가 없어서 임상에서 세 가지 진단 기준을 종합적으로 활용하는데 많은 어려움이 있는 형편이다. 그러므로 향후 세 가지 체질진단 기준을 임상에 적용하여 각각의 기준이 지니는 임상적 중요도를 검증하는 연구가 필요하다고 보며, 본 논문에서는 이러한 임상적 연구에 앞서 기존의 체질진단 연구를 외형(外形)과 심성(心性), 증(證)의 세 가지로 분류, 고찰하는 기초적 연구를 하고자 한다. 2. 연구방법 <동의수세보원(東醫壽世保元)>과 사상의학회지 및 사상의학 관련 도서를 중심으로 문헌적 고찰을 하였다. 본론에서는 그간의 연구들을 세 가지로 분류하여 열거하였으며. 고찰에서는 임상적으로 활용이 가능하거나 이미 완료된 연구 위주로 논하였다. 3. 연구결과 (1) 외형(外形)에 관한 연구 경험과 직관적 관찰을 통한 기상(氣像)과 사기(詞氣)위주의 연구가 선행되었고 이를 바탕으로 체형(體形)과 용모(容貌)의 실제 계측을 통한 각 체질별 이미지 정형화 연구가 진행되고 있다. 체질진단의 정확률 제고를 위해서는 이 두 가지 방법을 균형있게 활용해야 한다. (2) 심성(心性)에 대한 연구 각종 연구나 진단의 객관화 등을 위해 자기보고식 설문조사 기법이 체질진단에 응용되고 있으며, 현재까지 개발된 설문지를 이용함에는 사상변증내용설문조사지(I)의 판별식을 이용한 결과와 QSCCll의 결과를 함께 참고하는 것이 적절하다. (3) 증(證)에 대한 연구 체질증과 체질병증에 대한 연구는 원리론적 연구와 체질별 임상증상 유형에 관한 연구, 기존의 증치의학적 병증관을 사상의학적 병증개념에 적용시켜 해석하고자 하는 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 향후 현대적인 의미의 다양한 병증을 사상의학적 관점에서 해석하고 진단하기 위한 객관화 연구가 필요하며, 또한 체질의 편차를 야기시키는 근본적 문제인 장국(臟局)의 대소(大小) 및 장리(臟理)에 대한 연구도 필요하다.