• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 2014

This paper is sequel to the paper titled 'A study on research methodology of the quoted verses in Dong-uisusebowon(2)'. In the previous study, Tao-ren-cheng-qi-tang(桃仁承氣湯) and Di-dang-tang (抵當湯) lines from Shanghanlun quoted in the Dong-uisusebowon were examined. Through this study, we learned that Heo, Jun corrected these texts in the Dong-uibogam to avoid logical contradiction, which were again quoted by Yi, Jema in the Dong-uisusebowon. Thus the quotations in Yi's book were also corrected of the contradictory lines as found in the source text, Shanghanlun. In this paper, I would like to examine the lines regarding Jeokseokji-uyeoryang-tang(赤石脂禹餘糧湯) and Gan-cao-xie-xin-tang(甘草瀉心湯). Firstly, in the case of Jeokseokji-uyeoryang-tang(赤石脂禹餘糧湯) lines, many changes in contents were made to resolve contradiction within the lines as previous cases. By quoting the Dong-uibogam directly, Yi, Jema inherited the thoughts of Heo, Jun in his work. Secondly, in the case of Gan-cao-xie-xin-tang(甘草瀉心湯) lines, Heo, Jun suggested new perspectives on Pi(痞, stuffiness) and Jie-xiong(結胸, chest bind) different to those of Zhang Zhong Jing, based on empirical knowledge of later days. Yi, Jema quoted these corrected lines, which implies Yi's agreement to the theories of Heo. However, Yi made clear his difference in perspective with Heo through his unique theory of the Four(Sasang) Constitutions. I conclude my research regarding quotations in the Dong-uisusebowon by stressing the necessity of research on the Dong-uibogam prior to any further research regarding quotations in the Dong-uisusebowon.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.60-68
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• 2014

Background: Pattern identification is a unique diagnostic method of traditional Oriental medicine that has recently been the target of questionnaire-based research. Sasang (four-types) constitutional medicine (SCM) is a practice in traditional Korean medicine that seeks to promote objectivity in diagnostics. This paper attempts to illuminate the relationship between constitutions and the pathogenic factors of pattern identification through questionnaires completed by menopausal women about their symptoms. Methods: From March to October 2012, we examined 291 women from the general population, with ages ranging from 40 to 60 years, applying the Kupperman index, the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL), pattern identification based on the Diagnosis System of Oriental Medicine (DSOM), and SCM. We then analyzed the relationship between constitutional type and pathogenic factors. Results: No significant differences were found in the scores of either the Kupperman index or MENQOL questionnaire in relation to constitutional type. However, in a statistical analysis correlating the DSOM pathogenic factor scores (PFS) with the scores of the Kupperman index and MENQOL vasomotor subscale, heat showed a significant positive correlation with SoYang type (SY) and TaeEum type (TE), but not SoEum type (SE), while insufficiency of yin and insufficiency of yang, as well as blood deficiency, showed a significant positive correlation with the TE and SE types. Conclusion: The pathogenic factors in the menopausal symptoms of middle-aged women, specifically the prominent menopausal symptom of facial flushing, differed significantly according to constitutional type.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.311-341
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• 1998

The objective of this article is to induce that the conception of 'Qi-jul(氣質) and Qi-pum(氣稟)' was introduced to the Sasang(四象) Constitutional Medicine from bibliographic study on the theory of 'Qi-pum(氣稟)'. The conclusions summerized as followings. 1. In the oriental medicine, qualitative difference of 'zheng-qi(正氣)' among the individuals, the opposing power against a disease, is regarded as constitution. Having been used as 'nature(素)', 'quality(質)' and 'character(氣質)' in the oriental medical book, the word of 'Che-Jil(體質)' was used in good earnest at the end of 'Qing(情)' dynasty. 2. The nature(性) is divided into two, original nature(本然之性) and charicteristic nature(氣質之性) in the 'New confucianism(新儒學)' and the former means a principle(理), is a pure and good thing and used as a conception of universality, the latter is a principle of character and a imperfect imitation of principle(理). 3. It was repeatedly confirmed that 'Qi-jil and Qi-pum' meant the difference among the individuals by the dispute of 'Li-Qi(理氣)' caused by Lee Hwang(李滉) and Lee Yi(李耳) and by that of 'Ho-Rak(湖洛)' in the Ch'o-son(朝鮮) dynasty. 4. Han Sok-Ji, based on Meng-Zi(孟子)'s doctrine that man's inborn nature is good, criticized the theory of 'Qi-pum' which was 'Zhu-Zi(朱子)'s opinion and his opinion about the life(命) was thought to clue to the classification of the 'Sasang(四象)' invented by Lee Je-Ma as Park Se-Dang's theory that everyone has common nature but has different life(命). 5. By introducing the theory of 'Qi-pum' and the conception of life(命) which was understood as a special character by Han Sok-Ji and Park Se-Dang to Sa-sang constitutional medicine, Lee Je-Ma explained the reason why each man who was classified four constitutions, 'Taiyang'(太陽), 'Taiyin'(太陰), 'Shaoyang'(少陽), 'Shaoyin'(少陰), had the different formation of the visceral department(臟局).

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.235-270
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• 2010

This paper studies the main treatment methods, Ikgi(益氣) and Seung-yang(升陽) applied frequently by Lee Jema(李濟馬) on the exterior disease of So-eumin(少陰人), one of the four constitutions. The methodology of this paper is to understand the pharmacology of "Dong-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)" by examining the formulas applied by Lee Jema. I have examined the organization of formulas in "Dong-uisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)" beforehand to categorize the formulas applicable in this study according to an objective standard. I have analyzed the prescriptions applied to So-eumin exterior disease. As a result, I could see that in the case of Ulgwang(鬱狂) syndrome, Ikgi(益氣) and Seung-yang(升陽) methods were mainly applied, but as the disease progressed, Seung-yang(升陽) was withdrawn while Ikgi(益氣) was stressed. Likewise, in the case of Mang-yang(亡陽), both methods were mainly adopted, but as the patients got worse, the level of Seung-yang(升陽) was maintained and that of Ikgi(益氣) was elevated with the addition of Buja(附子). Through this process, we could verify the overall action of Ikgi(益氣), Seung-yang(升陽) and Buja(附子). Originally, the two methods of Ikgi(益氣) and Seung-yang(升陽) are intimately related, but by analyzing the overall functions of the two methods, we could see that Seung-yang(升陽) and Buja(附子) support the Yang gi of the interior of So-eumin, while Ikgi(益氣) resolves inner stagnation of Yang gi and emits the cold pathogen of the exterior. Also, in the course of treatment, Ikgi(益氣) could only be realized after securing Seung-yang(升陽).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.26-39
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• 2009

Objectives: Pulse energy values recorded with an add-pres sure-type pulse apparatus were correlated with Sasang constitutional syndromes in order to match pulse energy values with Sasang prescriptions. Methods: The pulse energy values were measured with Daeyo Pulse Apparatus at the Gwan pulse point of both wrists. Prescriptions were divided into two major categories of interior syndromes or exterior syndromes, and categorized according to major component herbs specific to each of the four Sasang constitutions, and the relationship between the pulse energy and each groups divided by their prescription was studied. Results: About 10% of all people had nonmal pulse energy values. 10% had values over normal range, and $70\sim80%$ had lower values than normal. The normal range of pulse energy was regarded as being between 450 and 700. Conclusions: 1. For patients of the Soeum constitution, prescriptions without Panax ginseng is suitable for patients with high pulse energy, and prescriptions containing Panax ginseng are suitable for patients who have lower pulse energy. 2. All prescriptions for the Soyang constitution containing Rehmannia radix preparata or Comus officinalis are suitable for patients who have lower pulse energy, and prescriptions containing Rehmannia radix or Gypsum fibrosum are applicable to patients with pulse energy values higher than normal. 3. Most prescriptions for the Taeum constitution containing Semen coicis or Semen castaneae are suitable for patients with lower pulse energy, and prescriptions containing Radix puerariae or Radix et rhizoma rhei can be prescribed for patients who have lower pulse energy levels. 4. The Taeyang constitutional prescription Ogapijangcuck-tang is suitable for patients who have higher pulse energy levels and Mihudeungsikjang-tang is better for patients with lower than normal pulse values. As described above, the pulse energy level of each patient can be matched with a specific Sasang constitutional prescription. If this relationship is taken into consideration with other conventional symptoms, it can be helpful in diagnosis, improving efficacy of treatment, and be used as objective evidence.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.48-61
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the ordinary symptoms, special symptoms and Body Mass Index (BMI) according to Sasang constitution in female college students. Also, we aimed to analyze the factors affecting BMI. Methods Forty-four female college students participated in this study. Sasang Constitution was determined by Questionnaire for Sasang Constitution Classification (QSCC) II. BMI was measured and ordinary symptoms were acqired through the questionnaire. Special symptoms was determined by Fatigue Severity Index (FSS), Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool (PSST), ROME III, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), respectively. For statistical analysis, t-test, analysis of variance and correlation test has been used. Results There existed significant differences in ordinary symptoms and special symptoms between sasang constitutions. Taeumin had higher urine frequency than soyangin, soeumin had higher gap of feces than taeumin. Taeumin had higher BMI and ROME III score than soyangin and soeumin. They showed significant differences in ordinary symptoms and special symptoms according to BMI. Overweight and obese group is higher in water intake than low and normal group. Low weight and normal group is higher in gap of feces than overweight and obese group. High score group in PSST and ROME III showed high BMI than low score group. We analyzed the factors that affect BMI. BMI are highly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Also, FSS, PSST, ROME III and OSDI showed high correlation with each other. Conclusion Urine frequency and gap of feces are different among sasang constitutional types. The obese group and normal group showed significant differences in water intake, gap of feces, PSST and ROME III score. It is found that factors that affecting BMI are systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These results may lead to identifying the causes and factors of obesity in female college students related to Sasang constitution.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.71-83
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• 2004

1. Objectives The purpose of nursing is to promote health and well-being for all persons. It is connected with Sasang Constitution theory have regard for viewpoint by other's a special quality & individual difference. A nursing is helping behavior to recover health, disease protection & self care ability through health education. There is need for Oriental nursing research continually. 2. Methods This study attempted to develop a fundamental nursing theory for Sasang Constitution on the focus "Dongyi Soose Bowon Sasang Chobongyun". Because the book is important to understand Lee Je-ma's early medical mind and thinking. 3. Results and Conclusions The Sasang Constitution theory lay great emphasis upon health caring medicine to promote health according to self Constitution at normal times, preventive medicine to manage byself body and mind in ordinary times. The way of Sasang Constitutional Nursing Theory is expected to set up a landmark stone in Korean nursing. It is also can product a new nursing theory. In view of 'Nature and Order' is explained inborned general human being who were gifted from nature. On the other hand, in view of 'Knowledge and Deed' based on Constitutions are explained autonomical human being. There are depend on independant control and make efforts themselves or not. It have a connected in four paradigm (human- environment-health- nursing) of nursing theory. The history taking stage claim caring of sick-people before. The ways of assesment for sick-people have to know a process of illness.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2005

Korean medicated diet (KMD) is not a simple combination of food and Chinese drugs, but a special carefully constructed diet made from Sasang constitutional medicines, food and condiments under the theoretical guidance of diet preparation based on differentiation of symptoms and signs of traditional Sasang medicine (TSM). It combines the functional efficacy of medicine with the delicacy of food, and can be used to prevent and cure diseases, build up one's health and prolong one's life. Korean traditional medicated diet has a long history of development. Although influenced by Chinese medicine, Korean traditional medicine has been developed into a unique system of traditional medicine that has surpassed the continental medical practice, sublimating itself into a native medical practice suitable to Korean lifestyles and physical constitutions. In the 19th century, Lee Jema's Sasang medicine (medicine of four types of energy determining the physical constitution) was introduced. It is an integration of mind and body according to the individual's physical constitution that is categorized allowing a customized method of treatment ideal for each category-making the content of Korean traditional medicated diet even richer. The characteristics of Korean medicated diet are as follows: (1) Laying stress on the wole, selecting medicated diet on the basis of differential diagnosis. (2) Suitable for prevention and treatment, outstanding in effect. (3) Good in taste, convenient for taking. KMD refers to drink and food according to certain prescriptions, by processing and cooking that can be used either for prevention and cure of diseases, or for health care and recovery. The purpose of this review is to introduce TSM and KMD based on Sasang constitutional medicines.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-56
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• 2010

Objective : To characterize Five Woons of Asian women who live at Los Angeles area in U.S.A Methods : A set of physical tests and diagnostic questions were given to 242 Asian female subjects who were treated for their symptoms at a clinic of Asian medicine near Los Angeles in USA. The participants were given their constitutions, one of the Five Woons based on their birthdays. The physical tests included a body composition via Inbody 4.0 and an autonomic bioelectric response record via ABR2000. The oneway analysis of variance was applied to compare the means of the Five Woons and the physical test results. The Cross tabulation analysis was also applied to look for the effectiveness of Five Woons on the symptoms. Results : 1. In the body composition items, the LSD(least significant difference) showed that there were significant differences between the Soil Woon and the other Four Woons which are Water, Metal, Fire and Wood Woons in weight, fat, body fat %, BMI (p<0.2). 2. Based on the LSD, significant differences were observed among the Five Woons in R5, R6 and R7(p<0.2). 3. The cross tabulation analysis showed the significant effectiveness of the Five Woons on the five symptoms including dizziness, hot and cold, lower body edema, fatigue and to take a medication for high blood pressure out of 24 diagnostic questions (p<0.2). Conclusions : Further clinical research is necessary to develop a more delicate questionnaire and look for ways of characterizing the Five Woons. The diagnosis and corresponding treatment based on the Five Woons should be further studied in view of the Oriental medicine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.215-223
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• 2006

This research surveyed oriental medicine therapies currently used in oriental medicine circles by referring to oriental medicine books-based existing traditional authentic therapies, as well as market-sold supplementary therapy-related ordinary health books and Internet information, and supplementary therapy-related dissertations, reviewed the fundamental operating significance of these therapies, and pursued their clinical operating measures based on their clinical information as follows Various therapies currently used in oriental medicine circles are categorized into authentic therapies and supplementary therapies in oriental medicine. Authentic therapies in Oriental medicine are based on bodily self-vitality abilities, pursue positive methods of treating diseases, and include medication therapies, acupuncture therapies, and external therapies. Supplementary therapies in oriental medicine are based on bodily self-vitality abilities, pursue indirect methods of treating diseases, and consist of lifestyle therapy and body management therapy. Authentic and supplementary therapies in Oriental medicine are used either separately or together according to clinical treatment methods. In treating diseases, clinical operating methods exclusively based on traditional authentic therapies and supplementary therapies include Donguibogam (anthology of ancient oriental medicine), Uihakipmun (introduction to medicine), Somun school, and bodily acupuncture according to diagnoses of symptoms, as well as sasangbang (prescription based on four types of bodily constitution), myeongribang prescription, hyeongsangbang prescription, and bodily constitution-based acupuncture according to diagnoses of bodily constitutions. In clinical operation of Oriental medicine, supplementary therapies are parity duplicated dy alternative medicine. However, given patients' needs and clinical practicality, Oriental medicine circles should establish a system based on the fundamental viewpoint of Oriental medicine theories, and corresponding policies should also be researched.