• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.375-384
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• 1997

Relative power density distributions of the Kori Unit 1 pressurized water reactor are calculated by Monte Carlo modeling with the MCNP code. The Kori Unit 1 core is modeled on a three-dimensional representation of the one-eighth of the reactor in-vessel component with reflective boundaries at 0 and 45 degrees. The axial core model is based on half core symmetry and is divided into four axial segments. Fission reaction density in each rod is calculated by following 100 cycles with 5,000 test neutrons in each cycle after starling with a localized neutron source and ten noncontributing settle cycles. Relative assembly power distributions are calculated from fission reaction densities of rods in assembly. After 100 cycle calculations, the system converges to a k value of 1.00039 $\geq$ 0.00084. Relative assembly power distribution is nearly the same with that of the Kori Unit 1 FSAR. Applicability of the full-scope Monte Carlo simulation in the power distribution calculation is examined by the relative root moan square error of 2.159%.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2016

4D printing is a method that manufactures a programmed transformable 3d printed components that can be transformed in a pre-designed environment. We propose a service-oriented web architecture for supporting 4D printing system. Service model is classified under four kinds of functions: design, sharing, application and production. We designed RESTful web APIs for these functions. Some preliminary designs about the web API architecture and data modeling is discussed.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2000

In pretensioned concrete structures, bond between prestressing steel and concrete is an essential component to ensure the integrity of a pretensioned member. The anchorage and development of the prestressing force depend exclusively on bond. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of bond and development length between pretensioned steel and concrete. To resolve the controversy over the adequacy of the current code provision on development length of prestressing strands, a comprehensive test program has been scheduled and twenty four rectangular prestressed concrete beams have been tested to determine development length. Major test variables include diameter of strands (12.7mm, 15.2mm) and concrete covers (3cm, 4cm, 5cm). The test results indicate that the development length based on the bond stress-slip relation. The proposed model can evaluate realistically the development length of pretensioned prestressed concrete members and can be the good basis for the future basis of code equations on development length of PSC members.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제16권28호
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• pp.21-29
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• 1993

We want to know the interrelationship among the four components of Total Quality Cost. So that we will be able to say what changes will occur in one when another is changed Even though the relationship among the component Cost is as varied as there are companies keeping such cost systems, existence of some general pattern is hypothesized at least among similar companies doing similar business or producing similar products. The purpose of this study is to drive Optimum Quality Cost on base of the result of the quality cost analyses in N business, after multiple regression model with failure cost as dependent variable is established. Vector Optimization (VOP) method were used for solving multiobjective decision ploblem.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.390-394
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• 2002

Spikelet number per unit area(SPN) is a major determinant of rice yield. Nitrogen nutrition status and biomass during reproductive stage determine the SPN. To formulate a model for estimating SPN, the 93 field experiment data collected from widely different regions with different japonica varieties in Korea and Japan were analyzed for the upper boundary lines of SPN responses to nitrogen nutrition index(NNI), shoot dry weight and shoot nitrogen content at panicle initiation and heading stage. The boundary lines of SPN showed asymptotic responses to all the above parameters(X) and were well fitted to the exponential function of $f(X)=alphacdot{1-etacdotexp(gamma;cdot;X)}$. Excluding the constant, from the boundary line equation, the values of the equation range from 0 to 1 and represent the indices of parameters expressing the degree of influence on SPN. In addition to those indices, the index of shoot dry weight increase during reproductive stage was calculated by directly dividing the shoot dry weight increase by the maximum value ($800 extrm{g/m}^{-2}$) of dry weight increase as it showed linear relationship with SPN. Four indices selected by forward stepwise regression at the stay level of 0.05 were those for NNI ($I_{NNI}_P$) at panicle initiation, NNI($I_{NNI}_h$) and shoot dry weight($I_{DW}_h$) at heading stage, and dry weight increase($I_{DW}$) between those two stages. The following model was obtained: SPN=48683ㆍ $I_{DWH}$$^{0.482}$ㆍ $I_{NNIp}$$^{0.387}$ㆍ $I_{NNIH}$$^{0.318}$ㆍ $I_{DW}$ $^{0.35}$). This model accounted for about 89% of the variation of spikelet number. In conclusion this model could be used for estimating the spikelet number of japonica rice with some confidence in widely different regions and thus, integrated into a rice growth model as a component model for spikelet number estimation.n.n.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.417-436
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• 2014

During an earthquake, steel frame columns can be subjected to high axial forces combined with inelastic rotation demand resulting from story drift. Generally, the whole beam or component can be represented with one element. In elasto-plastic analysis, subdivision is necessary if the plastic deformation occurs within two ends of beams. If effects of the joint panel are necessarily considered in the analysis, the joint panel should be represented with an independent element. It is a special element to represent the shear deformation of the joint panel in the beam-column connection zone. Several analytical models for panel zone (PZ) behavior exist, in terms of shear force-shear distortion relationships. Among these models, the Krawinkler PZ model is the most popular one which is used in the AISC code. Some studies have pointed out that Krawinkler's model gives good results for the range of thin to medium column flanges thickness. This paper, introduces a new model to estimate the response of shear force-shear distortion for the PZ including column axial force. The model is applicable to both thin and thick column flange. To achieve an appropriate PZ mathematical model first, the effects of PZ strength and stiffness on connection response are parametrically studied using finite element models. More than one thousand and four-hundred beam-column connections are included in the parametric study, with varied parameters; then based on analytical results a simple mathematical model is presented. A comparison between the results of proposed method herein with FE analyses shows the average error especially in thick column flange is significantly reduced which demonstrates the accuracy, efficiency, and simplicity of the proposed model.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.943-966
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• 2016

Recently, magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) material and its devices have been developed and attracted a good deal of attention for their potentials in vibration control. Among them, a highly adaptive base isolator based on MRE was designed, fabricated and tested for real-time adaptive control of base isolated structures against a suite of earthquakes. To perfectly take advantage of this new device, an accurate and robust model should be built to characterize its nonlinearity and hysteresis for its application in structural control. This paper first proposes a novel hysteresis model, in which a nonlinear hyperbolic sine function spring is used to portray the strain stiffening phenomenon and a Voigt component is incorporated in parallel to describe the solid-material behaviours. Then the fruit fly optimization algorithm (FFOA) is employed for model parameter identification using testing data of shear force, displacement and velocity obtained from different loading conditions. The relationships between model parameters and applied current are also explored to obtain a current-dependent generalized model for the control application. Based on the proposed model of MRE base isolator, a second-order sliding mode controller is designed and applied to the device to provide a real-time feedback control of smart structures. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated in simulation through utilizing a three-storey benchmark building model under four benchmark earthquake excitations. The results verify the effectiveness of the proposed current-dependent model and corresponding controller for semi-active control of MRE base isolator incorporated smart structures.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 하악골 데이타에서 견고한 통계 형상 모델을 생성하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 본 제안 방법은 다음과 같은 네 단계로 구성된다. 첫째, 3차원 입력 형상에 대해 패치 분할을 수행한다. 둘째, 부동 형상에 대한 대응 형상 생성을 위하여 훈련 집합의 모든 형상들을 패치의 형태와 비슷한 도형인 원에 매개화 과정을 수행한다. 셋째, 기준 형상과 각 부동 형상 간 일대일 매핑을 통해 대응 형상을 생성한다. 이때, 패치 경계 부분에서 대응 정점 생성이 불가능한 문제를 해결한다. 마지막으로 대응 형상들을 기준 형상으로 정렬하고, 주성분 분석 기법을 사용하여 통계 형상 모델을 생성한다. 제안 방법을 적용하여 생성한 3차원 하악골 통계 형상 모델의 정확성을 평가하기 위해 육안 평가와 부동 형상과 대응 형상 간 평균 거리 차이를 이용한 유사성 측정을 수행한다. 또한 형상 변화를 표현하는 모드를 이용하여 통계 형상 모델의 밀집도를 측정한다. 실험 결과 다양한 특성을 갖는 하악골 데이타로 생성된 3차원 통계 형상 모델은 부동 형상과 대응 형상 간 높은 유사성을 가지며 적은 수의 모드로 통계 형상 모델 표현됨을 보여 준다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.224-233
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• 2019

액비(분뇨)에 포함된 질소성분은 환경의 질을 악화시키고 안정성을 감소시킬 수 있다. 액비로 인한 환경적 위해성을 최소화하기 위해서는 환경 매체 내에서의 액비의 거동을 이해할 필요가 있다. 액비에 포함된 암모니아성 질소($NH_3-N$)의 환경 내 거동과 이송을 분석하고, 액비시스템에서 질소(N)관리의 개선을 위한 기반을 제공하며 질소의 환경에 미치는 악영향을 최소화하기 위해서, 본 연구는 단순화된 Level III fugacity 모델의 적용 가능성을 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 벼 재배 기간 중 4개의 환경구획(공기, 물, 토양 및 벼)에서 암모니아성 질소($NH_3-N$) 성분을 축적하기 위해 정상상태의 fugacity 개념을 이용한 모델의 모의 실험을 실시하였으며 그 결과 Level III fugacity 모델의 적용 가능성을 검증하였다. 모델 결과, 대부분의 암모니아성 질소($NH_3-N$)는 논물(수체)과 벼(식물)에 분포하였으며 공기와 논물 그리고 토양에 대한 로그-로그 그래프선상에서 fugacity와 농도는 시간에 따라 선형적으로 감소한 반면에 벼(식물)에서의 변화는 비선형적으로 나타났다. 제거과정의 민감성을 살펴본 결과 제거과정(침적과 유출)이 고려된 경우 대부분의 암모니아성 질소는 논물에 분포하였으며 제거과정이 무시된 경우에는 벼(식물)가 암모니아성 질소를 흡수하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 질소의 물질수지에 따라 각 구획별로 질소가 분포됨을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 실제 관측 자료에 의한 모델 보정을 수행하지 않고 토양층에 의한 잔류량 및 질소 형태의 변화를 기술하지 않았으며 모델 시뮬레이션은 간헐적인 실제 배출량 입력과 달리 연속 배출량으로 간주하였다. 그러므로 수질에 대한 비점 오염원으로서의 액비의 영향을 정량화하기 위해서는 보다 구체적이고 지속적인 모델링 및 모니터링 연구가 필요하다. 향후 연구의 Level III fugacity 모델에서는 더 정확한 제거 과정을 기술하고, 입력 변수의 적절한 값을 적용하여 다양한 N 형 비료에 대한 모델 시뮬레이션을 실시하고, 액비와 다양한 N 형 비료를 사용하여 얻은 N 성분의 관측 자료를 이용하여 모델을 평가할 것이다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.249-266
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• 2005

In the present paper a transient three-dimensional thermo-mechanical model for concrete is presented. For given boundary conditions, temperature distribution is calculated by employing a three-dimensional transient thermal finite element analysis. Thermal properties of concrete are assumed to be constant and independent of the stress-strain distribution. In the thermo-mechanical model for concrete the total strain tensor is decomposed into pure mechanical strain, free thermal strain and load induced thermal strain. The mechanical strain is calculated by using temperature dependent microplane model for concrete (O$\check{z}$bolt, et al. 2001). The dependency of the macroscopic concrete properties (Young's modulus, tensile and compressive strengths and fracture energy) on temperature is based on the available experimental database. The stress independent free thermal strain is calculated according to the proposal of Nielsen, et al. (2001). The load induced thermal strain is obtained by employing the biparabolic model, which was recently proposed by Nielsen, et al. (2004). It is assumed that the total load induced thermal strain is irrecoverable, i.e., creep component is neglected. The model is implemented into a three-dimensional FE code. The performance of headed stud anchors exposed to fire was studied. Three-dimensional transient thermal FE analysis was carried out for three embedment depths and for four thermal loading histories. The results of the analysis show that the resistance of anchors can be significantly reduced if they are exposed to fire. The largest reduction of the load capacity was obtained for anchors with relatively small embedment depths. The numerical results agree well with the available experimental evidence.