• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.321-327
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• 2008

This study evaluated neuroprotective effects of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang (YST) on global cerebral ischemia of diabetic rats. On primary experiment, diabetic condition in rats was induced by streptozotocin injection. Secondarily, global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery with hypotension (BCAO) under the diabetic condition. Then neuroprotective effect of YST was observed with changes of neuronal c-Fos and Bax expressions, and GFAP expression in the brain tissues by using immunohistochemistry. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of c-Fos expression in CA1 hippocampus induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of Bax expression in CA1 hippocampus induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of c-Fos expression in cerebral cortex and caudoputamen induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of GFAP expression in cerebral cortex induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. These results suggest that YST has effects on neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic damage under diabetic condition. And it is supposed that neuroprotective effect of YST reveals by anti-apoptosis mechanism.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.538-543
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• 2004

Objective : This study investigated a neuroprotective effect of Puerariae Radix on cerebral ischemia. Method : The global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion under hypotension (40mmHg) in Sprague-Dawley rats. After the treatment of Puerariae Radix extract, changes of c-Fos and c-Jun expressions, immediate early genes expressed by cerebral ischemia, in the hippocampus were observed immunohistochemically. Result: The results obtained are as follows; The significant increases of c-Fos and c-Jun expressions were observed in the hippocampus of the ischemic damaged rat brains. Then Puerariae Radix treatment demonstrated significant decreases of c-Fos and c-Jun expressions in CA1 region and dentate gyrus as compared with control group. On the upregulated c-Fos expression induced by cerebral ischemia, Puerariae Radix treatment demonstrated significant decreases of c-Fos expressions in CA1 region (P<0.01) and dentate gyrus (P<0.05) as compared to the control group, but there were not a significant changes in CA2 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. On the upregulated c-Jun expression induced by cerebral ischemia, Puerariae Radix treatment demonstrated significant decrease of c-Jun expression in CA1 region (P<0.05) as compared to the control group, but there were not a significant changes in CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Conclusion : These results suggested that Puerariae Radix reveals the neuroprotective effect through the reduction of immediate early genes, c-Fos and c-Jun, induced by cerebral ischemia.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.863-866
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• 2004

The effect of substance P (Sub P) injected intrathecally (I.t.) on c-fos mRNA expression in vari-ous tissues was examined in the present study. We found that a single administration of Sub P(0.5 nM) caused an increase of the c-fos mRNA level in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis, hippocampus, and spinal cord. The time-course study showed that c-fos mRNA level was maximal at 10 min and began to decrease 30 min after the Sub P injection in all tis-sues, and the Sub P-induced increase of the c-fos mRNA level was returned to the control level 1 h after the injection. The kinetics of the c-fos mRNA expression in mice that were repeatedly injected with Sub P (every 30 min interval up to 4 times) were different in the HPA axis, hippocampus, and spinal cord. The increased c-fos mRNA level in the hypothalamus and the spinal cord induced by I.t. injected Sub P remained at a high level. In the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and hippocampus, the increased level of c-fos mRNA expression gradually returned to the control level during the repeated substance P injections up to 4 times. Our results suggest that spinally injected Sub P-induced pain stress increases c-fos mRNA expres-sion in the spinal cord, hippocampus, and HPA axis. In mice repeatedly injected with Sub P, the kinetics of c-fos mRNA appear to be different varied from tissue to tissue.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2015

The immediate early gene c-fos has long been known as a molecular marker of neural activity. The neuron's activity is transformed into intracellular calcium influx through NMDA receptors and L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels. For the transcription of c-fos, neural activity should be strong enough to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway which shows low calcium sensitivity. Upon translation, the auto-inhibition by Fos protein regulates basal Fos expression. The pattern of external stimuli and the valence of the stimulus to the animal change Fos signal, thus the signal reflects learning and memory aspects. Understanding the features of multiple components regulating Fos signaling is necessary for the optimal generation and interpretation of Fos signal.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 2005

The purpose of study is that we will observe the change of c-fos and CGRP with the immunohistochemistry method and then we will study the effect of microcurrent stimulation following the frequency after inducing pain to rats with capsaicin. The experimental groups were divided by microcurrent application and pain induce. Normal control groups is used in experiment I, the group which we induce pain is used in experiment II, the application group which we induce pain and then the high frequency microcurrent stimulation is used in experiment III, the application group which we induce pain and then the low frequency microcurrent stimulation is used in experiment IV. c-fos was strongly expressed after pain induced 2 hours and positive neurons were decreased from 2 hours. At 7 days, positive neuron recovers to normal range, But c-fos positive neuron of microcurrent stimulation group were decreased from 2 hours. CGRP was strongly expressed after pain induced 24 hours, and positive neurons were decreased from 7 days. These results suggests that microcurrent stimulation therapy effect to control pain according to expression of c-fos and CGRP examined by immunohistochemistry. Also high frequency microcurrent stimulation is more effective than low frequency microcurrent stimulation for controling the pain.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2008

We investigated the combinatorial effects of different doses of dietary soy isoflavones (SI) and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) in a rat model of colon cancer. We hypothesized that increased bioavailability of SI metabolites due to dietary FOS may increase production of bioactive equol and affect colon carcinogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Sprague-Dawley male rats were injected with 12-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and were providec experimental diets that contained 0, 10, 50, 150, or 500 mg SI per kg of diet and 6% FOS for 12 weeks. The number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colonic tissues were significantly decreased in the 6% FOS-fed groups compared to the control group. Gut transit time and fecal pH were significantly lower, and fecal concentrations of bifidobacteria were increased with 6% FOS. However, dietary SI supplementation in combination with 6% dietary FOS did not affect ACF formation or COX-2 expression. Plasma equol concentrations were dose-dependently increased by supplementation of SI up to 500 mg/kg of diet. In conclusion, SI supplementation up to 500 mg/kg of diet appeared to have no additive beneficial effects in rats with chemically-induced colon cancer that were fed 6% FOS, although plasma equol was dose-dependently increased.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.337-347
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• 2003

This study investigated the effect of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang on cerebral ischemia of the rats. Considering age-related impact on cerebral ischemia, aged rats (18 months old) were used for this study. Ischemic damage was induced by the transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries(BCAO) under the hypotension. Yanggyuksanhwa-tang was administered twice orally. Then changes of immunohistochemical expression of c-fos and c-jun in ischemic damaged hippocampus were observed. The BCAO in aged rats led significant increase of c-fos expression in CA1 and DG of hippocampus. While the treatment of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly attenuated the increase of c-fos expression in CA1 hippocampus following BCAO ischemia. Depending on changes of the normalized optical density(NOD) of immunohistochemical c-fos expression, the treatment of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly attenuated the increase of NOD in CA1 and DG of hippocampus. And there was not changes in CA2 and CA3 hippocampus with respect to the control BCAO group. The BCAO in aged rats led significant increase of c-jun expression in CA1 hippocampus. While the treatment of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly attenuated the increase of c-jun expression in CA1 hippocampus following BCAO ischemia. Depending on changes of the NOD of immunohistochemical c-jun expression, the treatment of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang significantly attenuated the increase of NOD in CA1 hippocampus. And there was not changes in CA2, CA3 and DG of hippocampus with respect to the control BCAO group.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.137-149
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• 2006

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Radix Scutellariae on repeated nicotine-induced locomotor activity and c-Fos expression utilizing Fos-like immuno-histochemistry method in the nucleus accumbens, and the striatum, one of the major projection areas of the control DA system. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into untreated(normal), nicotine-treated (control), Radix Scutellariae-treated(sample) groups, RS group received Radix Scutellariae(100mg/kg, i.p.) 30minutes before injection of nicotine(0.4mg/kg, s.c.) for 7days. Rat were followed withdrawal for 3 days and one challenge for 1day. Results : Systemic challenge with nicotine produced a much larger locomotor activity and expression of c-Fos in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum. Pretreatment with Radix Scutellariae decreased in nicotine-induced locomotor activity and c-Fos expression in the core, shell, straitum area. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that reduction in locomotor activity by Radix Scutellariae may be mediated by reduction of dopamine release and of postsynaptic neuronal activity in striatum, the nucleus accumbens. Out results show neurochemical evidence for the biological effects of Radix Scutellariae that ultimately may help us to understand how Radix Scutellariae can be used to treat nicotine addiction.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2003

We have found that ginsenoside Rc and Re induce c-fos in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells at both the mRNA and protein levels. However, neither ginsenoside activated the expression of reporter gene under the control of AP-1/TPA response elements. We have also examined the possibility that ginsenoside Rc and Re act by binding to intracellular steroid hormone receptors that act as transcriptional factors in the nucleus in inducing c-fos mRNA in MCF7 human breast carcinoma cells. However, ginsenoside Rc and Re did not bind to glucocorticoid, androgen, estrogen, or retinoic acid receptors as examined by the transcription activation of the luciferase reporter genes in CV-1 cells that were transiently transfected with the corresponding steroid hormone receptors and hormone responsive luciferase reporter plasmids. These data demonstrate that ginsenoside Rc and Re act via other transcription factors and not via estrogen receptor in c-Fos expression.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.255-257
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• 2002

In birds, the photoperiodic seasonal breeding involves encephalic photoreception at the initial step of triggering the well-known endocrinal cascade. Especially in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnixjaponica), the reproductive neuroendocrine function responds to a single long day, and hypothalamic regions are known to be important for the reproductive response. However, little is known about where and how the light and time signals are integrated to detect daylength information and transduced to the endocrinal responses. To gain insights into this issue, we are interested in the c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus of the Japanese quail. Meddle and Follett (1997) previously identified two hypothalamic regions where c-Fos-like immunoreactivities were induced in response to a long day by using an antibody to carboxyl terminal region of human c-Fos (Lys$^{347}$ -Leu$^{367}$ ). In the present study, we used a different anti-c-Fos antibody recognizing a region from Lys$^{128}$ to Ala$^{152}$ of human c-Fos, and found in long-day- stimulated quails many c-Fos-like immunoreactive nuclei localizing within two regions, nucleus anterior medialis hypothalami and nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, which are distinct from those identified in the previous study. Then, we focused on the difference in the cross-reactivities of the antibodies used, and determined the whole coding sequence of quail c-Fos to compare the antigenic sequences of the two antibodies with the amino acid sequence of quail c-Fos. We found that the antibody we used would recognize quail c-Fos more specifically than that used in the previous study.