• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.95-103
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• 2022

This study aimed to find the mediating impact of entrepreneurial education during COVID-19 on entrepreneurial intention among university students from major cities of Pakistan. Majority of businesses shifted to online from offline mode as a result of COVID-19 pandemic. This created a great opportunity for university students to become entrepreneurs without much investment during COVID-19. Primary data for this study was collected with the help of an adopted questionnaire from previous studies. An online survey was considered appropriate due to the COVID-19 situation in the country. The number of data samples collected from the major cities of Pakistan was 460. The research hypothesis was tested with the help of SmartPLS by using least square structural equation modeling. Findings revealed there is full mediation of entrepreneurial education during COVID-19 between the self-efficacy, subjective norms, and attitude towards entrepreneurship for entrepreneurial intention during COVID-19 among university students. Therefore, the research confirmed the application of the theory of planned behavior among university students in Pakistan with regards to factors such as self-efficacy, subjective norms, attitude towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. The present study also concludes that all students regardless of their area of study such as Business and Engineering look forward to become entrepreneurs during COVID-19. The students opting for entrepreneurship had either formal or informal entrepreneurial education during COVID-19.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.195-204
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• 2022

As a brittle failure mode, punching-shear failure can be widely found in traditional RC slab-column connections, which may lead to the entire collapse of a flat plate structure. In this paper, a novel RC slab-column connection with inner steel truss was proposed to enhance the punching strength. In the proposed connection, steel trusses, each of which was composed of four steel angles and a series of steel strips, were pre-assembled at the periphery of the column capital and behaved as transverse reinforcements. With the aim of exploring the punching behavior of this novel RC slab-column connection, a static punching test was conducted on two full-scaled RC slab specimens, and the crack patterns, failure modes, load-deflection and load-strain responses were thoroughly analyzed to explore the contribution of the applied inner steel trusses to the overall punching behavior. The test results indicated that all the test specimens suffered the typical punching-shear failure, and the higher punching strength and initial stiffness could be found in the specimen with inner steel trusses. The numerical models of tested specimens were analyzed in ABAQUS. These models were verified by comparing the results of the tests with the results of the analyzes, and subsequently the sensitivity of the punching capacity to different parameters was studied. Based on the test results, a modified critical shear crack theory, which could take the contribution of the steel trusses into account, was put forward to predict the punching strength of this novel RC slab-column connection, and the calculated results agreed well with the test results.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2024

This paper assesses the structural performance of the Daeungbojeon Hall of Magoksa in Gongju, a representative multi-tiered roof traditional timber structure from the Joseon Dynasty, under vertical loads. Employing midas Gen, a structural analysis software, we developed a three-dimensional analysis model closely resembling the actual structure. Static analysis was employed to evaluate the safety and serviceability of the main vertical and horizontal members under vertical loads. While all members met the safety and serviceability criteria, structural weaknesses were identified in the Daelyang of the lower floor, particularly as a transitional beam, necessitating improvement. For the evaluation of dynamic behavior characteristics, eigenvalue analysis was conducted, assuming a relative rotational stiffness of 5% at the main joints. The natural period was determined to be 1.105 seconds, placing it within the category of a Hanok of similar size. The first mode manifested as a translational movement in the forward and backward direction of the building.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.11-23
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• 2024

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise using a suspension device (sling and total body resistance exercise; TRX) on physical functional performance and postural balance. Methods : An experimental study comparing 2 different suspension exercise was conducted on 16 healthy college students. 16 subjects were assigned to two groups. They were classified into 8 sling group and 8 TRX group. Miniplus was used to evaluate physical functional performance. In this study, isokinetic resistance mode was used to compare and analyze seven movement patterns. Biorescue was used to evaluate postural balance. The intervention exercises in this study are as follows. Standing lean forward (SLF) using a sling and TRX was performed 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The SLF was held for 10 seconds and then rested for 15 seconds, repeated a total of 10 times for 3 sets. Results : In the TRX group, significant increases were observed in physical functional performance (p<.05). Among the differences between groups, significant differences were confirmed on the front of the right arm, the back of the left arm, and the back of the right arm. In the sling group, significant increases were observed in left, right, front, and overall dynamic balance (p<.05). A significant increase in posterior dynamic balance was confirmed in the TRX group (p<.05). There was no significant difference between groups. Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, TRX was effective in improving physical functional performance, while the sling was effective in enhancing postural balance. However, confirming the effectiveness of slings and TRX in the relationship between physical functional performance and postural balance proved inadequate. Therefore, additional research should be conducted to verify the effects of suspension.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1108-1119
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• 2018

As the interest on the air pollution is gradually rising at home and abroad, automotive and fuel researchers have been studied on the exhaust and greenhouse gas emission reduction from vehicles through a lot of approaches, which consist of new engine design, innovative after-treatment systems, using clean (eco-friendly alternative) fuels and fuel quality improvement. This research has brought forward two main issues : exhaust emissions (regulated and non-regulated emissions, PM particle matter) and greenhouse gases of vehicle. Exhaust emissions and greenhouse gases of automotive had many problem such as the cause of ambient pollution, health effects. In order to reduce these emissions, many countries are regulating new exhaust gas test modes. Worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) for emission certification has been developed in WP.29 forum in UNECE since 2007. This test procedure was applied to domestic light duty diesel vehicles at the same time as Europe. The air pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles are regulated by the weight per distance, which the driving cycles can affect the results. Exhaust emissions of vehicle varies substantially based on climate conditions, and driving habits. Extreme outside temperatures tend to increasing the emissions, because more fuel must be used to heat or cool the cabin. Also, high driving speeds increases the emissions because of the energy required to overcome increased drag. Compared with gradual vehicle acceleration, rapid vehicle acceleration increases the emissions. Additional devices (air-conditioner and heater) and road inclines also increases the emissions. In this study, three light-duty vehicles were tested with WLTP, NEDC, and FTP-75, which are used to regulate the emissions of light-duty vehicles, and how much emissions can be affected by different driving cycles. The emissions gas have not shown statistically meaningful difference. The maximum emission gas have been found in low speed phase of WLTP which is mainly caused by cooled engine conditions. The amount of emission gas in cooled engine condition is much different as test vehicles. It means different technical solution requires in this aspect to cope with WLTP driving cycle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.903-909
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the effect of changes in the patient's central position on the exposure dose and image quality of surrounding organs during a chest lateral examination using an Auto Exposure Control(AEC). The experiment was conducted on a human body phantom. A needle was attached to the lower part of the center of the coronal plane of the phantom, and a lead ruler was attached to the lower part of the detector so that the 50 cm point was located at the lower center of the AEC ion chamber. The exposure conditions were 125 kVp, 320 mA, the distance between the source and the image receptor was 180 cm, and the exposure field size was 14 × 17 inches. Only one AEC ion chamber was used at the bottom center, and the density was set to '0' and sensitivity to 'Middle', and the central X-ray was incident vertically toward the 6th thoracic vertebra. With AEC mode applied, the 50 cm point of the needle and lead ruler were aligned and the phantom was moved 5 cm toward the stomach (F5) and 5 cm toward the back (B5), and the dose factor was analyzed by measuring ESD. The ESD of the thyroid gland according to the change in patient center position was 232.60±2.20 μGy for Center, 231.22±1.53 μGy for F5, and 184.37±1.19 μGy for B5, and the ESD of the breast was 288.54±3.03 μGy for Center, F5 was 260.97±1.93 μGy, B5 was 229.80±1.62 μGy, and the ESD of the center of the lung was 337.02±3.25 μGy for Center, F5 was 336.09±2.29 μGy, and B5 was 261.76±1.68 μGy. As a result of comparing the average values of dose factors between each group, the difference in average values was statistically significant (p<0.01), and each group appeared to be independent. As a result of the study, there was no significant difference in the dose to the thyroid, breast, and center of the lung according to the change in the patient's central position, except for the breast (10%) when the patient moved forward about 5 cm. However, movement of about 5 cm posteriorly resulted in an average dose reduction of 23.7%. Additionally, when the patient's central position was moved to the rear, image quality deteriorated.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.409-414
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• 2008

In mobile ad hoc networks, most of on demand routing protocols such as DSR and AODV do not deal with traffic load during the route discovery procedure. To solve the congestion and achieve load balancing, many protocols have been proposed. However, the existing load balancing schemes has only considered avoiding the congested route in the route discovery procedure or finding an alternative route path during a communication session. To mitigate this problem, we have proposed a new scheme which considers the packet bursting mechanism in congested nodes. The proposed packet bursting scheme, which is originally introduced in IEEE 802.11e QoS specification, is to transmit multiple packets right after channel acquisition. Thus, congested nodes can forward buffered packets promptly and minimize bottleneck situation. Each node begins to transmit packets in normal mode whenever its congested status is dissolved. We also propose two threshold values to define exact overloaded status adaptively; one is interface queue length and the other is buffer occupancy time. Through an experimental simulation study, we have compared and contrasted our protocol with normal on demand routing protocols and showed that the proposed scheme is more efficient and effective especially when network traffic is heavily loaded.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.79-87
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• 2012

On June 29th, 2010, a cross-straits "Economic and Cooperation Framework Agreement" (ECFA) is signed between China and Taiwan. This pact seems to be the greatest step forward on cooperation between the two sides, reflecting China-Taiwan thaw. As these countries are especially economically interdependent, great economic incomes and security benefits are expected for both sides after cooperation. this development of enlightened cooperation between China and Taiwan, gives many implications for Korea, the two divided countries. Recently, relation between north and south Korea is developing in an entirely different situation compared to the former Kim Dae-Jung or Roh Moo-hyun administrations. But exchange between north and south Korea has not been stopped, though reduced. This reflects the necessity of exchange of the north and the south, and this means that making preparation for the efficient conduct of exchange is needed. So in this study, we consider the China-Taiwan exchange and cooperation development carefully as a model for exchange and cooperation of the north and south Korea, and sought realizable ways to exchange and cooperate between the north and south Korea, which is also a win-win strategy for northeast Asia.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 2018

This paper was studied the tri-band folded monopole antenna design with Mu-negative metamaterial unit cell, which operates at 700 MHz UHD broadcast band and 2.45 GHz/5 GHz WiFi band. The MNR metamaterial is fabricated by forming a capacitor on the backside of the antenna substrate and connecting it to the ground plane through a strip line and a via hole so that a single cell can operate in the MZR (Mu zero resonator). Through this, the resonance point can be controlled to resonate in the zero mode in 700 MHz band, and the bandwidth is improved. Experimental results show that the 10dB bandwidth and gain are 309 MHz (41.2%) and 5.298 dB at the first resonance point, and the 10dB bandwidth and gain at the second resonance point are 821.9 MHz (33.5%) and 2.7840 dB respectively. At the third resonance point, the gain and bandwidth were 1.1314 GHz (20.6%) and 2.9484 dB respectively. We confirmed that the resonance point with theoretical value is in agreement with experimental value. And the radiation pattern is generally omnidirectional, and it has been confirmed that the radiation pattern is good in both forward and backward directions at 0.75 GHz and 2.45 GHz, and has a radiation pattern with multiple lobes at 5.5 GHz.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.15-26
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• 2006

As the interest and use of computer have been increased among elderly users according to the entry to the aging society, the issue of universal design for computer usability was brought forward. Especially, it is widely recognized that universal UI(User Interlace) design on MS windows is important. The objective of this study is to conceptualize Universal GUI design on MS windows which can be used more easily and intuitively by novice users such as elderly and housewives. Especially, the solution for Universal GUI design on MS windows was developed by reflecting elderly users' needs because elderly users is the group with more difficulties than other user groups in learning and using MS windows. First, elderly user's needs was collected by participant observation as a teaching assistant in computer dass for elderly people for 4 weeks. Secondly, the experimental test and in-depth interview was implemented to find difficulties factors and needs in addition to participant observation. Based on the findings, the new GUI design solution was suggested. The design solution consists of ideas in several categories such as setting default, simplification of function for easy conceptual model making, customization of function and working environment, and intuitive GUI in interaction process. The new MS windows GUI design can be accessed by novice mode when user login in window XP. This study has the significance in finding elderly users detailed needs through in-depth and long term participant observation. However, the usability of the suggested prototype needs to be verified to various user groups besides elderly users in the future.