• 소성∙가공
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.393-398
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• 2010

This paper investigates the effect of material properties on the formability of sheet metals based on the Marciniak-Kuczynski model (M-K model). The hardening behavior of the material is modeled as the Hollomon model with the strain rate effect. The yield surfaces are constructed with Hosford79 yield function. The material properties considered in this study include the R-value, the strain hardening exponent, the strain rate hardening exponent, and the crystal structure of the material. The effect of the crystal structure on formability is roughly expressed as the change of the yield surface by varying the value of the exponent in Hosford79 yield function. Results show that the R-value affects neither the magnitude nor the shape of right hand side of forming limit diagrams (FLDs). Higher strain hardening exponent and higher strain rate hardening exponent improve the formability of sheet metals because they stabilize the forming processes.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2005

In this paper, the tube forming by radial-forward extrusion is analyzed by numerical simulation and experiments. The paper discusses the effect of process variables such as gap height, relative gap width and die comer radius on tube forming. The influence of deformation patterns of flange in radial extrusion on forward extrusion for tube forming is investigated and summarized in terms of the maximum forming force and hardness variations along the extrusion path. Furthermore the external defects are shown experimentally during the forming operation. Based on finite element analysis in conjunction with experimental test in Al alloy, analysis is performed for important parameter combination in order to reduce forming defects. Eventually, the process parameters for safe forming are suggested in order to reduce the forming defects.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.209-212
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• 2001

It is known that the mim forming processes show somewhat different phenomena compared with the conventional metal forming processes, namely, the size effect, enhanced friction effect and etc. Such typical phenomena, however, are not predicted by the conventional finite element analysis, which has been an efficient numerical tool to predict the metal forming processes. It is due to the fact that the constitutive relations used does not describe the microstructural characteristics of the materials. In the present investigation, the finite element formulation using the rate-dependent rigid plastic crystal plasticity model of the face-centered cubic materials is conducted to predict the micro mechanical behaviors during the mim forming processes. The finite element analysis, however, provides mesh-dependent solutions for the intragranular deformations. Therefore, the couple stress energy is additionally introduced into the variational principle and formulated within the framework of the rigid plastic finite element method to obtain mesh-independent solutions. Micro deformations of single crystal and bicrystal with various orientations are calculated to show the potential of the developed formulation.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health habit forming of children to develop health education area in children's education. For the purpose, 330 children with 175 boys and 155 girls ranging of 4 to 6 in the ages were selected as subjects. The methods of study are used by questionaries of DA KAENG Social Achievement Scale with 50 items in 5 areas. Statistical process was used ANOVA, t -test, coefficiency through SPSS. The results were as follows ; 1) The study showed that the score of health habits of 50 items were lower than score of standard value of DA KAENG type of social Achievement Scale. 2) There were coefficiency with 5 health habits area each other. 3) The score of boys were higher than girls score without signifficant differences level in health habit forming. 4) The area of excreting habit, neating habit, and clothing habit forming were effected by ages with signifficant difference among the those of health habit forming areas. 5) The study indicated that mother's job were not effect to health habit forming for children. 6) The excreting habit, neating habit and clothing habit forming among the health habits were effected by socia-economics status of home. 7) The factors of enrollment of preschool, father's job and mother's age were not effect to health habit forming for children.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.122-128
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• 2004

In order to make a doubly-curved sheet metal effectively, a sheet metal forming process has been developed by adopting the flexibility of the incremental forming process and the principle of bending deformation which causes slight deformation in thickness. The developed process is an unconstrained forming process with no holder. For this study, the experimental equipment is set up with the roll set which consists of two pairs of support rolls and one center roll. In the experiments using aluminum sheets, it is found that the curvature of the formed sheet metal is determined by controlling the distance between supporting rolls in pairs and the forming depth of the center roll and it also depends on the thickness of the sheet metal. In order to check the effect of process parameters on the generation of sheet metal curvatures in this process, the orthogonal array is adopted. From the experimental results, among the process parameters, the distance between supporting rolls in pairs along the direction of one principal radius of curvature as well as the forming depth and the thickness of the material is shown to influence the generation of curvature in the same direction significantly. That is, the other distance between supporting rolls in pairs which are not located in the same direction of one principal radius of curvature, does not have an significant effect on the generation of the curvature in that direction. It mainly affects the generation of curvature in its own direction with the forming depth and the thickness of the material.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.379-381
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• 1992

Phellinus linteus was examined on its immunostimulating activities using an in vitro imunization and plaque forming cell assay. When lymphocytes were exposed to the extract of Phellinus linteus, the number of antibody forming cell was increased. In in vitro plaque forming cell assay, the immunostimulating effect was about 4.8 and 5.0 times of unimmunized control in polyconal and T-independent antibody response, respectively. Especially, Phellinus linteus significantly increased the antigenicity of TNP-LPS used as T-independent antigen. But Phellinus linteus did now show a mitogenic effect on B-lymphcytes. These results suggest that immunostimulating activity of Phillinus lintues might be associated with a functional stimulation of B-lympohocyte involved in humoral immune response.

• 대한용접접합학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한용접접합학회 2009년 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.22-22
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• 2009

Laser forming is a promising technology in manufacturing, such as in the shipbuilding, automobile, microelectronics, aerospace and other manufacturing industries. This process forms the sheet metal by utilization of laser-induced thermal stresses. Laser forming process has been studied extensively for rectangular shape geometry. This basic study presents the change in deformation behavior of sheet metal during transition from linear to curved geometries and irradiations as well. A series of experiments have been conducted on a wide range of specimen geometries such as quarter-circular and half circular plate. The reasons for this behavior have been analyzed. Results are compared and analyzed by simulations using ABAQUS. Influence of developed stresses on the bending has been investigated. This study provides the more understanding of forming mechanism influenced by geometry effect.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 제4회 박판성형 심포지엄
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• pp.53-57
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• 2003

In order to make a doubly curved sheet metal effectively, a sheet metal farming process has been developed by adopting the flexibility of the incremental forming process and the principle of bending deformation which causes slight deformation to thickness. The developed process is an unconstrained forming process with no holder. For this study, the experimental equipment is set up with the roll set which consists of two pairs of support rolls and one center roll. In the experiments using aluminum sheets, it is found that the curvature of the formed sheet metal is determined by controlling the distance between supporting rolls in pairs and the forming depth of the center roll and it also depends on the thickness of the sheet metal. In order to check the effect of process parameters on the generation of sheet metal curvatures in this process, the orthogonal array is adopted. From the experimental results, among the process parameters, the distance between supporting rolls in pairs along the same direction of one principle radius of curvature as well as the forming depth and the thickness of the material is shown to influence the generation of curvature in the same direction significantly. That is, the other distance between supporting rolls in pairs which are not located in the same direction of one principle radius of curvature, does not have an significant effect on the generation of the curvature in that direction. It just affects the generation of curvature in its own direction mainly with the forming depth and the thickness of the material.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.266-269
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• 2003

This paper is concerned with a forming analysis of front side members and the application of the forming effect in crash analysis of auto-body. Drawbead restraining forces are calculated with ABAQUS/Strandard in order to identify the boundary condition in forming process. Forming analysis with equivalent drawbead is carried out with LS-DYNA3D. In order to demonstrate the validity of the forming analysis, quantitative comparison of the thickness variation between the real product and the numerical simulation result is carried out. Forming histories obtained from the forming analysis are utilized as the initial condition of the crash analysis for accurate assessment of the crashworthiness.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2004년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.175-179
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• 2004

Since the formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy is not good in room temperature, it is known that high temperature forming is advantageous. However, many studies are necessary to find the proper forming temperature for Mg alloy. In this study, experimental and FEM analysis are performed to investigate the forming temperature for AZ31 sheet. The deep drawing process of square cup is used in forming experiment and FEA. The investigations are performed in three forming temperature, room temperature, $250^{\circ}C\;and\;400^{\circ}C$. The square cup is well formed in $250^{\circ}C$ forming temperature, on the other hand, the crack and failure is presented in corner section in room and $250^{\circ}C$ forming temperature. The main cause is investigated as the effect of hardening range by the experimental and FEM results.