• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.574-578
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• 2005

복분자 발효주의 품질향상을 위하여 효모 종류 및 효소 등 처리방법을 달리하여 발효과정 중의 이화학적 특성을 검토한 결과 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCCM 12224(Sc-24), 복분자 분리효모(Bok-3), 약주분리(Yak-7), Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Sc-24)와 약주효모(Yak-7) 혼합균주의 주발효 후 알코올 함량은 각각 11.08%, 10.62%, 10.18%, 10.26%이었으며, pectinase 첨가시 알코올 함량을 0.1-1.5% 증가시킬 수 있었다. 발효주의 유기산은 oxalic, citric, malic, shikimic, formic acid 등이었으며, 발효과정 중 citric acid와 malic acid가 큰 폭으로 감소되었다. 복분자주 발효 중 적정산도는 발효액 중의 citric acid의 함량변화에 의존적이었다. 복분자주의 색도는 발효초기에 유의적으로 감소되었으며 Sc-24, Yak-7 및 Bok-3+pectinase 처리구가 발효에 의한 색도의 변화가 비교적 낮았다. 이화학적 성분의 변화를 고려할 때 복분자주의 발효는 8-10일이 적당하였으며, Sc-24 및 Bok-3균주와 500ppm의 pectinase 첨가가 발효에 효과적이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.198-202
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of phytase, organic acids and their interaction on body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield and tibia ash. A total of 680 three-day old Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were assigned to 20 battery brooders, 34 chicks in each. The experimental period lasted 35 days. The treatment groups employed were: 1) a positive control which included 3.5 g available phosphorus (AP)/kg diet and 10 g Ca/kg diet; 2) a negative control which included 2 g AP/kg diet and 8 g Ca/kg diet, 3) negative control diet supplemented with either 300 FTU phytase/kg diet (phytase) or 4) 2.5 g organic acid (lactic acid+formic acid)/kg diet (organic acid); or 5) 300 FTU phytase/kg diet+2.5 g organic acid/kg diet (phytase+organic acid). All birds were fed with the positive control diet for a week and then transferred to the dietary treatments. At the end of the study, there were no differences (p>0.005) among the groups in body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and carcass yield. Tibia ash, however, was reduced (p<0.001) for quails fed the negative control diet containing a low-level of AP compared to the positive control diet containing adequate AP. The addition of phytase, organic acid or phytase+organic acid to the diets containing the low-level of AP improved (p<0.001) tibia ash. On the other hand, an extra synergistic effect of phytase and organic acid on tibia ash was not determined. This study demonstrated that it may be possible to reduce supplemental level of inorganic P with phytase and/or organic acid supplementation for quail diets without adverse effect on performance and tibia ash.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.531-537
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• 2007

태국산과 베트남산의 용안육 원료 및 그 발효물의 전자공여능, 일산화질소(NO) 생성효과, 인체암 세포주인 자궁경부암세포(HeLa) 및 간암세포(HepG2)의 항암활성 효과를 조사하였다. 원료 용안육의 총 유기산은 태국산 용안육(473.49 mg/g)이 베트남산(148.48 mg/g) 용안육에 비하여 3.2배 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 전체 유기산의 각각 89.2%와 86.8%를 나타내었으며, 주요 유기산은 formic acid와 malic acid였다. 원료 용안육의 총 유리당은 베트남산(434.63 mg/g)이 태국산(378.77 mg/g)에 비하여 1.2배 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 주요한 유리당은 sucrose, glucose와 fructose였다. 단핵세포 세포주인 RAW264.7 세포에서 발효용안육의 NO 생성은 베트남산이 태국산에 비하여 약간 낮은 농도를 나타내었고, 원료 용안육과 비교하면 고농도 보다 저농도 추출물 첨가에서 그 함량의 차이가 크게 나타났다. 원료 용안육의 추출물 $600\;{\mu}g$에서 전자공여능은 베트남산이 $41.72{\pm}3.59%$로 태국산 $30.20{\pm}4.8%$에 비하여 1.4배 높았으며, 발효 용안육의 전자공여능은 B. subtilis로 발효시킨 베트남산 용안육의 추출물 $600\;{\mu}g$에서 $43.57{\pm}2.07%$로 가장 높게 나타났다. 원료 용안육의 자궁경부암세포에 대한 항암활성은 베트남산이 태국산 용안육보다 대체로 비슷하였지만, 간암세포의 경우는 태국산 용안육 추출물 $200\;{\mu}g$ 농도에서 저해율이 $46.13{\pm}4.80%$로 베트남산 $33.07{\pm}0.92%$보다 높게 나타났다. 그리고 발효 용안육의 자궁경부암세포 및 간암세포에 대한 항암활성은 각각 B. subtilis로 발효시킨 베트남산 및 태국산 용안육 추출물 $200\;{\mu}g$에서 저해율 $39.21{\pm}1.46%$ 및 $48.07{\pm}1.63%$로 가장 높게 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.161-164
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• 1991

A rapid and accurate method is described for the determination of nucleo-bases in rumen micro-organisms. A procedure to satisfactorily hydrolyse the micro-organisms involving reaction with a mixture of readily volatile organic acids (acetic and formic acids) under high pressure, is proposed, and optimal conditions for an analytical procedure with reversed phase HPLC is described. The following nucleobases contents (mmol/kg DM) of rumen micro-organisms were found: Adenine (Ade), 82.62; Guanine (Gua), 61.34; Cytosine (Cyt), 84.61; Thymine (Thy), 35.74; Uracil (Ura), 68.62; Hypoxanthine (Hxn), 13.06; Xanthine (Xn), 8.35. Total purine-N content (g/kg N) of rumen micro-organisms were 99.60. The nucleic acid N content (g/kg N) of microbial isolates were: RNA-N, 109.9; DNA-N, 50.9.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1050-1057
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• 1997

Microbial counts, enzyme activities and taste components of traditional kochujangs prepared with the powders from 4 different varieties of red pepper, were investigated during 90 days fermentation for the industrial production of traditional kochujang. The viable cell counts of anaerobic bacteria in kochujangs did not change remarkably during fermentation, however, aerobic bacterial counts showed a rapid increase up to 90 days of aging. The yeasts in all kochujang samples increased until 60 days of aging and than decreased. After 90 days of aging, the count of aerobic bacteria in Kumtop kochujang was higher than those of others. The activities of liquefying amylase decreased during the aging, but those of saccharogenic amylase increased at 60 days of aging. The activities of neutral protease were higher than those of acidic protease, and increased during the middle and last period of aging. The major free sugars of kochujang were maltose and glucose, and their contents were higher in Hongkwang kochujang. The major organic acids of kochujang were succinic, formic and citric acid, followed by lactic acid. Succinic acid content in kochujang decreased during fermentation, whereas formic and citirc acids were increased. The major free amino acids were serine, proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine. Kumtop kochujang contained the highest amount of total free amino acids. Among the nucleotides and related components in kochujang, cytidine-5-monophosphate was the most abundant component at the begining of aging period, while hypoxanthine increased remarkably during fermentation. Hanwang kochujang was higher in the content of nucleotides than others. Capsaicin contents of kochujang decreased during aging and those of Jangter kochujang was higher than that of others. Sensory evaluation showed that Jangter kochujang was significantly better than Kumtop kochujang in overall acceptability, but there were no appreciable differences in color and flavor.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.976-982
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• 2016

해조류는 성장이 빠르고, 낮은 경작지 사용, 높은 이산화탄소 흡수 및 식량자원과 경쟁하지 않는 장점이 있다. 따라서 리그닌이 없는 해조류 사용은 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 3세대 바이오매스로 주목받고 있다. 산 촉매 열가수분해 전처리법은 해조류로부터 높은 단당을 획득할 수 있는 경제적인 방법 중 하나이다. 고온 전처리 조건들에서 3,6-anhydrogalactoe는 저해물질인 HMF로 전환되는데, 이 저해물질은 세포 성장과 에탄올 생산을 저해한다. 따라서 바이오에탄올을 생산하기 위해 해조류의 탄수화물을 분해할 때는 높은 단당 수율과 낮은 저해물질 생성을 하는 효과적인 전처리 방법이 필요하다. 혼합 당을 이용한 에탄올 발효의 효율을 향상시키기 위해, 고농도 당에 순치한 효모는 혼합 당의 사용을 통해 해조류를 이용한 바이오 에탄올의 생산을 가능하게 한다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.667-674
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• 2014

Twenty-five Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains were screened for the highest sugar tolerance, ethanol-tolerance, ethanol production, and inhibitor resistance, and S. cerevisiae KL5 was selected as the best strain. Inhibitor cocktail (100%) was composed of 75 mM formic acid, 75 mM acetic acid, 30 mM furfural, 30 mM hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), and 2.7 mM vanillin. The cells of strain KL5 were treated with ${\gamma}$-irradiation, and among the survivals, KL5-G2 with improved inhibitor resistance and the highest ethanol yield in the presence of inhibitor cocktail was selected. The KL5-G2 strain was adapted to inhibitor cocktail by sequential transfer of cultures to a minimal YNB medium containing increasing concentrations of inhibitor cocktail. After 10 times of adaptation, most of the isolated colonies could grow in YNB with 80% inhibitor cocktail, whereas the parental KL5 strain could not grow at all. Among the various adapted strains, the best strain (KL5-G2-A9) producing the highest ethanol yield in the presence of inhibitor cocktail was selected. In a complex YP medium containing 60% inhibitor cocktail and 5% glucose, the theoretical yield and productivity (at 48 h) of KL5-G2-A9 were 81.3% and 0.304 g/l/h, respectively, whereas those of KL5 were 20.8% and 0.072 g/l/h, respectively. KL5-G2-A9 reduced the concentrations of HMF, furfural, and vanillin in the medium in much faster rates than KL5.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.145-148
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• 2003

P. aeruginosa F722는 탄화수소를 분해하는 과정에 biosurfactant (BS)를 생산한다. 탄화수소 분해에 사용되는 C-배지에서 BS 생산량은 0.78 g/ $\ell$이었으나, 질소원과 탄소원을 각각 0.05% (w/v) NH$_4$Cl + 0.1% (w/v) yeast extract과 3.0% (w/v) glucose로 조정한 경우는 BS 생산량이 1.66 g/ $\ell$로 증가하였다. 최적의 BS 생산조건으로 배양하는 동안 air 1.0 LPM를 공급해 주었을 때는 공기를 공급하지 않을 때의 1.66 g/ $\ell$보다 약 20% 증가한 1.94 g/ $\ell$이었다 뿐만 아니라, glucose 분해속도는 대수증식기와 정지기에서 air를 공급하지 않은 경우 0.25, 0.18 h$^{-1}$ 였으나, 공기를 1.0 LPM으로 공급한 경우 0.33, 0.29 h$^{-l}$ 로 조사되었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제3권
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• pp.25-48
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• 1962

tragacanth gum의 화학구조(化學構造)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 미국(美國) 약전(藥典)의 tragacanth gum 분말(粉末)을 가지고 다음의 실험(實驗)을 통(通)하여 이의 성분(成分)의 하나인 polysaccharide C를 분리(分離)하여 이의 화학구조(化學構造)를 밝혔다. (1) tragacanth gum을 85% 주정(酒精)으로 처리(處理)해서 중성다당류(中性多糖類)로 polysaccharide C를 분리(分離)하였으며 구성당(構成糖)으로 L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose 및 D-galactose를 paper chromatography와 Cellulose column chromatography로 분리(分離), 동정(同定)하였다. 이의 molar ratio는 2:1:17:9이며 비선광도(比旋光度)는 $[{\alpha}]^{30}_D-72.2이다. (2) 구성당(構成糖)의 결합위치(結合位置)를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)해 Hawarth 법(法)과 Purdietldir(試藥)을 가지고 methyl화(化)시켜 methyl화(化) polysaccharide C를 얻었으며 비선광도(比旋光度) $[{\alpha}]^{22}_D-102를 보였다. 이것을 가수분해(加水分解)시켜 paper chromatography와 column chromatography를 통(通)해 methyl화단당(化單糖)으로 1,3,5-tri-O-methyl-L-arabofuranose, 3,4-di-O-methyl-L-rhamnose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-xylose, 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl-D-galactopyranose, 2,4-di-O-methyl-L-arabopyronose, 2,4-di-O-methyl-D-galactose, 2-O-methyl-L-arabinose 및 L-arabinose를 분리(分離), 동정(同定)하였다. (3) 산(酸)의 각종농도(各種濃度)에 따른 부분적(部分的) 가수분해(加水分解)를 시켜 polysaccharide C의 end group, 측지(側枝) 또는 주쇄(主鎖)를 이루는 구성당(構成糖)을 밝히기 위(爲)하여 0.05 N-HCl로 제1차(第一次) 가수분해(加水分解). 0.1N-HCl로 제2차(第二次) 가수분해(加水分解), 0.3N-HCl로 제3차(第三次) 가수분해(加水分解)를 하여 가수분해물(加水分解物)과 비가수분해물(非加水分解物)에서 각각(各各) 다음과 같은 구성단당(構成單糖)을 검출(檢出)하고 이들의 molar ratio를 측정(測定)하였다. 제1차(第一次) 가수분해물(加水分解物)(A)에서 L-arbinose, 비가수분해물(非加水分解物)(A')에서 L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose 및 D-galactose; 제2차(第二次) 가수분해물(加水分解物)(B)에서 L-arabinose와 D-galactose, 비가수분해물(非加水分解物)(B')에서 L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, 및 D-galactose; 제3차(第三次) 가수분해물(加水分解物)(C)에서 L-rhamnose, D-xylose, L-arabinose 및 D-galactose, 비가수분해물(非加水分解物)(C')에서 D-xylose와 D-galactose를 검출(檢出)하였다. (4) 구성당(構成糖)의 형태(形態)와 구조(構造)를 밝히기 위(爲)해 polysaccharide C에 대한 periodate산화(酸化) 실험(實驗)을 하여 $C_5H_8O_4$당(當) periodate의 소비(消費)와 formic acid의 생성량(生成量)을 측정(測定)하였는데 periodate의 소비량(消費量)은 1.23 mole, formic acid의 생성량(生成量)은 0.78 mole이다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.683-691
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to identify the coccoidal bacteria present in 188 samples of fermented yaks’, mares’ and cows’ milk products collected from 12 different regions in Mongolia. Furthermore, we evaluated the fermentation properties of ten selected isolates of the predominant species, Streptococcus (S.) thermophiles, during the process of milk fermentation and subsequent storage of the resulting yoghurt at 4℃. Overall, 159 isolates were obtained from 188 samples using M17 agar. These isolates were presumed to be lactic acid bacteria based on their gram-positive and catalase-negative properties, and were identified to species level using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These coccoid isolates were distributed in four genera and six species: Enterococcus (E.) durans, Enterococcus (E.) faecalis, Lactococcus (Lac.) subsp. lactis, Leuconostoc (Leuc.) lactis, Leuconostoc (Leuc.) mesenteroides. subsp. mesenteroides and S. thermophilus. Among these S. thermophilus was the most common species in most samples. From evaluation of the fermentation characteristics (viable counts, pH, titratable acidity [TA]) of ten selected S. thermophilus isolates we could identify four isolates (IMAU 20246, IMAU20764, IMAU20729 and IMAU20738) that were fast acid producers. IMAU20246 produced the highest concentrations of lactic acid and formic acid. These isolates have potential as starter cultures for yoghurt production.