• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2012

Mikania micrantha, a neo-tropical vine, is spreading rapidly in the tropical part of Nepal and is now threatening the rural ecosystem including biodiversity and rural livelihoods. However, no attempt has been made to control the spread of M. micrantha. As a result, the vines are spreading freely and rapidly. After a thorough literature review and assessment of forest management practices, we proposed a manual cutting method, as it suits the Nepalese situation for several reasons: required labor is readily available, as local communities are managing forest patches, and the method does not have any potential adverse effects on non-target native species. Experimental plots were laid out in August 2011 to examine the effectiveness of manual cutting. Two different site types based on canopy coverage were selected and divided into three blocks based on cutting strategy. Four treatments were assigned across the experimental plots following a complete block design. We harvested above-ground biomass according to the assigned treatment. The results suggested that there should be at least two consecutive cuttings within a 3-week interval before flowering, and that three consecutive cuttings resulted in 91% mortality of the vines. In addition, cutting promoted regeneration of native plant species. Employing regular cutting operations can modify understory shade enhancing regeneration of native species, which is a desirable condition to constrain proliferation of M. micrantha. Periodic cuttings reduced the competitiveness of M. micrantha regardless of canopy openness, but native ground cover should be retained.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.337-344
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the trend of work-related accident rate in the past 10 years (2002~2011) in Gusan district, Ministry of Employment and Labor, Korea. Methods: To analyze the change of work-related accident rate in the past 10 years in Gunsan District, we analyzed the work-related accident and disease by the type of business, business scale and analyzing the victim's age and job period using workplace information management system(PKMS) in the Ministry of Employment and Labor. Results: The average rate of work-related accidents in Gunsan district was 0.96% in the past 10 years and it was a little higher than that of national average 0.75%. The rates of work-related accidents tended to decrease from 1.11% in 2002, to 1.09% in 2006, and to 0.79% in 2011. Mortality (per 10,000) rates also tended to decrease in the years 2002, 2006, and 2011 as 3.07, 2.46, and 1.53. By the type of business, the average rate of work-related accidents in the past 10 years was the highest in agriculture as 1.77%, followed by forestry farming at 1.76%. By the business scale, the average rate of work-related accidents was the highest in the group of under 5 employees as 2.05% and it was the lowest in the group of more than 300 employees as 0.50%. The ratio of work-related accidents in the 30's age group was decreased from 41.7% in 2002 to 25.2% in 2011 and the ratio for the 50's age group was increased from 28.6% in 2002 to 49.5% in 2011. Conclusions: Although the rate of work-related accident was decreased in the past 10 years, the polarization of work-related accidents rated by the business scale and age groups show a significant difference. So it is needed that the planning and implementing of work-related accidents prevention policies.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.129-138
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• 1993

The shortage of agricultural labour due to industrial growth has greatly induced the mechanization in Korean agriculture. However small and scattered land holdings have been the main constraints in the process of mechanization. This paper describes the interrelationships of farm land structure, machinery selection and machinery operation areas. The sandy silt loam irrigated paddy land having single crop a year was selected as a target areas for this study. Machine operation cost is greatly influenced by operation period, plot geometry and operation area. On the improved geometry plots, optimal machine size increases slowly with increase in operation area. Operable area increases due to increased effective machine capacity on better geometry plot. The difference between the effects of operation period and plot geometry is that in the former case, the cost reduction is caused by delay in increase of machine size, whereas in the latter case timeliness cost is reduced by increase ffective capacity. The effect of farmland consolidation is greater on small plots than that on big plots. Increasing wage rates have induced the adoption of more labor saving machinery. Bigger labor saving machines require enlargement of operation area and larger plots through improvement in farm land structure. Machine cost on poor plot geometry increases more rapidly than that on the good plot geometry and as operation area increases machine cost reduces significantly. It is concluded that the development of agricultural mechanization ion Korea will depend on the improvement in farm land structure and enlargement of operation area.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.323-357
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• 2009

본 연구는 고령자 노동지위가설과 사회적 지위획득모델의 한계를 보완하고 통합하여, 노후 노동지위에 미치는 생애과정의 메커니즘을 조명하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 60세 이상 남성근로자의 노동지위는, 직종은 대부분이 농어업이거나 단순노무직이고, 고위직 (준)전문가는 소수에 불과하였다. 종사상 지위도 상용직과 고용주는 4.4%에 불과한 반면, 약 70%가 임시일용직과 자영업이며, 약 60%는 연 천만원 이하의 저임금근로자였다. 대부분의 고령자는 노후에도 고위직을 유지한다는 노후풍요가설이 적용되는 경우는 소수에 불과함을 말해준다. 둘째, 약 20%가 5천만원 미만의 재산을 가지고 있는 반면, 9.3%는 6억 이상의 재산을 소유하여 격차가 크다. 노후풍요가설처럼 대부분의 사람이 노후에 필요한 적절한 부를 축적하였다고 보기 어렵다. 그리고 재산은 교육수준에 따라 차이가 커서, 부의 축적은 사회적 지위획득모델이 더 적절한 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 교육수준에 따라 생애노동경력뿐 아니라, 노후 노동지위가 달랐다. 넷째, 경로분석결과, 교육수준은 생애노동경력과 재산을 매개로 노후 노동지위에 영향을 미쳤다. 즉, 교육수준이 낮은 사람은 생애노동경력이 불안정하고, 재산이 적으며, 노년에도 일은 하지만 저임금, 낮은 사회적 직종, 불안정한 고용형태에서 근무하였다. 생애불평등이 노년에도 지속됨을 보여주는 것이다. 따라서 교육기회의 불평등과 비정규직과 영세자영업 확산을 축소시키고, 불안정 고용이 덫이 되지 않도록 제반 여건을 마련해야 한다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2005

New occupational types, suitable for the elderly, have been developed in order to extend job opportunities for that demographic. However, it was mainly done from the perspective of the urban elderly and did not take into account the rural elderly's needs and the special conditions in rural areas. Especially, as 53.4% of the rural elderly 60 years old and over has engaged in economic activities and 88.7% of them are working in the field of agriculture or forestry, the development on the new kinds of job for the rural elderly is more meaningful as secondary jobs rather than as new occupations. Therefore, this study aimed at developing the new kinds of occupation suitable for the rural elderly. For this purpose, data were collected from 279 elderly farmers 60 years old and over working currently or have ever worked in something other than farming work. Questionnaires were composed to measure preferences for jobs by work characteristics and evaluations on the appropriateness of the jobs for the elderly selected by the Ministry of Labor in Korea. The results showed that the rural elderly preferred work doing at home, together with the elderly, in groups, and light physical labor to technical or office work that must commute regularly. Also, they evaluated that most of the occupations suitable for the elderly announced by the Ministry of Labor were more suitable for the male than the female elderly. Based on these findings, this study selected 18 kinds of individual and 11 common jobs by sex. It may contribute to creating job opportunities for the rural elderly by applying it to the policy or extension, and to revitalizing the rural elderly's lives and increasing their incomes.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2003

Purpose: To investigate difference in health status by social classes in Korea through second analysis the 1999 Social Statistic Survey raw data performed by National Statistic Office. Method: 52,100 subjects were 20-64 years old and students were excluded. Health status was measured self-rated health and disease prevalence past 2 weeks. Social classes were classified 5 categories by occupations and working status and 1 category by unemployment. Result: Unemployed people reported the worst self-rated health on average, the lower social classes, the worse self-rated health and higher disease prevalence. Health inequality still existed between social classes after adjusting sex, age, and education level. Conclusion: A certain strategy for improving unemployed people's health and people who are working in craft, simple manual labor, agriculture, fishery, and forestry.

• 한국잠사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국잠사학회 1997년도 Progress and Future Development of Sericultural Science and Technology 40th Anniversary Commemoration Symposium
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• pp.103-117
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• 1997

Decrease in the cocoon production of Japan is drastic because of low price of cocoon, scarcity of successors and so on. To tide over the difficulty, the automation system in the sericulture was discussed and some trials have been conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan. The attempts are based on a low cost artificial diet which does not rely on mulberry leaves. Automatic machines developed until now are a rearing machine constituted with repeated belt conveyor, an reformation type of former rearing machine "Bombyx" and a mounting machine. Running parallel with them, utilization of 20-hydroxyecdysone extracted from a plant to the mounting was also studied to use their machines efficiently in the fields. In conclusion, 10 tons of law cocoon will come to be produced by two persons labor. At present, an automatic rearing system on low cost artificial diet has been developing for the future sericulture.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제88권2호
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• pp.195-204
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• 1999

채종원(採種園) 관리를 위해 개발된 여러 수종의 다양한 수형 조절 방법의 검토 및 이미 수형 조절 작업을 받은 16년생 접목 잣나무의 성장 조사와 I영급~III영급 조림지 임목의 성장 조사를 통하여 잣나무 인공림에서 잣과 목재를 생산할 수 있는 수형과 그 조절 방법을 제시하였다. 제 1형은 I~II영급에 잣 생산만을 위해 적용할 수 있는 방법으로 지상 1m 정도의 힘센 생지(生枝)를 포함하여 1m 정도 간격으로 4~5마디까지 남기고 단간(斷幹)하되 각 마디에 3~4개의 일차지(一次枝)를 윤생(輪生)으로 배치하는 변칙주간형(變則主幹型)이고, 제 2형은 잣과 목재 생산을 함께 도모하는 II영급~III영급에 적용이 가능한 방법으로 힘센 첫 생지 (지표에서 4m~8m)의 아래 부분은 무절(無節) 주간(主幹)으로 성장시키고 그 위는 1m 정도 간격으로 최고 4~5마디까지 남기고 단간하되 각 마디에 3~4개의 일차지를 윤생으로 배치하는 변칙주간형이며, 제 3형은 목재 생산만을 위해 지하고(枝下高)가 9m를 넘는 잣나무를 강도(强度)의 가지치기로 주간형(主幹型)을 이루게 하여 곧고 빠른 주간의 성장을 도모하는 방법이다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제112권2호
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• pp.217-229
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• 2023

산림사업은 건설업 시중노임단가를 적용하고 있으나 산악지에서의 열악한 작업여건과 높은 노동강도 등의 사업특성에 따라, 같은 직종이라도 더 많은 임금을 지급하여야 하는 현실적 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 타 분야의 시중노임단가 조사방법을 분석하여 산림사업 작업자의 임금실태조사 프레임워크를 개발하고, 개발된 프레임워크를 활용하여 조사를 수행함으로써 산림작업자 적정임금과 건설업 시중노임단가의 차이를 분석하였다. 조사대상은 전국의 산림사업시행업체, 조사방법은 전수조사, 조사항목은 직종별 실지급임금, 이상치 처리는 사분위편차를 이용하여 식별 및 제거, 산출방법은 직종별 임금산식으로 설정하였다. 조사결과, 2022년 산림작업자 적정임금은 보통인부 163,376원, 특별인부 221,407원, 작업반장 250,045원, 벌목부 239,863원으로 산출되었으며, 건설업 시중노임단가 대비 평균 16.27% 높게 나타났다. 산림작업자 적정임금, 건설업 시중노임단가를 임업기능인 기준임금과 각각 상대 비교·분석하여 산림사업에 적합한 조사체계를 검증하였다. 그 결과 산림사업 작업자 임금실태조사 프레임워크를 통해 산정한 산림작업자 적정임금과 선행연구에서 도출된 임업기능인 기준임금이 건설업 시중노임단가에 비해 4.5% 더 유사하게 나타남에 따라 건설업 시중노임단가는 산림사업에 적용하기 부적절하다고 판단된다. 이에 산림사업의 현실적인 직접노무비 산정과 적용, 산림사업의 원활한 시행을 위해서는 건설업 시중노임단가를 적용하기보다 산림사업 작업자 임금실태조사 프레임워크를 이용하여 산정된 산림작업자 적정임금을 사용하는 것이 더 적합하다고 판단된다. 다만, 이를 제도적으로 적용하기 위해서는 향후 본 연구에서 개발한 프레임워크를 통해 다년간 장기적인 조사를 실시하여 실지급임금 기초자료를 축적하고, 더 다양한 직종을 대상으로 산림작업자 적정임금을 산정할 필요가 있다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.327-339
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• 2020

증산은 물이 기공을 통해 대기 중으로 이동하는 과정으로, 지표면의 물은 상당부분 증산을 통해 대기 중으로 이동한다. 에디공분산, 수분 수지 측정법 등의 증산량을 측정하는 방법이 있지만, 수종 및 임분의 구성 요소별 증산량의 차이를 비교하기 위해서는 개체목 증산량 측정이 필요하다. 개체목 증산량을 측정하기 위해 수액의 온도차를 이용한 수액류 측정법을 가장 널리 이용하고 있지만, 넓은 범위의 지역을 장기간 조사하기에 한계가 있다. 따라서 큰 공간적 규모에 대해 수액류 및 증산량에 대한 연구를 하기 위해서는 각 지역별로 측정한 데이터의 공유가 필요하다. 본 연구팀은 태화산 학술림에서 열손실탐침법을 이용하여 2011년부터 잣나무(Pinus koraiensis) 18본, 2013년부터 갈참나무(Quercus aliena) 16본을 대상으로 수액류를 측정하고 있으며, 광릉수목원에서도 열손실탐침법을 이용하여, 2013년부터 전나무(Abies holophylla) 18본, 졸참나무(Quercus serrata) 7본, 서어나무(Carpinus laxiflora) 3본, 까치박달(Carpinus cordata) 3본을 대상으로 수액류를 측정하고 있다. 구례 지리산 조사지에서는 열 파동법으로 2018년부터 산벚나무(Prunus sargentii), 낙엽송(Larix kaempferii), 2019년에는 추가로 상수리나무(Quercus accutisima), 소나무(Pinus densiflora), 물푸레나무(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)를 대상으로 수액류를 측정하였으며, 2020년에는 편백(Chamecypans obtuse), 잣나무(P. koraiensis), 자작나무(Betulla platyphylla), 전나무(A. holophylla), 곰솔(Pinus thrunbergii)을 대상으로 수액류를 측정하고 있다. 우리나라 산림의 수액류 데이터를 더욱 활발하게 공유하여 국내 산림생태계에서 개체목과 임분의 수액류와 증산의 환경민감성 등 다양한 연구에 기여할 것으로 기대한다.