• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.66-78
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to minimize the forest disturbance around an entry road of a power transmission tower construction site between Taean and Sinsesan, Chungnam. The main study field was classified into existing materials and a GIS, remote sensing analysis, and a field examination. This information was used to identify the most suitable entry road using a degree of green naturality map, eco-naturality map, actual vegetation map, and a forest state map as the existing materials. Also, the study used an normalized difference vegetation index, altitude and slope map in order to make the evaluation materials which used an remote sensing image, and GIS. This data was used to choose an optimum area, and diagnosed the current condition of the vegetation with a field survey of the area. It analyzed vegetation structure, species diversity, the age of trees in a field examination. Subsequently, we proposed four area types based on the analysis results--preservation area, transplantation area, restoration area and development area. As a result, the preservation area was categorized into 8 grades, according to the degree of green naturality, large area of breast diameter at Pinus densiflora community, competition area of Pinus densiflora and Quercus spp. and Quercus spp. community of over 20 years old. A transplantation area established 46 optimum areas according to the GIS analysis and vegetation investigation results. Vegetation restoration plan for disturbance area should be made based on ecological value of existing vegetation to worthwhile area as Quercus spp. mixing forest proposed. The development area selected a ecological worthless place as an artificial forest where Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii growth is poor. This research results suggest that restoration of vegetation will be possible in the real world. Also, ecological restoration guidelines will be made through building and analyzing data base and routine monitoring of transplantation and restoration area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.33-47
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• 1996

To select the criteria, literature review was made in the quantitative case of conservation biology, foreign country's EIA and domestic ecology. Among them, a few factors was extracted. To applicate the criteria to domestic forest ecosystem, expert opinion survey was executed to the ecologist. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Classification of sites was made of land use system which is related to forest ecosystem or forest conservation. Sites are divided into 3 categories which are nature preservation area, seminature preservation area and urbanized area. Evaluation criteria is consisted of rarity and naturalness. 2. Each area had different criteria composition according to the site characteristics. Criteria of nature preservation area is rarity in the broad sense (distribution pattern of vegetation), vegetation size, successional stage and depth of organic matters. Those of seminature preservation area are rarity in the broad sense (distribution area of vegetation), vegetation size, successional stage, diameter at breath height and depth of organic matters. And those of urbanized area are vegetation distribution in area, successional stage, age of forest and diameter of breath height. The basic data of criterion was gathered by field survey. 3. Evaluation index and total naturalness index was obtained by adding the each criterion. It is made up of two categories-rarity and naturalness. TNi is divided into 3 grades. Grade I is more than 70% for TNi, grade IT is 50~70%, and grade III is below 50%. According to the each grade, permitted action and facilities were suggested.. This research just focuses on the evaluation of vegetation quality and the assessment results do not directly judge conservation or development. To make better evaluation criteria, various fields of forest ecosystem-geological or physical nature environment and fauna ecosystem etc. -will be added wholly to this research.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.54 no.9
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• pp.705-718
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• 2021

Climate change has a significant impact on vegetation growth and terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, the possibility of ecological drought was investigated using satellite remote sensing data. First, the Vegetation Health Index was estimated from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Land Surface Temperature provided by MODIS. Then, a joint probability model was constructed to estimate the possibility of vegetation-related drought in various precipitation/evaporation scenarios in forest areas around 60 major ASOS sites of the Meteorological Administration located throughout Korea. The results of this study show the risk pattern of drought related to forest vegetation under conditions of low atmospheric moisture supply or high atmospheric moisture demand. It also identifies the sensitivity of drought risks associated with forest vegetation under various meterological drought conditions. These findings provide insights for decision makers to assess drought risk and develop drought mitigation strategies related to forest vegetation in a warming era.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop new mattress systems with vegetation base materials for protecting stream bank and rapid rehabilitation. Vegetation base materials are primarily compounded with fine soil, organic composts and peat moss as plant fibers, a water retainer and a soil improver. Peat moss can usually provide necessary natural fibers and organic materials in soil. Especially, peat moss can absorb up to 25 times its own weight in water and is therefore valued as a water retainer to prevent drying effect of vegetation base materials which can harm the growth of vegetation in mattresses. Normally mattress systems resist the lateral earth pressures or stream power by their own weight. Therefore, filled materials must have suitable weight, compressive strength and durability to resist the loading, as well as the effects of water and weathering. In this project, 100 to 200-mm clean, hard stones were basically specified, and about 50-mm rubbles were also used. Test application of new mattress system carried out in the stream bank of a small stream in the Gwangreung experimental forest, belonging to Korea Forest Research Institute (KFRI) in December 16th, 2006. As a result of the monitoring of vegetation coverage of test application plots (each plot size is 4 by 2 m), the coverage of all plots reached 100% in the end of May, 2007 (approximately 50 days passed after the first gemination of vegetation). The coverage of the plots using big hard stones and organic composts and the plots containing peat moss increased more rapidly. The results show that peat moss is effective to retain soil moisture and establish more sound environment for vegetation gemination.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.521-529
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• 2006

This study was carried out to classify all forest vegetation types in Ulleung Island, Korea using the methodology of the Z.-M. school's phytosociology, and map out the spatial distribution patterns of those vegetation types. The forest vegetation was classified into the mountain forest type (Acer okamotoanum community group) and maritime forest type (Artemisia scoparia community group). Vegetation units at the community level were divided into three categories; six communities, sixteen groups, and seven subgroups, giving a total of 22 communities. Total area for mapping was 5,544.9 ha, of which Fagus engleriana community accounted for 1,952 ha (35.2%), Hedera rhambea community ror 1,196 ha (21.6%), Camellia japonica community for 1,104 ha (19.9%), Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula community for 612 ha (11.0%), Aster spathulifolius community for 506 ha (9.1%), and Tsuga sieboldii - Pinus parviflora community for 174 ha (3.1%). According to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), variables such as $Mg^{2+}$, pH, $Ca^{2+}$ were positively correlated in maritime vegetation types, and variables such as total nitrogen, carbon content, C/N ratio and ration exchange capacity (CEC) were highly correlated in mountain vegetation types, respectively. The sea level and the slope direction were not showing regular trend as a factor to decide on species diversity, evenness and richness in this research area. But it seems to be affected by topography, slope degree and dominance vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.203-211
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Hwangjangsan (1,077.3 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 55 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 4 communities of other vegetation, the total of 59 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 28 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 12 communities of mountain valley forest, 3 communities of coniferous forests, 2 communities of riparian forest, 10 afforestation and 4 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis communities account for 65.928 percent of deciduous broad leaved forest, Fraxinus rhynchophylla - Quercus mongolica community takes up 41.459 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 86.100 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Quercus serrata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla which are climax species in the area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Geumsusan (1,016.0 m) and Doraksan (964.4 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 77 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 5 communities of other vegetation, the total of 82 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 37 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 16 communities of mountain valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 1 community of riparian forest, 15 afforestation and 5 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities account for 33.031 percent of deciduous broadleaved forest, Cornus controversa community takes up 29.142 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 64.477 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Cornus controversa are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.169-180
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• 2001

The forest vegetation in Daedeok Science Town were classified as second forest vegetation and afforestation vegetation. The second forest vegetation was classified into two communities such as Pinus densiflora community and Quercus acutissima community. Also, the afforestation vegetation was classified again as Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus thunbergii community, and Castanea crenata community. In this study area, we found total 217 taxa. The average species of appearance in Pinus densiflora community, Quercus acutissima community, Robinia pseudoacacia community, Pinus rigida community, Pinus thunbergii community, and Castanea crenata community were 21, 20, 20, 21, 21, and 18, respectively. There was no difference in appearance species between second forest and afforestation vegetation. We found total 12 naturalized plants taxa of Commelina communis, Phytolacca americana, Erigeron annuus, and Ailanthus altissima in the plots and total 19 naturalized plants taxa of Dactylis glomerata, Bidens frondosa, Xanthium strumarium, and Soianum nigrum in the climbing roads and forest circumferences. And so, we found total 31 naturalized plants taxa in this study area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.339-350
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate distributional condition of rare plants and useful plant resources, and to verify distributional patterns of understory vegetation associated with the upper layer's vegetation structure. Total 59 families, 160 genera, 218 kinds of vascular plants were identified at the study site including 6 rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service (Lloydia triflora Bak., Trillium kamtschaticum Pall., Lilium distichum Nakai, Anemone koraiensis Nakai, Iris odaesanensis Y.N. Lee, Viola diamantica Nakai). Twenty three species of useful plant resources were also identified at the site; 8 of them showed clustered distributions and the others were prone to scatter. Actual vegetation of this study area consisted of one natural community dominated by Quercus mongolica Fisch. and three disturbed communities of Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere, Abies holophylla Max. and/or a herbaceous vegetation resulting from forest removal and strong wind of mountain top. This classification was strongly supported by cluster analysis based on the surveyed plot data. Distributional patterns of understory vegetation within forest stand were somewhat related to overstory vegetation structure, but showed a different tendency according to site condition, species composition, and competitive pressure among understory vegetation. Therefore, in order to protect the important understory components as forest genetic resources, forest treatments such as density control of overstory should be implanted based on understanding of impact on understory's dynamics and growing condition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.318-328
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• 2017

In order to provide basic data for the ecological management of forest vegetation in Southern Naeyeon Mountains, A total of 149 sample plots were selected and vegetation survey was carried out by the phytosociological method of the ZM school to classify vegetation types and to grasp ecological characteristics. The forest vegetation was divided into 10 types in terms of species composition, and had a unit hierarchy of 2 community groups, 4 communities, 6 sub-communities and 6 variants. A total of 19 types of physiognomic vegetation were identified based on uppermost dominant species, of which 18 were natural vegetation and 1 was artificial vegetation. As a result of the analysis of the importance values of constituent species, Quercus mongolica, a potentially natural vegetation element, was found to be relatively more important in most stands than other species, and excluding the artificial interference, most of the areas except for some sites would be changed to Q. mongolica forest. In order to understand the spatial distribution of forest vegetation, 1/5,000 large-scale physiognomic vegetation map was created by the uppermost dominant species. As a result, natural vegetation accounted for 98.2%, the number of vegetation patches was 733 and the average area per patch 3.93ha.