• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.53-61
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine the optimal collecting time and methods of utilization of forest topsoil as a seed-bank source for revegetation materials of slopes. From April to November of 1998, nursery seedbeds in the greenhouse of Seoul National University were seeded with mixtures of forest topsoil and seeds. The nursery seedbeds were treated to evaluate the effect of depths of forest topsoil and seeding amounts. Seasonal experiments with $3{\times}3$ factorial design were conducted in April, June and August. More than 40 seedlings/$m^2$ were observed as the naturally-emerged species in the plot, treated with the top-layer forest soil within the depth of 10cm. However, it was found, as seeding more seeds, the number of appearance of the naturally-emerged species reduced because of the heavy competition between the seeded and the naturally-emerged. According to the results of this research, it is recommended that seeding amount should be no more than 1,000 seeds/$m^2$ to avoid the severe competition. Also it was observed that the forest topsoil collected in spring(April) is better than that collected in summer. The more species of the naturally-emerged were found in the forest topsoil collected in spring. Forest-topsoil-mixed-materials as a seed-bank source could significantly increase the plant diversity and productivity. Effective use of forest topsoil as a seed-bank source may become a valuable tool in future restoration of disturbed slopes for promoting plant community diversity and recycling of spoiled-soils from the slopes.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.196-204
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• 2016

In this study, vegetation succession and the rate of consequent topsoil development were investigated in shallow landslide scars of sedimentary rock slopes covered by volcanic ashes and pumice in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. Seven shallow landslide scars of different ages were selected as study areas. In the initial period after the occurrence of a shallow landslide, deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Mallotus japonicus or Callicarpa mollis were occupied in the areas. Approximately 30 years after the landslide, evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Cinnamomum japonicum invaded in the areas, already existed present deciduous broad-leaved trees. After 50 years, the summit of the canopy comprised evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii and Machilus thunbergii. Moreover, the diversity of vegetation invading the site reached the maximum after 15 years, followed by a decrease and stability in the number of trees. The total basal areas under vegetation increased with time. It was concluded that the vegetation community reaches the climax stage approximately 50 years after the occurrence of a shallow landslide in the study areas, in terms of the Fisher-Williams index of diversity (${\alpha}$) and the prevalence of evergreen broad-leaved trees. Moreover, according to the results of topsoil measurement in the study areas, the topsoil was formed at the rate of 0.31 cm/year. The development of topsoil usually functions to improve the multi-faceted functions of a forest. However, when the increased depth of topsoil exceeds the stability threshold, the conditions for a shallow landslide occurrence are satisfied. Therefore, we indicated to control the depth of topsoil and strengthen its resistance by forest management in order to restrain the occurrence of shallow landslides.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1389-1394
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest development area. The results of physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest development area shown on the average loamy sand~sandy clay loam in soil texture, 5.3~7.1 in pH, 0.02~0.18 dS/m in EC, 0.7~1.8% in OM, 0.03~0.11% in T-N, 11~15 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.02~0.04 $cmol^+/kg$ in $K^+$, 4.51~8.18 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 0.93~2.77 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Mg^{2+}$, 6~49 mg/kg in available phosphate. And the results of physicochemical properties of topsoil from forest non-development area shown on the average sandy loam~sandy clay loam in soil texture, 4.4~5.3 in pH, 0.03~0.05 dS/m in EC, 3.1~4.6% in OM, 0.13~0.23% in T-N, 14~18 $cmol^+/kg$ in CEC, 0.02~0.04 $cmol^+/kg$ in $K^+$, 0.78~3.82 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Ca^{2+}$, 0.29~1.31 $cmol^+/kg$ in $Mg^{2+}$, 3~31 mg/kg in Av. $P_2O_5$. On the other hand, forest development area of topsoil sand content higher than 8~18% sand content than the forest non-development area. This trend is thought to be the absence of topsoil management development projects. Consequently, the results suggested a high potential of recycling of the topsoil from forest non-development area for planting soil. Therefore, in construction of the conservation and management of topsoil from forest non-development area is very important.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.30-39
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• 2004

This research is of the rapid industrialization taking place resulting in the destruction of forests. The method that is implemented needs the vegetation to work well with the topsoil in order to restore the environment. In November the researcher collected a depth of 5 cm of topsoil from a well developed forest, after the fallen leaves were cleared. The results of the essential research are as follows : In the case of using the forest topsoil to plant trees latency seeds, during the early stages of tree planting, time is necessary for the desired vegetation to reach a similar state to the vegetation being restored. The results conclude that the best possible affect is obtained through a method utilizing seeded species. Utilizing forest topsoil, slopes that have been too damaged for trees to be planted can be sown with seeds. In addition the rearing of naturally-emerging species had a tendency to decline. When considering rearing naturally-emerging species to flourish in the topsoil, in the early stages of tree planting, the beginning foundation of sowing seeded species has to have a standard of about 1,000parts/$m^2$ This standard has been found to the most successful.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.110-119
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• 2004

This research was conducted to develop spraying cultivation method using forest topsoils in order to restore the disturbed slopes. In November the researcher collected a depth of 5 cm of topsoils from a well developed forest, after the fallen leaves were cleared. The essential results of the research are as follows: In the case of using the forest topsoils, during the early stages of planting, time is necessary for the desired vegetation to reach a similar state to the vegetation being restored. The best possible effect is obtained through a method utilizing forest topsoil(30%)+loam silt soil(70%)+seeding with grasses and native plants including trees, shrubs, and herbs. Several plants such as Pinus densiftora, Potentilla fragarioides, Miscanthus sinensis, Erigeron canadensis seemed to be naturally emerged from the topsoils From this experiment, it was recommended that environment potential within topsoil should be comprehended. Also, topsoil deposit and gathering methods should be experimented properly.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권3호
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• pp.383-390
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• 1998

암절취(岩切取) 손(毁損)비탈면에 환경생태적(環境生態的)으로 안정(安定)될 수 있도록 적용이 가능한 산림표층토(山林表層土)를 이용한 종비토(種肥土)뿜어붙이기공법(工法)용 속성연화자재(速成緣化資材)(녹화토양(綠化土壤))의 시공효과(施工効果)를 분석하기 위하여, 1997년 4월에 현장 시공을 실시하였다. 3가지 유형의 녹화토양에 따른 식생 및 토양의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 완전임의배치법으로 실험(實驗)을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 산림토양(山林土壤)과 마사토, 퇴비, 슬러지, 연소재 등의 자재를 이용하여 조재한 3가지 녹화토양(綠化土壤)의 입도(粒度)분포는 큰 차이가 없었으나, 산림토양을 첨가함에 따라서 토양가밀도(土壤假密度)는 높아졌고, 토양경도(土壤硬度)는 시공 후 초기단계에서는 약간 증가하였으나, 식생의 활착에 따라서 점진적으로 감소하였다. 시공 1개월 후 전체 식생의 출현개체수(出現個體數)는 3,000본/$m^2$ 이상으로 나타났으며, 산림토양을 첨가함에 따라서 공시종과 자연적으로 발생한 식생과의 경쟁으로 인하여 출현개체수는 급격히 감소하였다. 산림토양을 첨가함에 따라서 초기에 파종한 공시종 외에 산딸기, 왕바랭이, 망초, 방울토마토 등 약 6종/$m^2$ 이상이 자연적으로 출현하였다. 비탈면 식생의 종다양성(種多樣性) 회복이라는 측면에서 산림토양의 이용가능성은 높았으며, 산림토양을 녹화자재(녹화토양)로 이용하기 위해서는 산림토양의 특성(잠재종자원(潛在種子源), 토성(土性), 유기물(有機物) 특성) 등을 면밀히 분석하여 배합비율을 결정하는 것이 타당할 것이다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2014

The study aims to investigate and analyze actual situations of managing topsoil at forest development sites based on their types, in pursuit of conservation and effective use of national land. To do this, I selected target areas by deducting the typical types of forest development and analyzed the condition of soil at the target areas before and after development. In addition to this, I interviewed associated construction staffs to conduct study on present situations of topsoil management and find out its problems. I also surveyed of relevant experts, with the intention of seeking solutions. The results of the study have been shown that firstly, experts preferred collecting and recycling of topsoil as methods of improvement of soil conditions for plant growth. Secondly, the importance of topsoil has been well noticed and there were few construction sites using the methods. However, working and economical problems have disturbed carrying out these solutions. Thirdly, after constructions, organic matter and total-nitrogen content decreased in general which were necessary for plant growth in terms of soil conditions.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2007

The main objectives of this comparative study were 1) to compare the floristic similarity of species composition between the extant vegetation and seedlings from soil seed bank and 2) to quantify the potential contribution of soil seed bank to revegetation of forest in a constructed area, which is called "ecological impact mitigation" in conjunction with the power plant extension. Forest topsoil of seven plots was collected from the surface soil after measurements were taken on the ground vegetation in each plot. A greenhouse experiment was conducted and monitored to analyze the germination potential of soil seed bank. The forest topsoil was spread on plastic trays ($0.7m^2{\times}7$) filled with a 5cm layer of sterilized potting mix. The results of monitoring for 2 years in a greenhouse were as follows : 1) seedlings of soil seed bank per 4.9$m^2$ were 1,269 with 36 species (1st year) and 2,615 with 25 species (2nd year). 2) 38${\pm}$8% of the flora species were germinated from soil seed bank. It can be concluded that the use of soil seed bank would be effective to promote establishment of diverse species and vegetation. However, it behooves to continue monitoring on succession of vegetation and pursue revegetation with other methods for ecological restoration. Finally, adequate topsoil deposit and gathering methods should be studied properly.

• 지질공학
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2023

화성암과 퇴적암으로 이루어진 국내 산림토양 중 표토와 심토에서 채취된 시료의 미생물군집 활성도에 미치는 산불의 영향을 알아보았다. 베타글루코시다아제의 분석결과, 화성암보다 퇴적암의 미생물군집에서 높게 나타났다. 산불 발생 초기에 효소 활성이 관찰되지 않았으나, 시간이 경과됨에 따라 활성이 회복되었다. 또한, 토양의 훼손여부와 상관없이 심토는 표토에 비해 활성이 33~46% 저해되었다. EcoPlate를 이용하여 산불이 미생물 기질이용성에 미친 영향을 알아보았다. 정상토와 훼손토의 평균반응구발색도 값 백분율은 표토에서 각각 52.7~56.8% 및 62.3~83.6%로 나타났다. 산불 발생은 토양 유기물의 분해를 촉진함으로 심토미생물군집의 다양성 및 기질이용성에 영향을 준 것으로 보여진다. 미생물군집의 종다양성지수인 샤논 인덱스(Shanon index, H)는 모든 시료의 표토에서 높게 나타났다. 샤논 풍부도는 퇴적암 토양미생물이 화성암에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, 표토가 심토보다 높게 나타났다.

• 한국식물병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물병리학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.108.1-108
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• 2003

Soil metagenome is untapped total microbial genome including that of the majority of unculturable bacteria present in soil. We constructed soil metagenomic library in Escherichia coli using DNA directly extracted from two different soils, pine tree rhizosphere soil and forest topsoil. Metagenomic libraries constructed from pine tree rhizosphere soil and forest topsoil consisted of approximately 33,700 clones and 112,000 clones with average insert DNA size of 35-kb, respectively. Subsequently, we screened the libraries to select clones with antimicrobial activities against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens using double agar layer method. So far, we have a clone active against S. cerevisiae and a clone active against A. tumefaciens from the forest topsoil library. In vitro mutagenesis and DNA sequence analysis of the antifungal clone revealed the genes involved in the biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolite. Metagenomic libraries constructed in this study would be subject to search for diverse genetic resources related with useful microbial products.