• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2002

To determine availability as a feed source of deer of by-products that produced at reforestation areas and comprised shrubs and wild grasses, mixed forest by-product silage(FBS), arrowroot silage(ARS), bristletooth oak tree silage(BOS), white oak tree silage(WOS) were prepared to compare dry matter intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in digestion balance trials with spotted deer. Dry matter intake was highest in WOS and lowest in ARS but there was no significant difference(P＞0.05). Digestible dry matter intake was higher in FBS and ARS that had higher dry matter digestibility than in WOS and BOS that had lower dry matter digestibility(P＞0.05). Dry matter digestibility was highest fur ARS and lowest for BOS(P＜0.05). Digestibility of crude protein was similar to that of dry matter. That of crude fiber was higher for FBS and ARS than for BOS and WOS(P＞0.05). Daily gain of body weight was slightly greater for WOS than fer other treatments(P＞0.05). Nitrogen intake was highest for ARS and lowest for BOS(P＜0.05), and fecal nitrogen was opposite to nitrogen intake(P＜0.05). Nitrogen excretion with urine was highest for ARS that had higher nitrogen intake and lowest for BOS and there was a significant difference(P＜0.05). Retained nitrogen was highest for FBS and lowest for. BOS (P＞0.05). Although there was no significant difference(P＞0.05): the ration of nitrogen intake to retained nitrogen was highest in FBS for 43.9% and lowest in BOS for 24.7%. Consequently because by-products that produced at reforestation areas had high intake and internal availability, it was evaluated to valuable feed source for deer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to determine the seasonal herbage production and utilization during the growing season of pasture on the forest (shading 30%). Plant height, leaf area index(LAl), dry matter(DM) production and distribution, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD), herbage utilization percentage and chewing efficiency were investigated using the Corridale sheep. Experimental field was treated by one plot design(3 rep.) and performed from 1987 to 1988 at Chungnam National University, Daejon. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The highest plant height and LA1 were observed in May(35.0 cm, 4.89), followed by April(28.0 cm, 4.23), while the plant height and LA1 in October (13.0 cm, 0.49) showed very low. 2. During the growing season, about 58.3 % of annual DM production (7240 kg/ha) was produced during the spring (April, May and June) and the highest DM production was obtained in May (2040 kg/ha), which was more than 28.2 % of total DM production. However, DM production in July and August was about 24.2 % and those in September and October (17.5 %) was very low, but the difference of DM production from June to September was small. 3. The maximum DM production per day (65.8 kg/ha) was observed in May, followed by June (28.7 kglha), while DM production per day in October (16.5 kg/ha) showed very low (p <0.01). 4. Crude protein content and IVDMD of herbage samples during the spring (April, May and June) were higher, while crude fiber, ADF, and NDF content were lower in an summer growth herbage samples (July and August), but autumn growth herbage samples was intermediate. Crude ash content and IVDMD of collected herbage samples were slightly more, while crude fiber, ADF and NDF content were slightly less than offered and residued herbage samples during the growing season. 5. The maximum DM intake per metabolic body size was observed in May(68.9 g), followed by October (66.7 g), while very low in August (52.5 g). Significant positive correlation (p <0.05) was found between DM intake and IVDMD. 6. Herbage utilization percentage was very high in April (83.4 %), while very low in August (64.0 %). The percentage of annual herbage utilization was about 75.5 %. 7. The maximum ruminating and chewing efficiency of herbage samples were observed in May, followed by October, while very low in August.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.302-309
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• 2017

Background: Large-scale land-use change is being caused by various socioeconomic problems. Land-use change is necessarily accompanied by changes in the regional carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems and affects climate change. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the correlation between environmental factors altered by land-use change and the carbon balance. To address this issue, we studied the characteristics of soil carbon flux and soil moisture content related to rainfall events in mountain pastures converted from deciduous forest in Korea. Results: The average soil moisture contents (SMC) during the study period were 23.1% in the soil respiration (SR) plot and 25.2% in the heterotrophic respiration (HR) plot. The average SMC was increased to 2.1 and 1.1% in the SR and HR plots after rainfall events, respectively. In addition, saturated water content was 29.36% in this grassland. The soil water content was saturated under the consistent rainfall of more than $5mm\;h^{-1}$ rather than short-term heavy rainfall event. The average SR was increased to 28.4% after a rainfall event, but the average HR was decreased to 70. 1%. The correlation between soil carbon flux rates and rainfall was lower than other environmental factors. The correlation between SMC and soil carbon flux rates was low. However, HR exhibited a tendency to be decreased when SMC was 24.5%. In addition, the correlation between soil temperature and respiration rate was significant. Conclusions: In a mountain pasture ecosystem, rainfall induced the important change of soil moisture content related to respiration in soil. SR and HR were very sensitive to change of SMC in soil surface layer about 0-10-cm depth. SR was increased by elevation of SMC due to a rainfall event, and the result was assumed from maintaining moderate soil moisture content for respiration in microorganism and plant root. However, HR was decreased in long-time saturated condition of soil moisture content. Root has obviously contributed to high respiration in heavy rainfall, but it was affected to quick depression in respiration under low rainfall. The difference of SMC due to rainfall event was causative of a highly fluctuated soil respiration rate in the same soil temperature condition. Therefore, rainfall factor or SMC are to be considered in predicting the soil carbon flux of grassland ecosystems for future climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.109-123
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• 2014

Kaloula borealis is the species of Amphibia which belongs to Kaloula genus and it is the only species inhabiting in Korea. The population size and habitat of Kaloula borealis have been significantly decreased on a national scale due to the diversified developments and the uses of agricultural pesticides. Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment has designated and managed them as the class II of endangered species, in accordance with "Endangered Species Protection and Management Act"; however, a particular study focused on the ecological restoration of Kaloula borealis is desperately needed to prevent their extinction. This study was conducted to propose the HSI (Habit Suitability Index) of Kaloula borealis based on literature survey on ecology and habitats of Kaloula borealis, as well as their HSI. Factors to be investigated in HSI include: space, feed, cover, water(breeding) and threatening factors and the variables of each factor were also proposed. The distance from wetland, grassland, farm, stream and rice paddy, as well as the altitude of spawning pond were proposed as the variables of space, whereas the bed structure of forest and low-rise grassland were proposed as the variables of feeding. The variables of water (breeding) include the area of permanent and temporary wetlands, coverage of emerged pants (ratio of open water), water depth, water temperature, water quality, pH level, etc., whereas the presence of predator, distance from street and pollutants were proposed as the variables of threatening factor. The sub-standards by HSI factor of Kaloula borealis have been drawn from in-depth consultation with experts and based on this, the final HSI of Kaloula borealis was developed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2007

This study was conducted not only to evaluate the feed value for forests and organically produced-agricultural byproducts, but also to determine effects of different hilly pasture types on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats. Forty black goats were employed in the feeding trial and they were separated into four treatments (forages grown in chemical fertilizer, organic forages, native plants and browses) with 10 goats for each treatment. Furthermore, 12 goats, for nutrient digestibility trial, were allotted to few treatments of three goats per treatment with a randomized complete block design. Total body weight gain and average daily gain were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the order of forages grown in chemical fertilizer, organic forages, native plants and browses throughout the trial. Dry matter intake (DM), digestible DMI, DM digestibility and nitrogen retention were highest in forages treatment grown in chemical fertilizer (p<0.05). From the above results, Organic Korean black goats fed forest byproducts as forage source and domestic organically produced-agricultural byproducts as supplemental diets were somewhat lowered in their performance. However, it showed high stability in the sustainable farming of organic Korean black goats. As the result, the consumption of organic Korean black goats might be more desirable for medicinal use rather than fur meat as a table food. The way to increase the low performance of organic Korean black goats for supplemental diets might be the additional supply of lacking nutrients for supplemental diets

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.412-423
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the distribution and habitat of Tscherskia triton from 2014 to 2016 in Jeju Island. Nine individuals of T. triton were observed and captured from four habitat sites. Most of the habitats were of the natural and rural type, and urban type coexisted in some of the areas. The natural type of habitat comprised of forests, shrubs, and grasslands. The habitat of T. triton ranged vertically from 102 m in lowland to 742 m in a mountainous area and was not observed in altitude over 1,000 m. Small brooks, dry streams or wetlands were found to be located nearby the habitat of T. triton. The T. triton was distributed mainly in areas with natural vegetation and artificial plantation in company with the upper story vegetation on the ground of intact or incomplete layer structure, or the area with the relatively large distribution of shrubs and long grassland. The presence of roads and forest paths in these habitats suggested that the T. triton can thrive in areas with human disturbance. The designation of Halla Mountain National Park in Jeju Island as a conservation area prevents damage or loss of the habitat due to any artificial development. However, frequent human disturbances occurring in grassland is tolerated by small mammals. Therefore, in order to help T. triton maintain a stable population density, it is essential that various types of the habitat should be conserved in the middle mountain areas and the grasslands in lowlands should be well protected.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2011

We studied the forest environment and characteristics of bird community between April and September of 2010 on the Hyangjeokbong area(A), Baekryunsa area(B) and Anseong area(C), all in the Deogyusan National Park. Hyangjeokbong area of the high latitude ridge was characterized by the Taxus cuspidata and Abies koreana etc., and deciduous broadleaf forest species, such as the Quercus mongolica, with abundance of subalpine zone coniferous trees, the Hemerocallis fulva and the Rhododendron schlippenbachii, while the areas Baekryunsa and Anseong were primarily characterized by deciduous broadleaf forests, with the valleys showing Fraxinus mandshurica colonies. In terms of the DBH(diameter at breast height) of trees, between 11 and 20cm showed the highest frequencies, while over 30cm was the highest in Baekryunsa area and the lowest in Hyangjeokbong area. Furthermore, in terms of coverage in relation to layers, in Hyangjeokbong area, the coverage volume of the lower layer was very high, in Baekryunsa area, the coverage volume of the middle layer between 8 and 12m was the highest, and in Anseong area, the coverage volume of the upper layer over 18m was the highest. A total of 53 bird species were observed during the study period at the Deogyusan National Park. The numbers of species and density of areas were 25 species and 45.20 Ind./km for Hyangjeokbong area, 50 species and 58.63 Ind./km for Baekryunsa area and 35 species and 66.89 Ind./km for Anseong area, with Baekryunsa area showing the highest number of species and Anseong area showing the highest level of density. In terms of dominant species, in Hyangjeokbong area, Cettia diphone, along with species which inhabit in grassland and shrubs, were the dominant species, and species which live in the canopy layer, including the Aegithalos caudatus, were found to be dominant in Baekryunsa and Anseong areas. For guild structure, bush nesting guild and bush foraging guild species were the highest in all areas, and the hole nesting guild and the air foraging guild species showed the lowest proportion. This seems to be the result of the low number of trees with diameter at breast height of over 30cm, which results in the lack of nesting grounds for hole nesting guild species.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.431-451
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• 1996

The present studwas undertaken to classify and describe the riverside vegetation around Hanchon (36°27’-36°51’N, 128°15’-128°37’E), a tributary in the upper stream area of Nak-tong River, South Korea by methods of the ZM school of phytosociology. As a result the vegetation was divided into twenty three associations and communities belonging to ten classes. Reflecting various human impacts in the past, the associations and communities of the Artemisietea principis were most plentiful there. The vegetation units obtained in the present study were as follows: A. forest vegetation A-1 Fagetea crenatae:Zelkova serrata community, Larix leptolepis community; B. Shrub vegetation B-1 Salicetea sachalinensis:Salicetum gracilistylae, Salicetum graciliglandis assoc. nov., B-2 Rosetea sachalinensis:Salicetum gracilistylae, Salicetum graciliglandis assoc. nov., B-2 Rosetea multiflorae:Stephanandra incisa community, Lycium chinense community; C. Grassland vegetation C-1 Lemnetea minoris:Spirodela polyrhiza-Lemna paucicostata community, C-2 Bidentetea tripartiti:Polygonetum thunbergii, Polygonetum sieboldii-hydropiperis, Panico Polygonetum hydropiperis, Pharagmitetea :Oenantho- Phalaridetum arundinaceae, Phragmitetum japonicae, Miscanthetum sacchariflori, Phragmites australis community, C-4 Artemisietea principis:Artemisia princeps community, Impatiens textori community, Lactuco indicae-Humuletum japonicae, Pueraria lobata-Humulus japonicus community, Pennisetum alopecuroides community, C-5 chenopodietea:Echinochloa crus-galli var. orizicola community, Digitaria adsecendens community, Polygonum nodosum community, C-6 Miscanthetea sinensis: Miscanthus sinensis community, C-7 Plantaginetea:Eragrotis multicaulis-Plantago asiatica community. It is inferred that the endemic vegetation units in the riverside vegetation of Korea are very rare, because most of the vegetation units obtained in the present study are common with those of Japan. Among the above vegetation units, the Salicetum graciliglandis was established as a new association. On the other hand, the associations and communities of classes characterizing the riverside vegetation increased with a decrease of human impacts from the downstream to the upstream in Hanchon, while the number of the naturalized plants was the reverse. Also based on the present phytosociological work, the relation between the vegetation units and their environmental conditions and the restoration ecology and nature conservation of the riverside vegetation were discussed here in detail.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2004

This study observed the temperature and humidity within the green zone to understand the effect that land coverage and the structure of forests have on the relief of micro-climate control. Based on this set of data, this study interpreted, through the regression analysis, the relevance of land coverage of the green zone with temperature and distribution of humidity, as well as the amount of green with the relief of microclimate control. The results of the study demonstrated that high temperature regions were formed in barren areas, and low temperature regions in forests or near the water. In particular, low temperature was found in areas covered with tall and small trees, the water surrounded by forests and areas enclosing small rivers. Furthermore, mechanisms causing low temperature were, among others, the ratio of land coverage (forest, grassland, water). In fact, the temperature reduction effect varied in accordance with the types and ratios of the land coverage. Humidity also showed a close correlation with the distribution of temperature high temperature areas had low humidity and low temperature areas had high humidity. Such a phenomenon.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.698-707
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• 2010

The Late Pleistocene pollen record from the Poil-dong, Uiwang, Kyunggi-do, reveals that mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved forests were spread along with herb and fern understory. Palynofloral changes reflect climate fluctuations. From ca. 43,100 to 41,900 cal. yr BP, a mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaved forest combined with open grassland occupied the study area, which indicates cooler condition than today. During the period of ca. 41,900-41,200 cal. yr BP, along with fern understory a decrease in subalpine conifers and an increase in temperate deciduous broadleaved trees suggest a climatic amelioration. A climatic deterioration, as evidenced by an increase in subalpine conifers and a decrease in the density of vegetation cover, occurred from ca. 41,200 to 39,700 cal. yr BP.