• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.105-115
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish the optimum forest management plan for the Cryptomeria japonica plantations in southern inland and Jeju island in Korea. Sixty seven circular sample plots of 0.04ha were established and we surveyed vegetation structure and growth characteristics from three layers(upper, middle, and lower). As a result of cluster analysis obtained by importance values of each tree species, the community type of C. japonica stands were classified into C. japonica group(C1) and C. japonica-C obtusa group. C. obtusa community were also sbudivided into P. thunbergii-Q. serrata group(C2) and Q. serrata-C obtusa group(C3). In tree layers importance value(IV) of C. japonica were 97.2% in C1, 80.7% in C2, and 47.6% in C3 and in sub-tree layers IV were 8.9% in C1, 15.2% in C2, and 5.7% in C3. Especially in C3 there are bamboo species (Smilacina japonica var. lutecarpa and Pseudosasa japonica) it is necessary for us to control them. In shrub layers C. japonica were found in C1(9.2%) and C2(7.0%), but except for C3. In tree layer species diversity indices of each community ranged from the lowest 0.059 in C1 to the highest 0.548 in C3. Dominance ranged from 0.958 in C1 to 0.393 in C3 which may caused by interspecific competition. Current annual increment of diameter growth ranged from 7.01mm/yr to 8.04mm/yr. As a result of our study we recommend the application of proper thinning and pruning for C1 and C2.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.391-413
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• 1994

The northernmost type of the monogolian oak forests in the Russian Far East was studied in terma of syntaxonomy and synchorology. Hand-sorting method, computer program TWIN-SPAN, CANOCO and SYN-TAX III were engaged for the classification and data analysis. Correlation between plant communitie and environmental factors was analyzed by DCA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) using NeCD (Net Contribution Degree) of species. Three plant communities were recognized: the Abieti holophyllae-Quercetum mongolicae, the Lespedezo-quercetum mongolicas and the Rosa ussuriensis-Quercus mongolica communit. They were included into the alliance Jeffersonio-Quercion monogolicae which is representative to the cool-Temperate forests mixed by conierous and broadleaved trees in southern Sikhote Alin. Human impact was signified as the most important factor to interpret the disjunction of plant communities of which DCA ordination yielded sharp contrasting objects (i.e. stands and species). In the amhi-Tonghae region, alaogous vegetation types such as the Jeffersonio-Quercion monogolicae of Russian Far East, the Quercion grosseserratae of Japanese Hokkaido and the Pino koraiensis-Quercion monogolicae of Koream peninusula were reviewed in terms of similarity of species composition and stratum structure. It is signified that the Jeffersonio-Quercion monogolicae was one of the continental types more similar to Korean alliance that to Japanese one.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.2801-2815
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• 2022

With the advent and realization of Software Defined Network (SDN) architecture, many organizations are now shifting towards this paradigm. SDN brings more control, higher scalability, and serene elasticity. The SDN spontaneously changes the network configuration according to the dynamic network requirements inside the constrained environments. Therefore, a monitoring system that can monitor the physical and virtual entities is needed to operate this type of network technology with high efficiency and proficiency. In this manuscript, we propose a real-time monitoring system for data collection and visualization that includes the Prometheus, node exporter, and Grafana. A node exporter is configured on the physical devices to collect the physical and virtual entities resources utilization logs. A real-time Prometheus database is configured to collect and store the data from all the exporters. Furthermore, the Grafana is affixed with Prometheus to visualize the current network status and device provisioning. A monitoring system is deployed on the physical infrastructure of the KOREN topology. Data collected by the monitoring system is further pre-processed and restructured into a dataset. A monitoring system is further enhanced by including machine learning techniques applied on the formatted datasets to identify the elephant flows. Additionally, a Random Forest is trained on our generated labeled datasets, and the classification models' performance are verified using accuracy metrics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.352-363
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• 1999

It has been rare to obtain reliable information related to the size of forest land in North Korea. Several sources of forest statistics, ranging from the first map of forest distribution in Korean Peninsula produced in 1910 to official data reported by the North Korea Government in 1997, were gathered and analyzed to define the characteristics of forest cover changes over years. In addition, Landsat satellite data obtained from 1973 to 1993 were processed for the two study areas of the provinces of Pyungyang and Heasan, where the topography and land use pattern are significantly different each other. Using three sets of multitemporal Landsat imagery, land cover ma-ps were produced by computer classification. Although forest statistics reported before 1990 are somewhat inconsistent, they mere gradually decreasing over years. The estimates of 1991 satellite data and the recent statistics reported in 1998 shows very steep decline in forest lands as compared to the ones before 1990. The abrupt decrease of forest lands after 1990 was also found on the detailed analysis of Landsat data for the two study areas of Pyungyang and Heasan. The rapid decline of forest lands may have something to do with the poor economic situation of the country and the continuing natural disasters of severe flooding and drought. Unstocked forest, which was not classified into forest land, was a very distinct and pervasive land cover type that can be easily observed on satellite imagery. Since unstocked forest land in North Korea may be a critical factor for degrading environmental quality as well as for the continuing natural disasters, further analysis is necessary to define the exact extent and the physical characteristics of the cover type.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.322-330
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• 1994

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been widely used to predict long-term soil loss by incorporating several erosion factors, such as rainfall, soil, topography, and vegetation. This study is aimed to introduce the LISLE within geographic information system(GIS) environment. The Kwangneung Experimental Forest located in Kyongki Province was selected for the study area. Initially, twelve years of hourly rainfall records that were collected from 1982 to 1993 were processed to obtain the rainfall factor(R) value for the LISLE calculation. Soil survey map and topographic map of the study area were digitized and subsequent input values(K, L, S factors) were derived. The cover type and management factor (C) values were obtained from the classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper(CM) satellite imagery. All these input values were geographically registered over a common map coordinate with $25{\times}25m^2$ ground resolution. The USLE was calculated for every grid location by selecting necessary input values from the digital base maps. Once the LISLE was calculated, the resultant soil loss values(A) were represented by both numerical values and map format. Using GIS to run the LISLE, it is possible to pent out the exact locations where soil loss potential is high. In addition, this approach can be a very effective tool to monitor possible soil loss hazard under the situations of forest changes, such as conversion of forest lands to other uses, forest road construction, timber harvesting, and forest damages caused by fire, insect, and diseases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.462-467
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• 2005

This study aims to classify the biotope types and evaluate its functions for acquiring the basic information which can support the landscape ecological management of the urban forest in the case of the three parks in Daegu metropolitan city and then to analyze vegetation landscape patterns. The biotope classification was mostly divided into 5 to 6 biotope type groups in the high units and 15 to 20 biotope types belong to them and then could know that the more big the park size, the more diverse and large the biotope types and its average area. The biotope grade over the three parks was dominating low rank grade (1 to 3 grade) 72.7% that forest organism is inadequate as live, and high grade (7 to 9 grade) did not appear entirely. Most in Biotope function estimation were appeared less than the middle rank grade and biotope area is bigger, those grade rises and temperature could know that is fallen. Vegetation landscape patterns was very simple because only two kinds of Robinia pseudo-acacia and Quercus acutissima is appeared as the dominated landscape elements in all of the three parks. And also because average area of those elements is generally 1ha or so, there was much problems in consecutiveness of functional role as forest ecosystem component. Conclusively, Ecological landscape management need to improve Biotope diversity and functionality, and it secures ecological minimal area and space linkage.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2011

This study was conducted to estimate carbon dioxide $(CO_{2})$ absorption and bioenergy supply potential of forests in Muju county based on GIS RS In results, it was estimated that 7,800,130 $tCO_{2}$ was absorbed and all bioenergy supply potential of 11,868,202,837 Mcal was available. Futhermore, bioenergy supply potential of 314,876,637 Mcal was available each year that was able to be supplied for the hitting during winter period to 11,241 households. This was more than all households of 10,902 in Muju county. This study suggested the methodology for estimating $CO_{2}$ absorption and bioenergy supply potential of forests on the national scale, and it was believed that reliability would be increased by estimation on the national scale using detailed forest information based on the latest techniques such as GIS RS techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.145-157
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• 2018

Mountainous areas are 64% in Korea and are allowed to be used by the permission standards of the "Mountainous Districts Management Act". In the act, slope and elevation criteria are defined to regulate the use of vulnerable land parcels to disaster. However, the standards cannot represent topographical variation in a land parcel such as terrain relief. Therefore, the applicability of slope type standard as a permission standard was tested using Catena in this study. Based on the theoretical grounds, two slope types were analyzed as 'risky slope' with disaster risk. The slope types of landslides in Namwon City were analyzed that 'risky slope' types were distributed about 57%. This study analyzed the forestland parcels that could be used when applying the current permission standards and the parcels that were already used in Namwon City. The ratio of the 'risky slope' in the parcels was more than 50%. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the mountain development in 'risky slope' by establishing permission standard related to slope types. In addition, this study suggested the ratio of 'risky slope' in the parcel for the permission standard for forestland use conversion.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.207-218
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• 1995

Five non-stratified plant communities, Dichanthium-Artemisia-Themeda, Dichanthium- Plectranthes-Themeda, Plectranthes-Carex-Myrine, Heteropogon- Dichanthium-Dodonaea and Artemisia-Cynodon-Ber-beris were recognized in Girbanr hills, District Swat, during autumn, 1992. The indices of similarity showed that the communities were dissimilar. The percentage of leptophyllous and nanophyllous, terophytic and nanophanerophytic species were higher than other groups. These indicate dry and disturben conditions. Due to autumn season most of the species were entering in dormant stage. There was no tree layer on southern slopes while northern slopes had a poor layer of Pinus roxburghii. Deforestation, uprooting, terrace cultivation and overgrazing followed by erosion are the main ecological problems. The presence of isolated trees of Pinus roxburghii and stunted Olea ferruginea indicate that the original vegetation might have been of chirpine or Olea-Pinus type. The area having resource potential can be changed into a forest or rangeland by proper protection and management. Suggestions in favour of improvement are given.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.224-230
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• 2008

본 연구는 산림 내 임상을 구획하기 위해 고해상도 IKONOS 위성영상을 객체 지향기반으로 분할 및 분류하였다. 영상분할 시 분광정보와 공간정보를 동시에 이용하여 모양이나 분광정보에 있어서 동질한 영역이라고 정의되는 영상객체를 생성하였다. 분할된 영상을 분류계급(class)으로 분류하기 위하여 NDVI와 경사, 방위, 고도 등 지형인자를 새로운 레이어로 추가시키고, 분류개념을 형성하기 위하여 퍼지 규칙을 사용하였다. 영상의 획득시기가 5월초인 점을 감안하여 NDVI는 0.2, 경사 $^{\circ}5^{\circ}$ 그리고 고도 130m를 기준으로 산림과 비산림지역을 분류할 수 있었고, 지형인자에 영향을 많이 받는 굴참나무와 신갈나무 또한 효율적으로 분류할 수 있었다.