• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.76-81
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• 2006

The reinforcement of soil shear strength by nylon net as substitute materials simulating a fine root system was evaluated by soil strength parameters(apparent cohesion(c) and internal friction angle(tan${\phi}$), using simple shear tester which clearly depicts shear deformation and controls soil suction. And the results of shear test by using bamboo as a substitute materials simulating a main root system and using nylon net as a substitute materials simulating a fine root system were compared. The reinforcement of soil strength by nylon net are expressed by apparent cohesion more than internal friction angle. In addition the increment of apparent cohesion by nylon net reached a peak in suction 60 $cmH_2O$. Different from with bamboo, the possibility of the change on internal friction angle(tan${\phi}$) caused by the soil water condition was shown in shear strain 20% condition. These results show that the mechanism of reinforcement by substitute materials simulating root system may be different in the condition of various soil water content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2002

To investigate the dominant species and factors related with plant coverage by road structures and forest environment factors, forest roads elapsed from one year to twelve year after construction had been selected in six county(Gochang-gun, Muju-gun, Imsil-gun, Jangsu-gun, Jeongup-shi and Jinan-gun), and 20m segments were continuously set up in each road. The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows: The species diversity of Gochang, Muju, Imsil, Jangsu, Jeongup and Jinan were 1.304, 1.267, 1.308, 1.193, 1.289 and 1.018, respectively. In process of years, plant coverage was increased gradually and average of plant coverage was 15.3% in forest roads which elapsed three year, and was 86.5% in forest roads which elapsed nine year after construction. The dominant species in the cutting slope of surveyed area were covered with Arundinella hirta, Pinus rigida, Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Pinus densiflora, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Rubus coreanus, Lysimachia clethroides, Lespedeza bicolor, and Alnus hirsuta of the 152 species. The high correlated factors between plant coverage and variables in cutting slopes appeared elapsed year, soil hardness, mean annual precipitation, vertical grade, inslope and arid humidity in surveyed area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.116-128
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• 2008

Vegetation structure of Jangtaesan Natural Recreation Forest in Daejeon City was investigated to suggest a preferable management plan. Vegetation survey was carried out with thirty plots. Adopting phytosociological method, plant communities were classified into twinfolds of natural and afforested area. A natural forest were composed of Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, and Pinus densiflora community. Afforested area were with Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Larix leptolepis, Pinus koraiensis, and Castanea crenata community. The importance value of Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus serrata in natural forest were 59.69%, 48.32%, 39.10%, 21.53%, respectively. According to diameter of breast hieght analysis results, it is expected that the occupancy of Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis would be continuously increased. Based on the findings of the study, management plan for natural forest and afforested area was recommended in line with the progress of natural ecology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.83-97
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• 2013

The traditional village forests in Korea such as Dangsan forests and Bibo forests form unique cultural landscape and they are national cultural assets with histories of more than several hundred years. It is important to have sustainable right to enjoy cultural heritage as well as maintaining its authenticity. Cultural assets are meaningful only when they are managed to succeed to next generations. Dangsan forests and Bibo forests need to be named properly and recognized by society as a precious cultural heritage for many generations to come in order to claim the value as traditional cultural landscapes in Korea. The traditional village forest in Dangin-ri, Wando-gun was composed of a Dangsan forest and five Bibo forests. Although this traditional village forest is large in size, it was not on the report of Cultural Heritage Administration(2005) investigated for 'Village forest of island region in Jeollanam-do'. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the traditional village forest in Dangin-ri to grant correct name and to enhance its value. In this study the characteristics of a Dangsan forest and five Bibo forests were investigated from 2006 to 2013 for physical features such as size, shape, location, tree species composition, and diameter at breast height(DBH), as well as cultural aspects and tradition. Currently the naming and designation of natural monuments by the cultural heritage administration(CHA) is based on the rule enacted in 1934. Many Dangsan forests were named as evergreen forests. This type of names does not represent the meaning of traditional village forest. It was suggested that this traditional village forest is to be named as 'Dangsan Forest and Bibo Forests at Dangin-ri, Wando-gun'. This traditional village forest needs to reclaim authenticity and rebuild its original appearance by restoration of the disturbed areas, especially in Bibo forest I.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.463-472
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• 2023

The amount of damage and the area of damage to forest fires are increasing globally, and the effectiveness analysis of the restoration method after the damage is performed insufficient. This study calculated the area of forest fire damage was calculated using Sentinel-2B satellite images and stack map and the intensity of forest fire damage is analyzed according to the forest type. In addition, the vegetation index was calculated using various wavelength bands. Based on the results, the vegetation resilience by the restoration method was quantitatively. As results, areas with a high proportion of coniferous forests suffered high intensity forest fire damage, and areas with a relatively high ratio of mixed and broad-leaved forests tended to have low forest fire damage. Also, artificial forests showed a recovery of about 92.7% compared to before forest fires and natural forests showed a recovery of about 99.6% from the result of analyzing vegetation resilience in artificial and natural forests after forest fires. Accordingly, it was confirmed that natural forests after forest fire damage had superior vegetation resilience compared to artificial forests. It can be proposed that this study is meaningful in providing important information for efficiently restoring the affected target site and the selection criteria for trees to reduce forest fire damage through the evaluation of vegetation resilience by the intensity of forest fire damage and restoration methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.101-109
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• 2009

There are increasing needs about creation and sustainable management of urban forest for environmental conservation and recreational service for citizen. However, it is difficult for local governments to create or manage urban forest in recreational or conservational way. The purpose of this study is to classify the urban forest types by considering its geographical feature, biological and sociological characteristics in order to suggest a guide to local governments about effective creation or management of urban forest. In this study, we extracted common characteristics of the selected five indicators. Factors about urban forest are divided into two groups. Factors were named according to the variables as 'Urban Forest Naturalness', and 'High Accessibility and Disturbed by Human.' In addition, we classified urban forests into four types in this study. The type I of urban forest is a large forest and has high naturalness such as Mt. Bukhan and Mt. Gwanak. The type II is fragmented to large forests by developmental projects. The type III is flat and has high accessibility such as forest behind Seonjeongneung. The type IV is located near residential area such as Mt. Ansan, Mt. Inwang and Mt. Bonghwa. It is possible to set up recreational area for citizens and ecological networks for species by the research of the urban forest type. The results of the study, classification of urban forest types and its application, contribute to provide a guide for local governments to create or manage urban forests effectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.52-59
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find end-members and tracers which are effective to be applied in the End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) model for runoff separation at the Gwangneung coniferous forest catchment (13.6ha), Gyeonggido, Korea. We monitored three successive rainfall events during two weeks from June 26, 2005 to July 10, 2005, and analysed chemical properties of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, groundwater and soil water considered as main components of storm runoff. The followings are the results of analyses of each component and tracer. Groundwater, soil water and rainfall (or throughfall) were dominant runoff components. Rainfall and groundwater were selected as main components for the two components-one tracer mixing model, and groundwater, soilwater and throughfall were selected as main components for the three components-two tracers mixing model. Tracers were selected from anion ($Cl^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$), cation ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Ca^{2+}$) and Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) in event 1, 2, and 3. $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and ANC were selected in the two components-one tracer mixing model and ${SO_4}^{2-}-K^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Na^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Ca^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$-ANC, and $Ca^{2+}$-ANC were selected in the three components-two tracers mixing model. Selected main runoff components and tracers can provide basic information to determine the contribution rate of each runoff component and identify the runoff process in a forest watershed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Recently, climate change has been regarded as a major cause of large-scale forest fires worldwide, and there is concern that more frequent and severe forest fires will occur due to the level of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the daily Keetch and Byram Drought Index (KBDI) of the Baekdudaegan in Chungcheong region including Sobaeksan, Songnisan, and Woraksan National Parks were calculated to assess effect of climate change on the forest fire potential- severity of annual maximum KBDI and frequency of high KBDI days. The present (2000~2019) and future KBDI(2021~2040, 2041~2060, 2081~2090) were calculated based on the meteorological observation and the ensemble regional climate model of the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios with a spatial resolution of 1-km provided by Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA). Under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, 6.5℃ increase and 14% precipitation increase are expected at the end of the 21st century. The severity of maximum daily KBDI increases by 48% (+50mm), and the frequency of high KBDI days (> 100 KBDI) increases more than 100 days, which means the high potential for serious forest fires. The analysis results showed that Songnisan National Park has the highest potential for forest fire risk and will continue to be high in intensity and frequency in the future. It is expected that the forest vulnerability of the Baekdudaegan in the Chungcheong region will greatly increase and the difficulty in preventing and suppressing forest fires will increase as the abundance of combustible materials increases along with climate changes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.62-71
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• 2017

In this study, in order to examine the change of soil animals by vegetation restoration types, experimental sites with biotope restoration method, forest topsoil paving method, small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method were applied and the control site was selected. The naturalness of soil animals was analysed by studying the change of soil animals. It was confirmed that the control site has a high level of the naturalness of soil animals as it includes a mixture of fauna sensitive and insensitive to environment distributed widely over the site. The experimental site with biotope restoration method showed a similar level of the naturalness of soil animals as the control site. Furthermore, the naturalness of soil animals in the experimental sites with small diameter trees planting method and multi-layer community planting method also showed a progressive restoration although the level of the naturalness of soil animals is lower than the experimental site with the biotope restoration method. Therefore, it is confirmed that the experimental site with biotope restoration method shows a faster recovery of soil animal than other sites. This is because this method uses the portion of topsoil and subsoil that were dug from the intact forest during transplantation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.32-42
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• 2004

This study aims at establishing an ecological planning for road construction. which is considered to be a main cause of damage to the natural environment in Korea. This study focuses on the Pyungtak-Eumsung Highway development project. It considers the ecological factors and status of the site and its surrounding area. The study site is a four-way highway with a width of 23.4m and a length of 5.7km that spans from Hyungok-ri, Anseong City, Kyeonggi Province to Jukhyun-ri, Jincheon-gun, Chungbuk Province. The objective of the plan is "the establishment of an eco-road in harmony with nature." The plan is divided into five detailed goals: 1) restoration of river morphology and ecosystem through ecological planning; 2) establishment of wet biotopes; 3) construction of ecological corridors; 4) restoration of damaged forest ecosystems; and 5) ecological restoration of the roadside slopes that are linked with the surrounding forest. A master plan has been developed based on the detailed goals. The master plan involves: 1) establishment of a natural river, wet biotopes, and ecological corridors that facilitate the movement of amphibians, wild fowls, mammalians and fish; 2) development of a planting plan for the visitor center, the tunnel entrance, and soundproof banks; and 3) the presentation of a planting model for restoring roadside slopes that are connected to the surrounding forest. The eco-road plan needs to entail ecological conservation and restoration plans. In addition, a monitoring plan for ecological corridors and habitats should be included in the comprehensive plans, along with the continuous development of environmentally friendly technologies.