• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.229-239
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• 1999

To get ecological information necessary for the prediction on succession and the silvicultural control of the black locust(R. pseudoacacia) plantation, classification of vegetation unit. competition of major species, and succession were analyzed. The results were as follows. Vegetation units classified in R. pseudoacacia forest were Quercus variabilis community, Persicaria perfoliata community, Styrax japonica community, Acalypha australis community, Typical community. Species diversity indices showed significant difference among the vegetation units. As a result of stand ordination by CCA method, arrangement of stands on Axis I was correlated significantly with altitude, sand, silt and available phosphorus contents, and that on Axis II was with total nitrogen, exchangeable calcium and kalium contents. It was judged that R. pseudoacacia plantation would be replaced by the mixed forest including Quercus spp., Acer spp., and Prunus spp. etc., native to Korea with the progression of succession as the results of analyses on competition of major species and successional tendency in R. pseudoacacia plantation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2004

Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) has been planted in Korean forests for several decades, primarily for erosion control and use as a fuel supply. To enhance its value, and especially potential use as lamina for structural glued laminated timber (glulam), log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine were evaluated in this study. Trees from pure pitch pine stands with an average diameter at breast height of 32 cm were felled and bucked into 3.6m long 15 cm minimum butt-end diameter logs. Over 80% of the logs were classified to No.2 or No.3 visual grade group. Upon sawing total lumber yield was 55.2%, 39.9% for structural glulam lamina, 7.2% for louver, and 8.1% for miscellaneous use. The final lumber yield for manufacturing structural glulam, after cross-cutting to eliminate knots and finger jointing, was only 15.3%. To enhance this manufacturing yield requires that the rate of knot-included lumber used as lamina be raised. However arrangement of the knot-included lamina, whose mechanical properties need to be accurately evaluated, must be optimized to minimize any reduction to the structural glulam strength. The log quality and lumber yield of pitch pine evaluated in this study are expected to facilitate proper planning for wood product manufacture in the Korean lumbering and glulam industrial field, which has not previously dealt with this species.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.49-63
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• 2010

This study focused on the method of separation - space organization- as one of the architectural methods that is considered by the view point of its location and arrangement of 'Byoul-seo' private garden pavilion in Honam province. As a result, the followings are conclusions; By this study, they can be found in the concept of '居敬窮理', '格物致知'. It is presumed that nature union is archived through the 'yan-sang(玩賞)' which is ultimate state of knowledge that is based on the premises of opened significance in emancipation from narrow view point in the past and cognition of value. Therefore, it is needed to know the unworldly point of space perception about the pavilion territory, furthermore to have conceptual method to distinct pavilion from the world. there are two methods in the distinct concept in this pavilion research: unworldly separation and meditative separation. It is concluded that the specific consideration of the method of separation that is applied in the Byoul-seo pavilion. And it is accomplished by the contemplation of separation method in approach and entrance of direct influence area. they could be 1) cross the hill, 2) cross over a brook, 3) lifted up in the mount, 4) penetrate the forest, and 5) narrow entrance, which could be part of location.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Background: Duodichogamy is the rarest form of dichogamy in angiosperms, which is characterized by flowering in the sequence of male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male. Disentangling factors promoting duodichogamy require the discovery of more duodichogamous species in angiosperms. However, extremely limited information on duodichogamous species makes it difficult to make general conclusions. Given the inflorescence morphology and flowering characteristics, the Meliaceae family is highly likely to contain duodichogamous species. Methods: We selected 48 individuals from 20 populations in Korea and investigated their flower morphology, arrangement of flowers by sexual condition within inflorescences, and flowering phases and duration of male and female flowers of Toona sinensis (Meliaceae) for 5 years (2011-2015) to determine if the species shows duodichogamous flowering. Results: Toona sinensis belonging to Meliaceae possessed functionally unisexual flowers with rudimentary parts of the opposite sex. The floral organs in male were larger than those in female, except for ovary length and width. In dichasium, male flowers were observed on primary or lateral branches, whereas female flowers were borne only on lateral branches. Overall, individuals from six different populations flowered in the male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male sequence, thereby male is blooming far longer than female flowers at the level of individual trees (male vs. female = 17-20 days vs. 2-4 days). Conclusions: This is the first study to report a duodichogamously flowering species, T. sinensis, within Meliaceae. Several flowering characteristics observed from T. sinensis may be important clues used to discover additional duodichogamous Meliaceae species. Short flowering period and relatively small number of female flowers, which is analogous to reduced ovule numbers observed in other duodichogamous species, may intensify male-male competition in T. sinensis. This study contributed to narrowing down potential candidates of duodichogamy based on their geographic distributions and flowering time.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.66-72
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• 2010

Seoul City planned "Dreamland" to be in harmony with the huge woods and park. It is located in the life zone in the northern region of Seoul as part of an extensive park development plan that the municipal government has promoted. The space configuration technique of the aesthetics of "Empty" rather than "Full" gives the potentiality to cope with the uncertain changes in the city. Furthermore, the traditional element of the mountain landscape of Seoul was introduced and appropriated as the axis of the landscape for landscape configuration. In that configuration, the images of tree, sky, wind, water and soil are elegantly unfolded like a landscape painting. The purpose was to create a dominant landmark in the city landscape with the figures of Korean mountains and hills which were differentiated from architectural landmarks in the western cities by making nature, which was excluded from the urbanization plans up to now, an important subject for consideration. As a result, this study madethe space in a park including existing yards and streets in a city have the traditional hierarchy by applying the facility arrangement technique and elements extracted from Korean space types and traditional landscape concepts. Moreover, the North Seoul Dream Forest was designed by pursuing diversity and potentiality in the experience of space using a large open field in a city.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.57-65
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• 2003

This study researches attributes , behaviors , satisfaction factors and degrees of curiosity of visitors to recreational forests in the suburbs of a large city. It aims to present suggestions for urban forest development and management policy by offering basic data which help to plan, design and manage recreational forests to increase the quality of these environments. The results are as follows First, in attribute, the visiting rate of males is higher than that of females, and the main users are in their thirties and forties. Sixty percent of visitors graduated from university and their rate of employment is evenly distributed. 95 percent of visitors are residents of the metropolitan area. In terms of behavior, major visitors are family units visiting during summer seasons and for overnight stays. 75% are re-visitors. 85% of visitors came to escape the city with families and friends, keep in good health and experience nature. Second, to extract the factors affecting visitor satisfaction in recreational forests, the natural environment, facilities, and management/use systems were identified as independent variables, while subordinate satisfactions were dependent variables. so regression analysis was used. Thus, the variables affecting the natural environment are quality of water, stream use, biodiversity, fresh air and landscape factors. The variables affecting facilities are puking, convenience, play facilities, sanitary arrangement and camping. Most important among the variables affecting management/use systems are educational facilities and access condition. On the basis of generalizing the study in the existing individual site, we must verify the visiting characteristics in recreational forests in the suburbs of a large city. Since development of recreational forests is understood as a sequence considering a site and a given condition, and since management and improvement must unfold according to these characteristics, a strategy is needed to reveal visitors' opinions about the site. Depending on the facilities and service, satisfaction of recreational forests is generally influenced by social and economic qualities. Also, this study can look into the effect according to use pattern motive and season. As suburban recreational forests have many overnight-users and younger men, programs suitable for these groups are needed. On the basis of variables affecting satisfaction according to natural environment, facilities, and use system, policies which can manage the natural environment and introduce educational programs are needed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.408-415
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• 1991

A tumorous wood formed in a stem of Robinia pseudoacacia L. by steel wire fastening was investigated and compared with normal wood in the anatomy of histological aspect. The tumorous wood appeared to differ from normal wood in irregular orientations of some pores, most wood fibers, and rays deviated from normal direction, somewhat radially elongated pores on cross surface, occasionally distorted wood fiber tips between rays on radial surface, large ray width and height, commonly entangled arrangement of wood fibers on radial surface, frequent occurrence of pore multiples in the latewood, frequent occurrence of gelatinous fibers, and dark gummy substances partially enclosed in the lumina of wood fibers, rays, and axial strand parenchymas.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.435-450
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• 2018

Phenological events of four Rhododendron tree species (viz. R. arboreum, R. arboreum ssp. delavayi var. delavayi, R. barbatum and R. kesangiae) was monitored in temperate mixed broad-leaved forests of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Phenological events like flower bud formation, flowering, fruit setting, fruit maturing, seed dispersal, leaf bud formation, leaf flushing, and leaf shedding were recorded. Indices i.e., phenophase sequence index (PSI), active phenophasic period of the species (APS) and index of reproductive/vegetative activity (RVA) were also calculated. Present study revealed that bark consistency, growth form and leaf pattern of the studied species have showed variations among the species. Rhododendron species exhibited the phenological events overlapping with other phenophases. The peak flower bud formation was observed during the winter; R. arboreum ssp. delavayi var. delavayi start flowering from December, while the flowering in rest three species exhibited during February to April. Fruit setting occurred during summer to autumn while fruit maturation revealed peak during November. Leaf bud formation illustrated two peaks in April and May, leaf flushing exhibited peak in June, while leaf shedding peaked during October to November. Active phenophasic period of the species were found 12 months, which revealed that species engage in various phenophase activities throughout the year. Phenophase sequence index ranged between 0.8 to 0.9 (PSI ${\geq}0.6$), signifies that species have a sequential arrangement of phenophases. Index of reproductive/vegetative activity of the species exemplified >1, indicate that the reproductive phenophases were dominance over vegetative phenophases. The study have provided substantial insight on the life cycle events of Rhododendron species and ecological approaches for further scientific study with recent climate change and effective management and conservation.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.12.1-12.7
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• 2022

The two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Paedocypris progenetica, the smallest fish in the world which belonged to the Cyprinidae family, were sequenced and assembled. The circular DNA molecules of mitogenomes P1-P. progenetica and S3-P. progenetica were 16,827 and 16,616 bp in length, respectively, and encoded 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. The gene arrangements of P. progenetica were identical to those of other Paedocypris species. BLAST and phylogenetic analyses revealed variations in the mitogenome sequences of two Paedocypris species from Perak and Selangor. The circular DNA molecule of P. progenetica yield a standard vertebrate gene arrangement and an overall nucleotide composition of A 33.0%, T 27.2%, C 23.5%, and G 15.5%. The overall AT content of this species was consistent with that of other species in other genera. The negative GC-skew and positive AT-skew of the control region in P. progenetica indicated rich genetic variability and AT nucleotide bias, respectively. The results of this study provide genomic variation information and enhance the understanding of the mitogenome of P. progenetica. They could later deliver highly valuable new insight into data for phylogenetic analysis and population genetics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-44
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• 1973

Needless to say, the management of national forest in all countries is very important in view of the national mission and management purposes. Korean national forest is also in particular significant in promoting national economy for the continuous increasing of the demand for wood, conservation of the land and social welfare. But there's no denying the fact that the leading aim of the Korean forest policy has been based upon the conservation of forest resources and recovery of land conservation function instead of improvement of the forest productive capacity. Therefore, the management of national forest should be aimed as an industry in the chain of the Korean national economy. And the increment of the forest productive capacity based on rationalized forest management is also urgently needed. Not only the increment of the timber production but also the establishment of the good forest in quality and quantity are to bring naturally many functions of conservation and other public benefits. In 1908 Korean national forest was historically established for the first time as a result of the notification for ownership, and was divided into two kinds in 1911-1924, such as indisposable national forest for land conservation, forest management, scientific research and public welfare, and the other national forest to be disposed. Indisposable forest is mostly under the jurisdiction of national forest stations (Chungbu, Tongbu, Nambu), and the tother national forests are under custody of respective cities and provinces, and under custody of the other government authorities. As of the end of 1971, national forest land is 19.5% (1,297,708 ha) of the total forest land area, but growing stock is 50.1% ($35,406,079m^3$) of the total forest growing stock, and timber production of national forest is 23.6% ($205,959m^3$) of the year production of total timber in Korea. Accordingly, it is the important fact that national forest occupies the major part of Korean forestry. The author positively affirms that success or failure of the management of national forest controls rise or fall of forestry in Korea. All functions of forest are very important, but among others the function of timber production is most important especially in Korea, that unavoidably imports a large quantity of foreign wood every year (in 1971 import of foreign wood-$3,756,000m^3$, 160,995,000 dollars). So, Korea urgently needs the improvement of forest productive capacity in national forest. But it is difficult that wood production meets the rapid increase of demand for wood to the development of economy, because production term of forestry is long, so national forest management should be rationalized by the effective investment and development of forestry techniques in the long view. Although Korean national forest business has many difficulties in the budget, techniques and the lack of labour due to outflow of rural village labour by development of national economy, and the increase of labour wages and administrative expenses etc. the development of national forest depends on adoption of the suitable forest techniques and management adapted for social and economical development. In this view point the writer has investigated and analyzed the status of the management of national forest in Korea to examine the irrational problems and suggest an improvement plan. The national forestry statistics cited in this study is based on the basic statistics and the statistics of the forest business as of the end of 1971 published by Office of Forestry, Republic of Korea, and the other depended on the data presented by the national forest stations. The writer wants to propose as follows (seemed to be helpful in improvement of Korean national forest management). 1) In the organization of national forest management, more national forest stations should be established to manage intensively, and the staff of working plan officials should be strengthened because of the importance of working plan. 2) By increasing the staff of protection officials, forest area assigned for each protection official should be decreased to 1,000-2,000 ha. 3) The frequent personnel changes of supervisor of national forest station(the responsible person on-the-spot) obstructs to accomplish the consistent management plan. 4) In the working plan drafting for national forest, basic investigations should be carefully practiced with sufficient expenditure and staff not to draft unreal working plan. 5) The area of working-unit should be decreased to less than 2,000 ha on the average for intensive management and the principle of a working-unit in a forest station should be realized as soon as possible. 6) Reforestation on open land should be completed in a short time with a debt of the special fund(a long term loan), and the land on which growing hardwood stands should be changed with conifers to increase productivity per unit area, and at the same time techical utilization method of hardwood should be developed. 7) Expenses of reforestation should be saved by mechanization and use of chemicals for reforestation and tree nursery operation providing against the lack of labour in future. 8) In forest protection, forest fire damage is enormous in comparison with foreign countries, accordingly prevention system and equipment should be improved, and also the minimum necessary budget should be counted up for establishment and manintenance of fire-lines. 9) Manufacture production should be enlarged to systematize protection, processing and circulation of forest business, and, by doing this, mich benefit is naturally given for rural people. 10) Establishment and arrangement of forest road networks and erosion control work are indispensable for the future development of national forest itself and local development. Therefore, these works should be promoted by the responsibility of general accounting instead of special accounting. 11) Mechanization of forest works should be realized for exploiting hinterlands to meet the demand for timber increased and for solving lack of labour, consequently it should promote import of forest machines, home production, training for operaters and careful adminitration. 12) Situation of labour in future will grow worse. Therefore, the countermeasure to maintain forest labourers and pay attention to public welfare facilities and works should be considered. 13) Although the condition of income and expenditure grows worse because of economical change, the regular expenditure should be fixed. So part of the surplus fund, as of the end of 1971, should be established for the fund, and used for enlarging reforestation and forest road networks(preceding investment in national forest).