• The Journal of Art Theory & Practice
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• no.4
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• pp.123-144
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• 2006

Foreigners who arrived in Korea after the age of enlightenment were Japanese, Chinese and 'Westerners' who were Europeans and Americans. The westerners were diplomats who visited Korea for colonization or for increasing their economical profits by trading after the spread of imperialism, and tourists curious of back countries, artists, explores and missionaries to perform their roles for their religious beliefs. They contacted with Korean cultural and educational people as missionaries and instructors during Japanese colonial period. In 1945, the allied forces occupied Korea under the name of takeover of Japanese colony after Japan's surrender and the relation between foreigners and Korean cultured men enter upon a new phase. For 3 years, American soldiers enforced lots of systems in Korea and many pro-American people were educated. This relationship lasted even after the establishment of the government of Korean Republic and especially, diplomats called as pro-Korean group came again after Korean War. Among them, there were lots of foreigners interested in cultures and arts. In particular, government officials under American Forces who were influential on political circles or diplomats widened their insights toward Korean cultural assets and collected them a lot. Those who were in Korea from the period of independence to 1950s wrote their impressions about Korean cultural assets on newspapers or journals after visiting contemporary Korean exhibitions. Among them, A. J. McTaggart, Richard Hertz and the Hendersons were dominant. They thought the artists had great interests in compromising and uniting the Orient and the West based on their knowledge of Korean cultural assets and they advised. However, it was different from Korean artist's point of view that the foreigners thought Korean art adhered oriental features and contained western contents. From foreigners' point of view, it is hard to understand the attitude Korean artists chose to keep their self-respect through experiencing the Korean war. It is difficult to distinguish their thought about Korean art based on their exotic taste from the Korean artists' local and peninsular features under Japanese imperialism. We can see their thought about Korean art and their viewpoint toward the third world, after staying in Korea for a short period and being a member of the first world. The basic thing was that they could see the potentialities through the worldwide, beautiful Korean cultural assets and they thought it was important to start with traditions. It is an evidence showing Korean artists' pride in regard to the art culture through experiencing the infringement of their country. By writing about illuminating Korean art from the third party's view, foreigners represented their thoughts through it that their economical, military superiority goes with their cultural superiority. The Korean artist's thought of emphasizing Korean history and traditions, reexamining and using it as an original creation may have been inspired by westerners' writings. 'The establishment of national art' that Korean artists gave emphasis then, didn't only affect one of the reactions toward external impact, 'the adhesion of tradition'. In the process of introducing Korean contemporary art and national treasure in America, different view caused by role differences-foreigner as selector and Korean as assistant-showed the fact evidently that the standard of beauty differed between them. By emphasizing that the basis to classify Korean cultural assets is different from the neighborhood China and Japan, they tried to reflect their understanding that the feature of Korean art is on speciality other than universality. And this make us understand that even when Korean artists profess modernism, they stress that the roots are on Korean and oriental tradition. It was obviously a different thought from foreigners' view on Korean art that Korean artists' conception of modernism and traditional roots are inherent in Korean history. In 1950s, after the independence, Korea had different ideas from foreigners that abstract was to be learned from the west. Korea was enduring tough times with their artists' self-respect which made them think that they can learn the method, but the spirit of abstract is in the orient.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.129-139
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• 2014

This study supplements the limitation as much as possible that existing literatures have, and, on the target of new registered businesses to KOSDAQ, this study presents answers to the worries raised earlier by recovering problems on causal relationship direction between foreigner investment and dividend level and by analyzing them with dividend level as an independent variable. First, with the whole samples used, dividend income rate didn't show significant relationship with foreigners' investments. It is similar to study result of the existing literature. A panel analysis, on the target of sample businesses that paid dividends before foreigners' investments originated, showed that foreigners' investments didn't have a significant effect on dividend rate. It means that foreigner investors don't have an effect on dividend level. But, a panel analysis of samples shows that foreigner investments have a significant thesis relationship with dividend level variable, that is dividend return rate, except the businesses which paid dividend before foreigners' investments originated. It means that in case foreign investors' preference is controlled, in the businesses which pay dividends, foreign investors have a significant effect on dividend level to native KOSDAQ. Especially, this study result is very significant, for it shows that dividend return rate, insignificant in existing studies, was significant when foreigners' preferences to the businesses which pay dividends was controlled. It means that the more foreigners' shares increase, the more relative importance of dividend out of all profits increases, compared with all of the amounts at the time, and that foreign investors stick to short-term profit and induce big dividend.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.622-633
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• 2015

With recent news reports on violent crimes committed by foreigners, public hatred toward foreign criminals and fear about such crimes are growing, calling into question public safety measures implemented by the police and the immigration system. At the same time, due to globalization and structural changes in the labor market, it is certain that the influx of migrant workers will continue to increase. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to examine the current status of foreign nationals staying in Korea and their criminal records focusing on Suwon city, and propose public safety measures the police could take with regard to crimes committed by foreigners. Also, the paper looks into public safety measures of the Korea Immigration Service and Suwon city, and suggests short- and long-term measures to prevent crimes committed by foreigners. The paper begins by examining the current public safety measures of the police and Suwon City concerning crimes committed by foreign nationals residing in Korea. Based on such examination, it points out insufficient patrol and investigation personnel as problems, and recommends short- and long-term measures for future improvement. This paper maintains that for the Korean society to successfully deal with the increasing number of foreigners in Korea, the current immigration system and public safety measures of the police will have to change. While the police alone cannot reduce the crime rates at local and national levels, nonetheless, proactive measures by the police are needed given the growing number of migrant workers and immigrants in Korea. Also important are mindset changes not only of relevant authorities, but also of the public. The paper recommends a set of short-and long-term public safety measures the police should institute to efficiently deal with crimes committed by foreigners.

• 한국식생활문화학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.75-77
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• 2007

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.379-386
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• 2011

The article is to investigate selection of Korean cuisine restaurants and levels of acculturation for foreigner living in Korea and to suggest some guidelines for drawing them and enlargement in consuming market. Out of 250 questionnaires, 220 questionnaires were used for data analysis. The findings are showed visiting for taking experience other culture and learning technology & training, not knowing well much about Korean culture, and eating experience Korean food on 30.5%, less than 2 years length in Korea. And the most difficult points are showed unclear communication, rude behavior, attitude, and language in living Korea. Second, the purpose of visiting restaurant is to spend good time with friends and to eat out special food, then foreigners usually have lunch & dinner Korean food, their own food on weekend. Third, 'service' and 'sanitation & cleanness' factors were ranked highly for foreigners living less than 2 years, but 'location' factor was ranked highly for residents living more than 4 years in the Korea. Last, foreigners living less than 2 years recognized highly on 'identification and Korea culture' in the Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.28-40
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of monuments in the Seoul Foreigners′ cemetery at Yanghwajin, a place where many prominent Christian missionaries and other Christians have been buried near Choltusan. In considering the characteristics of gravestone details, the researcher has divided the details into 4 analysis categories: forms, symbols, epitaphs, and materials. For this research, 281 monuments were selected including 68 of missionaries, 26 of U. S. Army Soldiers, and 13 of teachers. The analysis revealed that there were 26 types of monuments. This includes simple and standardized types like the tablet, headstone, marker, and monolith. These were used more often than other shaped types such as the Cross, obelisk, sculpture, etc. Standardized types made in Korea have been preferred after the 1950s even though the beauty of the gravestones has been degraded. Symbolical decorations related to religious, social, professional or military emblems were also introduced to strengthen their symbolical objectives. Among them, fie Cross was the most predominant Christian symbol and emblem. The families wanted to inscribe epitaphs, the greater part of which originated from the Bible, poems, idioms related to tribute, rest, supplications to deity, love, achievement, to express human sentiment and religious faith. When using materials for making monuments, monument makers have mostly used stone because of its durability. Until the 1950s, various stones had been used to make monuments, for most marble and granite were brought from foreign countries. These were very different from the Korean white marble stone used for many monuments. After the 1950s, the source of stone has been limited to Korean stone, for Korean could make stone monuments that foreigners were agreeable. Especially, a black marble stone called "O-Suk" which means black stone, has been used as a main material. The study identified the following characteristics of monument details in the Seoul foreigners′ cemetery at Yanghwajin. First, Christianity has been applied as the main concept, while symbolizing the homogeneity of religious, family, social, professional or military groups by having the symbolic form, symbol, and epitaph in common. Second, monuments made after the 1950s have been standardized into unattractive and monotonous forms by the limited materials, and so the beauty of the monuments has been degraded.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.273-296
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• 2017

This study focuses on a review of Hangeul orthography guidelines in Korean language regulations. It is indispensable to revise the guidelines thoroughly because it has been more than 80 years since a unified plan of Korean orthography was established in 1933, which the current orthography is based on. Also, it has been approximately 30 years since 1989, when the current guidelines were issued and promulgated. The viewpoint towards this review reflects the requirements by education fields of Korean as a foreign language and modern Korean users. Hangeul orthography consists of six clauses, along with an appendix regarding punctuation marks: 1) general rules, 2) consonants and vowels, 3) related to sounds, 4) about forms, 5) spacing between words, and 6) miscellaneous. This paper examined individual clauses and specific usages of the clauses, in terms of Korean as a foreign language. Based on the review, this paper suggests the following tasks in order to establish a draft of Hangeul orthography for foreigners. A. Among the individual clauses, some clauses that embody vocabulary education aspects should be addressed in a Korean dictionary, and deleted in Hangeul orthography guidelines. B. The clauses of Hangeul orthography guidelines should be edited for revision and substitution where necessary. C. The usage of individual clauses should be replaced with more appropriate examples aligned with everyday conversation. D. In order to establish 'Hangeul orthography for foreigners', linguists should continuously review several chapters and the appendix of Hangeul orthography, such as components about forms, spacing between words, miscellaneous, and punctuation marks. The purpose of this review is to pursue the simplicity of Hangeul orthography guidelines and the practicality in terms of reflecting more realistic examples. This review contributes to facilitate Korean language usage not only for non-native learners, but also native users.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.574-586
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate housing situation and residential satisfaction of foreigners in Korea, and to identify influential factors for housing satisfaction. A questionnaire survey was conducted to 132 foreigners who reside in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Most of the respondents were Chinese and the average age was 45.7. Over 90% of the respondents lived in a rented house and detached house was the most popular type of house. Overall score of residential satisfaction was 3.43 and it was above average. However, scores for parking lot, housing deterioration, and space planning showed the lowest level of satisfaction. Factor analysis was used to summarize the variables related to residential satisfaction and 5 factors -'space planning and organization,' 'amenities & equipment', 'community facilities,' 'near environment' and 'housing expenses'- were drawn. Among those, 'space planning and organization' was the most influential factor to residential satisfaction as the result of multiple regression analysis.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2022

Jeju is the largest island in Korea and one of its key tourist attractions. As the number of foreign tourists steadily increases, so does the number of injuries incurred there. Accordingly, this study aimed to describe and compare the characteristics of injuries suffered by foreign tourists versus those of domestic tourists. As a cross-sectional study of a retrospective medical record survey, the study was conducted with reference to the Jeju Injury Surveillance System from the 11-year period of January 2008 to December 2018. The following factors were investigated: demographic data, mechanism of injury, place of occurrence, activity when injured, patient outcome, and mortality. A total of 92,095 injured Jeju Island visitors was recorded during this time, a number that included 88,050 Koreans and 4,045 foreigners. The gender ratio showed similar patterns between the two groups and there were no significant age differences. In both groups, the most common mechanism of injury was collisions/cuts. Also, more foreigners experienced falls than Koreans. Regarding the location, Koreans had the most road accidents, while foreigners were most likely to be injured at outdoor locations, such as seas and rivers. Furthermore, more foreigners experienced severe injuries requiring hospitalization. Notably, this study showed the differences in injury between foreign and Korean tourists visiting Jeju Island and its findings lend support to targeted safety promotion programs.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.417-426
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• 2018

This study aims to figure out what kind of competences Chinese teachers need when teaching foreigners Chinese and if there is a difference between the importance degree they cognise and the practical level they keep, which could help to indicate improving directions of teachers' cultivation and training. To achieve this purpose, we chose 56 in-service Chinese teachers in Q City, Shandong Province, China as the subject of investigation. As results of this study, about the importance degree of competences of teaching foreigners Chinese, the average score is pretty high, which could assure the competences Chinese teachers need, but as for practical level, the average score is relatively low, which could help to assure the improving directions. In conclusion, competences of teaching foreigners can be divided into knowledge, skill and attitude. To improve the practical level of Chinese teachers, it's necessary to attach more importance to Chinese culture, methods of language education, cross-cultural adaptation, research on teaching and so on in Chinese teachers' cultivation and training programs.